A Brief History of The Behavioral Analysis of Culture in Brazil

Behavior and Social Issues
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42822-021-00065-z
ORIGINAL PAPER
A Brief History of the Behavioral Analysis

of Culture in Brazil
João Cláudio Todorov 1 & Fábio Henrique Baia 2 & Roberta Freitas-Lemos 3,4 &
Aécio Borba 5 & Camila Muchon de Melo 6 & Angelo A. S. Sampaio 7
Accepted: 21 June 2021/

# Association for Behavior Analysis International 2021
Abstract
In this article, a history of behavior-analytic studies on culture in Brazil is presented,
beginning with the pioneering work of Fred S. Keller and following its development
through different phases, starting with PhD dissertations supervised by Carolina Bori in
the 1970s at the University of São Paulo, and later continuing with the work by João
Cláudio Todorov at the Universidade de Brasília and by Maria Amalia Andery at the
Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo in the 1990s. We describe how meet-
ings— from Think Tank 1 (2003) in São Paulo to Think Tank 6 (2019) in Brasília and
other symposia (at national events) —were important in bringing together national and
international investigators, who contributed to the development of the area called
behavioral analysis of culture (BAC) in Brazil. We also highlight how the institution-
alization of BAC in Brazil occurred through the establishment of lines of research in
graduate programs, and how the graduate students of these programs accepted positions
at other universities, spreading BAC throughout the country and helping to increase
interest in the subject. In addition, we describe other relevant facts such as special
issues of scientific journals and books published in Portuguese. Finally, we point out
some current directions and future perspectives such as the development of courses
verified by the Association for Behavior Analysis International for the certification of
behavior analysts interested in culturo-behavior science.
Keywords metacontingency . history of psychology . history of science
Behavior analysts have considered the metacontingency and related concepts to be

useful tools to describe relations that are part of a culture (Glenn, 1986; Todorov,
2006b). A metacontingency is a conditional relation between the interlocked behavioral
contingencies of at least two people that result in an aggregate product (culturant) and a
consequence presented by a selecting environment (Glenn et al., 2016). These concepts
* Fábio Henrique Baia

fabio@unirv.edu.br
Extended author information available on the last page of the article

Fig. 1 Cumulative Frequency of Behavioral Analysis of Culture Articles, Theses, and Dissertations With at
Least One Brazilian Author. Note. Articles (until 2019), theses, and dissertations (until June 2017) are cited in
the reviews by Cihon et al. (2020), Martins and Leite (2016), L. A. Vasconcelos and Freitas Lemos (2018),
and Zilio (2019)
have generated relevant discussions (e.g., Lamal, 1991; Lamal, 1997; Todorov et al,
2005b) and controversies (e.g., Branch, 2006; Marr, 2006; Mattaini, 2006). Some
researchers questioned whether they were necessary or useful in describing and
interpreting cultural phenomena (Gusso & Kubo, 2007). Others pointed out that
Skinner worked only with the concept of behavioral contingency when talking about
people behaving in groups (Carrara & Zilio, 2016), or that after 30 years of
metacontingency studies, the concept could not promote applied research and service
delivery (Zilio, 2019).
Although behavior analysts adopt different conceptual perspectives to address social
issues (cf. Biglan, 1995; Guerin, 2005; Mattaini, 2013), the theoretical work started by
Sigrid Glenn (e.g., Glenn, 1986, 1988, 1991, 2003, 2004) brought together several
researchers from around the world and was critical to the institutionalization of what is
called the behavioral analysis of culture (BAC1) in Brazil. Particularly in that country,
“metacontingency,” “macrobehavior,” and related terms have been used in a significant
number of studies on social behavior and culture, constituting an important part of this
area of study (Tourinho, 2009). Recent reviews of publications using these terms
(Cihon et al., 2020; Martins & Leite, 2016; Vasconcelos & Freitas Lemos, 2018;
Zilio, 2019) highlight how Brazilian researchers have being active in BAC research.
Figure 1 shows the cumulative frequency of articles (n = 97), master’s theses, and
doctoral dissertations (defended until June 2017; n = 93) by at least one Brazilian
author. Although the first article was published in the late 1980s (Todorov, 1987), in
2004 the number of articles increased, followed by an increase in the number of
dissertations in 2008. In Zilio’s (Zilio, 2019) review, 39.2% of the 148 articles had at
least one Brazilian author—a percentage that increases to 88.9% when only the 27
experimental articles are considered. In Cihon et al.’s (Cihon et al., 2020) review of
basic experimental research, 92.7% of the 41 studies had at least one Brazilian among
1
This expression is more commonly used in Brazil. This field has also recently been called “culturo-behavior
science” (Cihon & Mattaini, 2020).
their authors. The decrease that started in 2017 is likely because of the period covered
by the reviews: Martins and Leite (2016) covered only up to March 2015, Zilio until
April 2017, and L. Vasconcelos and Freitas Lemos (2018) until June 2017. Cihon et al.
covered the literature until the end of 2019, but only included experimental laboratory
studies. These data show rapid growth followed by a steady, high rate of Brazilian
contributions to this area of study.
As Zilio (2019) noted, the large number of articles published in Portuguese and the
affiliation of authors in his review suggest that the discussion of cultural issues
resorting to BAC concepts is a recurring practice in Brazil. In the present article, we
describe the beginning and strengthening of the contingencies and metacontingencies
that may have helped root this research area in the country. In light of the relevant
Brazilian contributions to this area, the present work briefly describes the history of the
area, including aspects of informal events that impact the development of BAC in the
country, such as meetings, discussions, and the organization of research groups. Our
historical account will focus on events related to Glenn’s theoretical perspective, while
recognizing that this is not the only way to analyze cultural/social phenomena. We
consulted documents such as articles, books, book chapters, annals of events, and
Brazilian researchers’ curricula vitae available at Plataforma Lattes (http://www.cnpq.
lattes.br), from which we extracted additional information about their trajectories;
however, we also relied on the authors’ memoirs and personal communications with
other researchers. We divided the narrative into periods presented in chronological
order for clarity. The first period encompasses Brazilian researchers’ works on social
issues before Glenn’s (Glenn, 1986) first publication on metacontingency. The second
period presents the initial diffusion of BAC’s concepts in the Brazilian scientific
community between 1987 and 2004. The third period involves the training of new
researchers and the spread of BAC throughout the country between 2004 and 2014.
The fourth period begins in 2015 and discusses the strengthening of BAC as a
consolidated cultural lineage. Finally, in the concluding remarks, we discuss variables
that influenced this history and possibilities for the future.
Before BAC: From the 1950s to 1986
Understanding the beginning and consolidation of BAC research in Brazil requires a

historical analysis of the environment in which most Brazilian behavior analysts were
(and in certain aspects, still are) trained. The context (or cultural milieu; cf. Ardila
Sánchez et al., 2019; Houmanfar et al., 2010) in which this training took place favored
the selection of these practices. Although Glenn’s concepts have driven scientific
production in BAC over the past few decades, this occurred in a scenario where
behavior analysts were already interested in discussing social issues. That interest
started with the introduction of behavior analysis in Brazil during the 1950s and
1960s, with the creation of the psychologist profession and the implementation of the
first psychology courses. The first higher education course in psychology was created
in 1953 at the Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-RJ); the
psychology undergraduate course at the Universidade de São Paulo (USP) was devel-
oped shortly after, in 1958. In 1962—when the country had repeatedly topped the
social inequality indexes—a federal law created the psychologist profession and
regulated psychology undergraduate courses (Lisboa & Barbosa, 2009). Less than 2
years later, on April 1, 1964, the country faced a civic–military coup, which started
almost two decades of an oppressive regime, also marked by high inflation and
successive economic crisis.
The Brazilian military regime prompted a transformation in the academic environ-
ment, aiming to repress social movements promoted by the academic communities
(Antunes, 2012). Although this generated a social and economic environment that
favored practices aligned with the interests and values of the military regime (Correia &
Dantas, 2017), it also favored resistance to the regime and attempts to solve social
issues that afflicted the country.
Fred Keller was the key person responsible for introducing behavior analysis in
Brazil, starting in 1961, when very few people in the country had read Skinner or
anything about his radical behaviorism. Keller spent one year at USP, where he
influenced people who came to implement behavior analysis as a discipline in virtually
all existing courses in the 1960s and 1970s. General and experimental psychology
courses were taught as the experimental analysis of behavior, with rats or pigeons as
subjects in the teaching laboratory (Todorov, Todorov, 1990, Todorov, 2003, Todorov,
2006a). This was also true at the Universidade de Brasília (UnB), where Carolina Bori
created the psychology undergraduate program in 1964, and the first class offered was
on behavior analysis, taught by Keller. The UnB experience marked the first incursion
of behavior analysis into experiments on cultural practices, specifically in the realm of
education. Keller and Bori, with Rodolpho Azzi and John Gilmour Sherman as
assistants, developed and implemented the Personalized System of Instruction (Cirino
et al., 2012; Keller, Keller, 1968; Todorov, Todorov, 1990, 2003, 2006a). However, the
activities of the newly founded psychology undergraduate course at UnB (1964) were
interrupted in October 1965 in response to action taken by the military regime that
overtook the Brazilian government. Keller left Brasília in that same year, for reasons
unrelated to the military coup.
In that context, returning to USP in 1965, Bori continued her efforts to improve
education and use the experimental method in psychology (Cunha, 1998). Her
interest in cultural practices would reappear in master’s theses and doctoral
dissertations under her supervision, starting in the 1970s (e.g., Botomé & Bori,
1977, 1981; Queiroz, 1973). Luiz Otávio de Seixas Queiroz’s work with cultural
practices was probably the most important, as Batista et al. (2003) recounted: Luiz
Otávio developed, in the early 1970s, pioneering work in an infirmary of chronic
patients, most of them with many years of hospitalization. With a team of
psychologists and interns, he adapted a token economy to the Brazilian context
based on recently published North American studies. The study included the
participation of patients, usually apathetic, in various work, self-care, and leisure
activities. The partial report of these activities resulted in his doctoral dissertation,
defended in 1973 at the Institute of Psychology at USP (p. 272).
Queiroz’s (1973) work was one of the first Brazilian behavior-analytic interventions
in an institutional environment, looking at contingencies involving several people in
different roles (e.g., doctors, nurses, patients). The work of researchers such as Bori and
Queiroz was a fundamental precedent for the prospect of a socially committed behavior
analysis to take root in the country—including the perspective introduced by Glenn
later.
Another relevant variable in this history seems to be social psychology’s growth and
the concomitant increasing role of Brazilian psychologists in public health and welfare
services starting in the 1980s (Bastos & Gomide, Bastos & Gomide, 1989; Bastos &
Gondim, Bastos & Gondim, 2010). These changes selected different teaching practices
(e.g., Achcar et al., 1994) and concerns beyond the analysis of individual behavior. Of
note, in 1985, Celso Pereira de Sá, a social psychologist, defended the doctoral dissertation
Skinner’s Radical Behaviorism and Its Socially Relevant Applicability, developing a
booklet for social countercontrol to be used by groups living under inadequate quality-
of-life conditions related to work, housing, and health (Sá, Sá, 1985, 2016).
Finally, training in psychology in Brazil is strongly marked by a generalist
perspective, exposing the student to various theories to prepare for different
application fields. Thus, undergraduate programs expose a psychology student in
Brazil to an enormous number of discussions involving social issues and to
perspectives that dialogue with the social sciences, such as so-called sociohistor-
ical psychology (see Bock & Furtado, 2015). Thus, throughout its consolidation in
the country, behavior analysis shared space with perspectives that debated
psychology’s social commitment to serious national problems. This cultural back-
ground shaped the authors’ interests and will influence many future behavior
analysts in developing ways to solve social problems. This context helps to
explain the receptivity to the ideas first presented by Glenn (Glenn, 1986) and,
later, by Brazilians such as Todorov and Maria Amalia Andery.
The Initial Diffusion of BAC: From 1987 to 2004
From 1987 to 2004, two behavior analysts developed works related to BAC in Brazil:
Todorov at UnB and the Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás (PUC-GO) and
Maria Amalia Pie Abib Andery at the Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo
(PUC-SP). In this section, we describe their work and how their behaviors interlocked
at the end of this period, leveraging the national production in BAC. We also highlight
other Brazilian authors who discussed topics of social relevance, such as Kester
Carrara, who would later be an influential critic of the use of BAC concepts.
Todorov at UnB
On Christmas Eve 1986, Todorov was in his office as vice-rector at UnB, when his
colleague and former student Deisy das Graças de Souza brought him a copy of a
recently published paper: “Metacontingencies in Walden Two” (Glenn, 1986). Nearby,
at the National Congress, the new Brazilian Federal Constitution was being drafted by a
constituent assembly to be promulgated in 1988. Many federal university faculty
members from almost all Brazilian states were following the process from a room next
to Todorov’s office. When he read the definition of “metacontingency” and examples
of ceremonial and technological metacontingencies, he immediately conceptualized the
constituent assembly and related processes as a metacontingency (Todorov, 1987). This
was the first work published in Portuguese with the term “metacontingency.” However,
this article would only affect other researchers in Brazil more than a decade later.
Sometime later, Todorov mentioned to Keller that he was interested in the topic and
had published that article. Keller then told Glenn about it, who gathered a series of
documents and mailed them to Todorov. Todorov, however, could not develop any
related academic work for many years because of his involvement with other
activities—including two large-scale initiatives to improve access to education through
a behavior-analytic lens. In 1996, while he was UnB’s rector, he coordinated the Serial
Evaluation Program’s development, which integrates the basic and higher education
systems to ensure a gradual and systematic selection of future university students based
on their high school trajectory. Later, in 1998 and 1999, working directly for the federal
government, he coordinated the implementation of the National Education Program in
Agrarian Reform Areas (Pronera), expanding educational opportunities and improving
the quality of rural education.
Around 2001, one of Todorov’s undergraduate students, Maisa Moreira, wrote
a text for a student association’s journal based on the 1987 article that caught his
attention. After that, Todorov and a group of students decided to explore BAC
further. In 2003, Todorov met Glenn and Maria Malott at the Association for
Behavior Analysis International (ABAI) conference in San Francisco. The concept
of metacontingency had been scarcely used in theoretical papers, with different
interpretations (mostly in the books edited by Lamal, Lamal, 1991, Lamal, 1997),
and faced a lot of resistance from other researchers from the behavior-analytic
community. For this reason, Todorov suggested the organization of a think tank to
discuss the use of metacontingency and related concepts. They agreed to invite a
diverse group of researchers, including some favorable to the use of the concept,
some skeptical, and some opposed to it.
Maria Amalia Andery at PUC-SP
Andery started studying culture from a behavior-analytic perspective early in her career. Her
doctoral dissertation, presented in 1990 to the Graduate Program in Social Psychology, was
one of the first dissertations in behavior analysis in the country and approached the
development of the Skinnerian philosophical system with a focus on its concept of the
human being and society (Andery, 1990). Her dissertation, and the two articles derived from
it, clearly portrayed her interest in studying culture (Andery, 1993a, 1993b). Since then, a
large part of her work has focused on the theme, including control by consequences in the
development of culture (Andery & Serio, 1989) and urban violence (Andery & Serio,
1997a). Since 1997, the concept of metacontingency has been incorporated into and become
a constant in her work (Andery et al., 2005; Andery & Serio, 1997b; Andery & Serio, 2003).
During the 1990s and 2000s, she wrote most of these works in partnership with Tereza
(Téia) Sério and Nilza Micheletto, also professors at PUC-SP.
In 2001, PUC-SP created its Master’s Graduate Program in Experimental Psychol-
ogy: Behavior Analysis, allowing Andery’s interest, which was previously expressed in
conceptual and interpretative articles, to be reflected in master’s theses under her
supervision. In 2004, for example, she supervised Macedo’s (2004) behavioral inter-
pretation of municipal laws targeting urban violence and Vichi’s (2004) first experi-
ment using metacontingency terminology. Because of this trajectory, in 2005, Andery
was invited to take part in the first think tank, Think Tank 1, on “Metacontingencies
and Cultural Analysis,” organized by Todorov, Glenn, and Malott.
José Antônio Damásio Abib and Kester Carrara: Investigations About Culture
Beyond BAC Concepts
During the same period, other researchers investigated cultural and social issues.
Among these researchers, José Antônio Damásio Abib at the Universidade Federal
de São Carlos (UFSCar) is worth highlighting for his work on the philosophical and
epistemological aspects of radical behaviorism. In one of his papers, Abib (2001)
argued for the core value of culture’s survival as generating derived values, those
being the first criteria to address when promoting cultural design.
Abib supervised Camila Muchon de Melo’s (2004) master’s thesis about the
conception of the human being as a cultural planner in favor of the good of the culture
and Dittrich’s (2004) doctoral dissertation presenting the theoretical aspects of ethical
and political commitments in Skinner’s radical behaviorism. Abib also supervised other
researchers who would later address social issues, ethics, and politics, such as Carolina
Laurenti and Carlos Eduardo Lopes (e.g., Fontana & Laurenti, 2020; Laurenti & Lopes,
2015; Lopes, 2020; Lopes & Laurenti, 2016).
Another important researcher in the development of studies involving culture in the
Brazilian context was Kester Carrara from the Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP
in Bauru). His first project in this area investigated the effects of group contingencies
on the academic and social behavior of elementary school students (Carrara, 1989).
Later, between 2003 and 2006, he developed a project that presented the theoretical
contributions of Pepperian contextualism for cultural designs (http://lattes.cnpq.br/
4654377716651363).2 Carrara’s undergraduate and graduate students also included
Diego Mansano Fernandes, who studied cultural practices from a Skinnerian
perspective (Fernandes et al., 2015, 2017), and Diego Zilio, who critiques the use of
the concept of metacontingency (e.g., Carrara & Zilio, 2015).
Expansion and Consolidation of BAC: 2005 to 2020
The graduate training of a new generation of researchers who would become faculty
members marked the years after 2004. From 2003 until 2012, supported by a govern-
ment policy to expand federal universities, new universities were created, and an
increasing number of undergraduate and graduate students could enter the existing
ones, which required hiring more faculty. Many BAC researchers were hired as
professors during that period, extending this line of research throughout the country.
Figure 2 illustrates this process, depicting universities with systematic research in the
area, in each state, before and after 2004.
This process started in 2004 with a new, regular influx of graduate students
interested in BAC at UnB and PUC-SP. At UnB, Todorov began advising Gisele
Pereira and Mara Prudêncio (master’s level) and André Silva and Ricardo Martone
(doctoral level). At PUC-SP, some of the first of Andery’s advisees in BAC defended
their master’s theses (e.g., Macedo, Macedo, 2004; Vichi, Vichi, 2004). Christian
Vichi’s (Vichi, 2004) work was the first experimental research using BAC concepts.
2
Kester Carrara (personal communication, October 19, 2020).
4 http://reuni.mec.gov.br/o-que-e-o-reuni
Fig. 2 The Development and Institutionalization of Behavioral Analysis of Culture in Brazil. Note. The map
shows universities with systematic research in the area, by Brazilian state, before and after 2004. PUC-GO =
Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás; PUC-SP = Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo; UnB =
Universidade de Brasília; UniRV = Universidade de Rio Verde; USP = Universidade de São Paulo; UEL =
Universidade Estadual de Londrina; UNESP in Bauru = Universidade Estadual Paulista; UFJ = Universidade
Federal de Jataí; UFMT = Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso; UFSC = Universidade Federal de Santa
Catarina; UFSCar = Universidade Federal de São Carlos; UFC = Universidade Federal do Ceará; UFES =
Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo; UFPA = Universidade Federal do Pará; UFPR = Universidade
Federal do Paraná; Univasf = Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco. Asterisks represent universities
that were researching BAC before 2004.
In that same year, Vichi accepted a position at the recently founded Universidade
Federal do Vale do São Francisco (Univasf). Dittrich also accepted a position in 2004,
at the Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR).
In 2005, there were at least two significant events for BAC. The first was Think
Tank 1 on “Metacontingencies and Cultural Analysis” in Campinas, São Paulo. As
previously mentioned, Todorov invited Glenn and Malott to join him in arranging
an event to discuss the concept of metacontingency and its criticisms. This event
was sponsored by the Brazilian Association of Behavioral Psychology and Medi-
cine (Associação Brasileira de Psicologia e Medicina Comportamental;
ABPMC3)—the Brazilian ABA chapter—and by the Brasília Institute of Behavior
Analysis (Instituto Brasiliense de Análise do Comportamento; IBAC), in collabo-
ration with PUC-GO and the Association for Behavior Analysis International
3
The name of the association changed in 2020 to the Brazilian Association of Behavior Sciences (Associação
Brasileira de Ciências do Comportamento).
(ABAI). The think tank took place in Brazil and gathered, for the first time,
researchers of many nationalities interested in a behavior-analytic approach to
culture and social issues: Andery (PUC-SP), D. de Souza (UFSCar), Ingunn
Sandaker (Oslo and Akershus University College, later the Oslo Metropolitan
University; OsloMet), Jackson Marr (Georgia Tech), Linda Hayes (University of
Nevada, Reno; UNR), Jerry Ullman (Ball State University), Jorge Oliveira-Castro
(UnB), Ramona Houmanfar (UNR), Mark Branch (University of Florida), Mark
Mattaini (University of Illinois, Chicago) and Sandy Hobbs (University of Paisley).
Participants spent 6 days in a hotel discussing the theme and ended the week by
presenting symposia at the ABPMC’s 2005 conference. For the first time, the
Brazilian community had access to the discussions that so far were restricted to a
few researchers, mainly undergraduate and graduate students in PUC-SP (with
Andery) and UnB (with Todorov). In 2006, Behavior and Social Issues published
articles about the interests and positions of these participants, with Marr (2006),
Mattaini (2006), and Ulman (2006) presenting the first written criticisms to BAC
that we are aware of.
A second important event also occurred during the 2005 ABPMC conference:
Todorov, Martone, and Moreira published the first Brazilian book on BAC, titled
Metacontingencies: Behavior, Culture, and Society. The book included didactic
chapters about metacontingencies and interlocked behavioral contingencies
(Moreira, 2005; Moreira et al., 2005; Todorov & Moreira, 2005), reprints of some
of the first Portuguese-language articles about BAC (Andery et al., 2005; Andery
& Serio, 1997b; Todorov, 1987), translations of two seminal articles (Glenn,
1986; Glenn & Malott, 2004), a commentary (Martone & Todorov, 2005), inter-
pretations of social phenomena (Martone & Banaco, 2005; Todorov & Moreira,
2005; Todorov et al., 2005b), and Vichi’s first publication based on his thesis,
which would later also appear in Behavior and Social Issues (Vichi et al., Vichi
et al., 2009). All Brazilian authors in this book were either current or former
students of Todorov, or professors or former students at PUC-SP. Many students
and behavior analysts had their first contact with BAC through this book—as
works in the field were previously restricted to scientific events or theses available
only in physical libraries—which was especially important for popularizing BAC
in Brazil.
Prudêncio’s (Prudêncio, 2006) was the first thesis on BAC presented at UnB,
advised by Todorov. In that same year, however, Todorov stopped accepting new
graduate students—he was preparing for retirement—and suggested to students inter-
ested in BAC to ask Laércia Abreu Vasconcelos, a faculty member in the same
program and Todorov’s former advisee, at UnB, to be their advisor. L. Vasconcelos
was already supervising research related to social issues and child behavior. She was
approached by three students: Ana Rita Naves (already in the master’s program), Fábio
Henrique Baia, and André Martins (both prospective master’s students). In a meeting
with these three students, Vasconcelos agreed to supervise research on BAC, main-
taining that line of research at UnB even in the absence of Todorov.
In the same year, at PUC-SP, Andery began advising Angelo Sampaio (discussing
quasi-experimentation in the study of culture), João Pereira, and Ligia Oda (both
planning experimental investigations in the lab). Together, they started a BAC study
group that later incorporated other PUC-SP students and was active until 2018 (see the
group’s website at https://accultura.wordpress.com/).4 At the Universidade Federal de

Santa Catarina (UFSC), Hélder Gusso also started investigating the definition of
culture, supervised by Olga Kubo. The next year, Gusso published a review of the
book by Todorov et al., (2005a), questioning the inconsistent definition of
metacontingency and arguing that the contingency of reinforcement sufficed to
analyze cultural phenomena (Gusso & Kubo, 2007). This review might be the first to
formally criticize the concept in the Brazilian community.
In 2007, the number of students interested in BAC increased. At UnB, L. A.
Vasconcelos began supervising Baia, Martins, and Dyego Costa. Martins was interest-
ed in analyzing the Brazilian Public Health System laws, and Baia and Costa were
interested in experimental research. At PUC-SP, Andery received new master’s stu-
dents Rodrigo Caldas and Paula Bullerjhan. They joined Sampaio, Pereira, Fernando
Cassas (a student from the social psychology program), and Maria Wang (also in the
experimental psychology program, but supervised by Maria Eliza Pereira) in the BAC
study group and developed the first version of the “numbers task” preparation to study
the selection of culturants. In the following years, researchers at PUC-SP, UnB, and the
Universidade de Rio Verde (UniRV) used this task in many experiments (e.g., Baia
et al., 2015, 2016; Caldas & Andery, 2015; Saconatto & Andery, 2013; see also Cihon
et al., 2020, for a review of the task and work published with this preparation).
In 2007, the main scientific conferences with a behavior-analytic audience in
Brazil—the previously cited ABPMC conference and the Brazilian Society of Psychol-
ogy (SBP) Annual Meeting—held lectures discussing cultural phenomena. Vivica Lé
Sénéchal Machado had finished her master’s at UnB and presented her research on
traffic-related practices (Lé Sénéchal Machado, 2007; Lé Sénéchal Machado &
Todorov, 2017) at the ABPMC conference and the 33rd Annual ABAI Convention.
In that same year, Andery became a visiting scholar at the University of North Texas
(UNT), hosted by Glenn. Also, Glenn, Todorov, and Malott organized Think Tank 2 in
Oslo, Norway, coordinated by Sandaker, with the participation of Andery, Houmanfar,
Mark Alavosius (UNR), Arne Gulbrandsen, Per Holth, Gunnar Ree (all from OsloMet),
and Emmanuel Tourinho (Universidade Federal do Pará; UFPA).
Among this group of researchers, Tourinho was essential to the expansion of the
area in Brazil. Tourinho had been studying cultural influences on behavior for a long
time, having pursued his master’s degree in the Social Psychology Program at PUC-SP
in the late 1980s. Throughout the 1990s, he was one of the foremost behavior analysts
in Brazil discussing the importance of private events for analyzing human behavior,
with an extensive publication track in conceptual issues in behavior analysis. He would
consistently point out the importance of the verbal community and culture in under-
standing human's emotions and cognition (e.g., Tourinho, 2006; Tourinho et al., 2011).
Tourinho work was influenced by Skinner’s (Skinner, 1945, 1953) propositions on
privacy and by Norbert Elias’s work, a german sociologist that discusses the impor-
tance of socioeconomic transformations for the construction of the idea in common
sense that feelings, emotions, cognitions, and other psychological concepts are occur-
rences in the individual (Elias, 1982, 2001)The common sense perspective is, of course,
opposed to behavior analysis' view of psychological terms as relational phenomena,
(e.g., Skinner, 1945; Tourinho, 2006), and Elias' cultural analysis has interesting points
4
Thomas Woelz (personal communication, November 12, 2020).
of contact with a behavior analytic view. In concert with his interlocution with Andery,
these reflections led him to focus on culture’s importance to human behavior and the
processes involved in cultural selection.
At Think Tank 1, Andery had already introduced Tourinho to Glenn. Tourinho’s
participation in Think Tank 2, based on Andery’s encouragement, seems to have been
what was missing for him to officially start a line of research on BAC in 2007,
supervising Vichi’s doctoral dissertation and Felipe Lustosa Leite’s master’s thesis.
Aécio Borba, who had been supervised by Tourinho during his master’s degree, wrote
his doctoral project on BAC and was also part of this initial group at UFPA. Because
there was not yet a doctoral program at PUC-SP and Todorov was not accepting new
students, the beginning of that line of research at UFPA meant that Tourinho and L. A.
Vasconcelos (at UnB) were the only advisors for doctoral students interested in
pursuing research in BAC.
The UFPA research group focused on two themes: (1) effects of the concurrence
between individual and cultural consequences on individual behavior and culturants
(e.g., Borba et al., 2017; Guimarães, Picanço, & Tourinho, 2019), and the selection and
(2) the role of verbal behavior on the selection and transmission of culturants (e.g.,
Hosoya & Tourinho, 2016; Leite, 2009). The presence of Vichi was crucial for
establishing the “matrix task,” first used in his master’s thesis at PUC-SP, as the
standard experimental task at UFPA (e.g., Almeida et al., 2020; Borba et al., 2014,
2017; Guimarães, Leite, et al., 2019; Soares et al., 2014). Tourinho’s group included
graduate students and undergraduate research assistants who collaborated on the first
experiments (e.g., Borba et al., 2014; Soares et al., 2014). Over the next decade, the
group had a steady matriculation of students, which would lead to over 20 master’s
theses and 5 doctoral dissertations (see Cihon et al., 2020, for a review of the
experimental line of research at UFPA).
In 2008, more graduate students completed their degrees (e.g., Baia, 2008; Naves,
2008; Sampaio, 2008). Using the opportunity of Martone’s (2008) dissertation defense,
Todorov organized a meeting at the Instituto de Ensino Superior de Brasília (IESB) for
students to present their research and for the discussion of conceptual issues and future
possibilities in BAC. Among the participants were Glenn, Tourinho, Andery, Lincoln
Gimenes (UnB), L. A. Vasconcelos, Baia, Borba, Naves, Costa, Moreira, and Leite.
Glenn also visited Belém at that opportunity, increasing the interest in BAC at that
university.
Still in 2008, Andery returned to Brazil after her sabbatical, and Pereira (Pereira,
2008) defended his master’s thesis, resuming experimental research at PUC-SP. Pereira
used the numbers task with META software5 (as pointed out earlier, see Cihon et al.,
2020, for a review of the numbers task). Another significant milestone in that year was
the beginning of the Doctoral Program in Experimental Psychology at PUC-SP,
increasing the opportunities for doctoral training in BAC.
At UNESP, Carrara founded the Cultural Design Study and Research Group and
began cosupervising Zilio’s master’s thesis. Zilio’s (Zilio, 2010) research is not related
5
The META software is a computerized task in which participants see two rows—one with numbers and one
with empty cells. Participants are asked to enter numbers in the empty cells. The experimenter can set up
different criteria for individual reinforcement (e.g., if the sum of the numbers equals an even or an odd
number) or cultural consequences (e.g., if the sums of the numbers entered by two participants are the same).
to BAC, but his interaction with Carrara was important to consolidate their position
regarding BAC concepts. Carrara also published about ethical and technological
concerns in cultural design, praising elements of Glenn’s framework in advising
behavior analysts to discuss social issues, but showing caution when using of BAC
concepts (Carrara, 2008).
In 2009, Melo began a postdoc under the supervision of Julio de Rose (UFSCar).
Their research investigated the definition of culture in Skinner’s work and its impact on
behavior analysis. Melo’s publications with de Rose (Melo & de Rose, 2007, 2012,
2013) set the stage for her to later be invited to a Brazilian BAC researcher meeting. In
that same year, alumni of BAC graduate programs accepted positions at universities
and colleges, increasing the number of labs and groups focusing on the subject. This
was the case of Sampaio, who joined Vichi at Univasf and Baia at UniRV. At the same
time, Carrara began developing a guide for designing cultural interventions, including
suggestions to evaluate metacontingencies (Carrara et al., 2013).
Borba, who was still pursuing his PhD under Tourinho’s supervision, spent 2010 at
UNT under Glenn’s guidance and later that year accepted a position at UFPA. At PUC-
SP, Andery received as new graduate students André Saconatto (master’s degree) and
Thomas Woelz (doctoral degree). Saconatto conducted the first experiment program-
ming metacontingencies with aversive control, specifically negative reinforcement
(defended as his 2012 thesis and published as Saconatto & Andery, 2013). Woelz
had returned to Brazil in 2007, after obtaining his master’s degree at UNT under
Manish Vaidya’s supervision, and developed research software for BAC research
projects (including the updated version of META at PUC-SP and software for Tourinho
at UFPA, including the software used in Borba et al., 2014).
Later in 2010, Dittrich began supervising master’s (and years later, doctoral)
students in the line of research on epistemology, ethics, politics, and culture at UFPR,
an example of which is Fernanda Brunkow’s (Brunkow, 2014) thesis on Skinner’s and
Glenn’s concepts of culture (see Brunkow & Dittrich, 2021). At UNESP, Carrara used
BAC to inform the design of public policies for dengue fever control (published later in
Carrara et al., 2018). In Brasília, the UNESCO Chair on Emerging Social Challenges
held the Forum for Peace in Schools as part of one of Todorov’s projects. Preparatory
meetings took place at IESB and UnB, and the keynote speaker was Mattaini, who
spoke about the Power of Peace project (Mattaini, 2013). Glenn, Sandaker, and Telmo
Peña Correal were other international speakers. The National Council for Scientific and
Technological Development (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e
Tecnológico; CNPq) supported a project that aimed to change large-scale cultural
practices. However, Todorov fell ill that year, and could no longer lead it, culminating
in its termination.
Despite his illness, Todorov resumed graduate supervision at UnB with Izabel
Carvalho as his first student in this new phase. Carvalho had started the master’s course
under the supervision of Gimenes, who had to leave his functions due to health issues.
Gimenes had taken part in the meeting at IESB in 2008 and had since advocated for an
animal model to study metacontingencies (Gimenes, 2016). When Carvalho started
working with Todorov, she had only 6 months left to complete her defense. Todorov,
who was concerned about the short deadline, outlined an experimental task involving a
chess game. Carvalho decided to pursue a different pathway, but Isis Vasconcelos—
another of Todorov’s master’s students—became interested and developed the software
that became the tool used by many of Todorov’s students (Todorov et al., 2018;
Vasconcelos & Todorov, 2015; see also Cihon et al., 2020, for a description of the
task and published research using it).
In 2011, Marcelo Benvenuti accepted the newly established position in the “Exper-
imental Analysis of Behavior: Behaviorism, Behavior Analysis and Cultural Practices”
at USP. The creation of that specific position—the first of its kind in Brazil—at one of
the country’s major graduate programs was a landmark in the recognition and institu-
tionalization of BAC in Brazil. Benvenuti had been an undergraduate student at PUC-
SP, where he had Andery and Sério as professors and took part in an event where
Andery and Sério debated with Glenn on the absence of dialectics in BAC. That event
instigated his interest in the area. Later, as a professor at PUC-SP, Benvenuti investi-
gated the role of rules in the transmission of superstitious behavior (Panetta et al.,
2007). Eventually, Benvenuti spent time at UnB, first as a postdoc and later as a visiting
professor (2009–2011), where he would meet with Todorov’s group to discuss BAC.
At USP, in 2012, Benvenuti began supervising doctoral students Thais Toledo and
Natália Marques (who had been supervised by Tourinho during her master’s degree)
and master’s students Pedro Cabral (Tourinho’s undergraduate student) and Lorena
Araújo (Sampaio’s undergraduate student). In 2013, Benvenuti started the doctoral
supervision of Sampaio. This research group developed a new task for
metacontingency research based on the idea of a free culturant, and created software
used in several projects by that group (de Toledo et al., 2015; Marques, 2016; Toledo &
Benvenuti, 2016). Toledo held a position at the Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso
(UFMT) in Brazil’s midwestern region when she applied to Benvenuti’s group, which
again increased the number of institutions conducting undergraduate research in BAC.
The number of universities involved also increased, with Costa being hired by the
Universidade Estadual do Piauí (UEPSI) and Woelz becoming a professor at PUC-SP,
both supervising undergraduate students.
Reflecting the recognition of BAC as a consolidated field of research, the 2012
ABPMC conference included a specific category of presentations regarding culture,
and the Latin American Journal of Psychology published a special edition titled
“Metacontingency Analysis, Cultural Practices and Social Issues”—because of
Todorov’s influence on the editors (Lopéz & Silva, 2012)—that included several works
by Brazilian authors (e.g., Costa et al., 2012; Tourinho & Vichi, 2012; Velasco et al.,
2012). Later that year, Melo started as a professor at the Universidade Estadual de
Londrina (UEL), creating the Behavior and Culture Research Group and supervising
master’s students (later, also doctoral students), expanding the number of institutions
with graduate-level training in BAC. Also, at UEL, Verônica Haydu began the
supervision of Júlio Camargo’s thesis, an experimental analog of natural resource
exploitation based on Ostrom’s work on common-pool resources (Camargo &
Haydu, 2016). Finally, Zilio accepted a postdoc position at the Georgia Institute of
Technology under the supervision of Marr—who had always been critical of BAC
concepts.
In 2013, Kaliu Couto and Lucas de Carvalho started their doctoral degrees under
Sandaker’s supervision in Oslo. Couto and de Carvalho had been part of Todorov’s
research group as undergraduate students at IESB, and there Todorov suggested they
should go to Norway to get their master’s degrees. Under Sandaker’s guidance, they
migrated directly to the doctoral program. As part of the program’s requirements, they
conducted their doctoral program under the coguidance of an external researcher;

Todorov assumed the role of coadvisor. At UnB, Todorov also accepted Marcelo
Henriques as a doctoral student, establishing the Universidade Federal de Jataí
(UFJ)—at the time called the Universidade Federal de Goiás, Jataí campus—as another
institution conducting research on BAC at the undergraduate level.
Also in 2013, Leite, Marques, and Sampaio organized the first formal meeting of
Brazilian BAC researchers the day before the ABPMC conference in Fortaleza, Ceará.
Researchers from several universities took part, presenting their research and discussing
methodological and conceptual issues. The event started a series of symposia on the
subject, strengthening the area as a specific and recognized field of research in the
Brazilian community. Later that year, Márcio Moreira edited a new book (Moreira,
2013), with the first seven chapters discussing general aspects of BAC and its relation
to selection by consequences, a chapter presenting the concepts of metacontingency
and macrocontingency, and other chapters exploring topics such as controlling agen-
cies, cultural design, and different research methods in the area (e.g., documentary
research, quasi-experimental and experimental research). The authors of the chapters
included Andery, Baia, Dittrich, Ellen Portilho, Ramos, Lé Sénéchal Machado,
Martone, Melo, Moreira, Sampaio, and Todorov. The book was written with didactic
language, which allowed its use as an undergraduate textbook—another critical event
in the institutionalization of BAC in Brazil. Finally, in 2013, Zilio began his postdoc-
toral studies under the supervision of Carrara at UNESP, a partnership that resulted in
several works that were critical to BAC concepts (e.g., Carrara & Zilio, 2013; Carrara
& Zilio, 2015).
In 2014, Portilho, Baia’s former student, entered the PUC-GO master’s program and
took a class taught by Sonia Neves, who contacted Baia for an eventual partnership.
After that, Baia and Neves started supervising Júlio Almeida’s research involving an
interpretation of the formation of a Brazilian indigenous community (later published as
Baia et al., 2017). In the following years, they coauthored several articles (e.g., Melo
Junior et al., 2014; Neves et al., 2019). At UnB, Todorov accepted Roberta Freitas
Lemos and Jonathan Oliveira as new doctoral students interested in developing applied
research using BAC concepts.
Another relevant event in 2014 was William Baum’s visit to several cities and
universities in Brazil. Cristiano Coelho (PUC-GO) had invited him during that year’s
ABAI conference in Chicago. Josele Abreu-Rodrigues (professor at UnB) was present
and extended the invitation for Baum to give a lecture at UnB. The ABPMC invited
Baum to be a guest speaker at its conference in Fortaleza, assisting with travel costs. In
addition to that event, Baum gave lectures at USP, PUC-GO, and UnB. Baum’s visit
was important because, besides being critical to BAC concepts, he presented another
framework to understand culture (see, e.g., Baum et al., 2004, 2012). The visit also
opened possibilities for PUC-SP doctoral students Saconatto and Artur Nogueira
(Sampaio’s former undergraduate student), who spent part of their doctoral program
at the University of California, working with Baum and under Peter Richerson’s
supervision.
Taken together, the years from 2004 to 2014 marked the strengthening of BAC in
Brazil (see Figure 3), with more universities establishing research groups and labs
interested in the subject. Up until 2004, there were just two advisors in graduate
programs; 10 years later, virtually all Brazilian graduate programs with an emphasis
Fig. 3 Timeline of Behavioral Analysis of Culture (BAC) in Brazil From 2004 to 2014. Note. ABPMC =
Associação Brasileira de Ciências do Comportamento; IESB = Instituto de Educação Superior de Brasília;
PUC-SP = Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo; UnB = Universidade de Brasília; UniRV =
Universidade de Rio Verde; USP = Universidade de São Paulo; UEL = Universidade Estadual de Londrina;
UESPI - Universidade Estadual do Piauí; UFSCar = Universidade Federal de São Carlos; UFPA =
Universidade Federal do Pará; UFPR = Universidade Federal do Paraná; Univasf = Universidade Federal
do Vale do São Francisco; SBP = Brazilian Society of Psychology
in behavior analysis, and many others that were not specifically behavior analytic, were
researching and publishing in the area. That opened new job opportunities for alumni of
those graduate programs, and these researchers were also consistently publishing and
presenting at Brazilian and international conferences. The selection of these culturants
was well underway, with the first generation of graduate students who targeted
concepts in BAC now becoming undergraduate or graduate advisors.
The institutionalization of BAC is one of the most defining traits of the recent years
of this history. This institutionalization process is mainly related to the occurrence of
more scientific events and large-scale applied experimental research using BAC
Fig. 4 Timeline of Behavioral Analysis of Culture (BAC) in Brazil From 2015 to 2020. Note: ABAI:
Association for Behavior Analysis International; ABPMC: Associação Brasileira de Psicologia e Medicina
Comportamental [Brazilian Association for Behavior Psychology and Medicine); SBP: Sociedade Brasileira
de Psicologia [Brazilian Society for Psychology]; UnB = Universidade de Brasília; USP = Universidade de
São Paulo; UEL = Universidade Estadual de Londrina; UFSCar = Universidade Federal de São Carlos; UFC =
Universidade Federal do Ceará; UFES = Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo
concepts. Three important meetings happened in 2015 (see Figure 4): Think Tank 3
took place on April 9 and 10, at USP, under Benvenuti and Todorov’s coordination,
resuming the discussions 8 years after Think Tank 2 in Oslo. The participants were
Andery, Benvenuti, Glenn, Houmanfar, Molli Luke, Malott, Todorov, Tourinho, de
Rose, Sandaker, and L. A. Vasconcelos. One of the major products of this meeting was
the article by Glenn et al. (Glenn et al., 2016), furthering the consistent use of terms
such as “metacontingency” and “macrocontingency.” Also relevant was the Think
Tank 3 group deciding to hold more regular meetings. Concomitantly with Think Tank
3, a regional meeting of SBP took place with the title “Social Contingencies: Individual
and Society.” Several of the researchers mentioned so far, such as Baia, Borba, Freitas
Lemos, Leite, Melo, Vichi, Sampaio, and Zilio, took part in the meeting and discussed
BAC research and future directions (Todorov et al., 2015). Finally, between August 19
and 22, 2015, the first symposium on culture was held during an ABPMC conference.
Earlier that year, Todorov ran into Banaco (an ABPMC advisory board member) and
Denis Zamignani (then the ABPMC’s president) during a regional meeting on behavior
analysis in the State of Goiás. Todorov convinced Banaco and Zamignani to hold a
special event during the ABPMC conference with the theme of BAC. Todorov
conceived and organized the event, supported by Sampaio and Baia, and involved
several researchers discussing conceptual themes, basic research, and application
possibilities. After this year, it became a tradition for the ABPMC conference to hold
“culture symposia,” as described later.
Still in 2015, after the broad social media participation of Brazilian behavior analysts
on topics related to large-scale social changes, the Board of Planners for Behaviorists
for Social Responsibility (BFSR), the oldest ABAI special interest group (SIG), invited
a Brazilian representative to join the board. From 2015 until 2018, Freitas Lemos,
Oliveira, and Leite led international initiatives that included (a) a seminar series on
“Dialogues on Public Policies” between public policy managers and behavior analysts,
covering areas such as conditional cash transfer programs, education, and domestic
violence, and (b) translations from English to Portuguese and vice versa of content
published by the BFSR SIG.
In the same year, the Brazilian Journal of Behavior Analysis (Revista Brasileira de
Análise do Comportamento) launched a special issue on BAC to foster the discussion
and refinement of research procedures (Benvenuti & Vichi, 2015). The edition included
six experimental studies, two interpretative studies about laws, a critique of BAC
concepts by Carrara and Zilio (2015), and the translation of Glenn (2004) accompanied
by an introductory text (Sampaio & Leite, 2015).
At UFSCar, still in 2015, de Rose created his research group on culture, language,
and symbolic behavior, consolidating a line of research on the change of preferences
and attitudes regarding socially charged stimuli (e.g., de Rose, 2016; Mizael et al.,
2020); de Rose also supervised other works related to BAC, such as Camargo’s
dissertation on the development of an electronic game to investigate the effects of
differential consequences on common resources consumption (Camargo, 2019) and
Cesar Rocha’s theoretical dissertation on the affinities of Skinnerian cultural design
with the notions of utopia and dystopia (Rocha, 2019). That year, Zilio became a
professor at the Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), where he started
supervising master’s and doctoral students in a line of research titled behavior-
analytic social psychology.
In 2016, Andery and Tourinho were elected as rectors of their universities (PUC-SP
and UFPA, respectively). These new positions did not prevent them from supervising
graduate students but did limit the number of students they supervised. That same year,
de Carvalho returned to Brazil to collect data for his doctoral research. The OsloMet
laboratory was under renovation, and the defense deadline was near, so there was no
time to conduct the research in Norway; de Carvalho admired the work of de Souza (at
UFSCar) and had interacted with her during a poster presentation at the 41st Annual
ABAI Convention in San Antonio in 2015. The partnership between de Carvalho and
0
Lucas Couto de Carvalho (personal communication, July 15, 2020).
de Souza at UFSCar resulted in a new line of research on social behavior with

nonhumans (de Carvalho et al., 2018, 20206). The research group also included Alceu
Regaço and Leticia Santos and would interact systematically with de Rose’s group in
the same graduate program. In September 2016, the second culture symposium at the
ABPMC conference took place in Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná, organized by Todorov and
Melo and focused on sustainability. Twelve activities, including workshops and lec-
tures, occurred in a room specifically dedicated to the symposium. In addition to many
researchers already mentioned in this article, Elizeu Borloti (UFES), who studied
psychosocial processes from a behavior-analytic perspective, and Haydu (UEL) pre-
sented their work. Some presentations at this symposium were later published in a book
edited by Zilio for the ABPMC’s Behavior in Focus (Comportamento em Foco) series,
titled Cultural Practices, Society, and Public Policies (Carrara, 2018; Galvão, 2018;
Oliveira & Todorov, 2018; Pessôa & Haydu, 2018; L. A. Vasconcelos et al., 2018).
In October 2016, Think Tank 4 took place in Denton, Texas. Organized by Glenn,
members of Think Tank 3 attended the meeting, in addition to Mattaini, Alavosius, and
the new Brazilian members Baia, Borba (who could not attend in person), de Carvalho,
Couto, Freitas Lemos, Henriques, Leite, and Sampaio. The idea for the invitation of
these researchers came from a conversation with Todorov, where Glenn proposed the
invitation of new members to prepare new leaders for the area. At the meeting, the
members presented their current projects and discussed them. At the end of the
meeting, they decided that the next event would take place again in Denton in 2018.
In 2017, Marques (who finished her doctoral studies at USP) accepted a position at
Universidade Federal do Ceará, once again expanding the number of institutions with
undergraduate (and later graduate) research opportunities in BAC. Also that year, Baia and
Carlos Cançado, with the support of the ABPMC and the Brazilian Association of Behavior
Analysis (ACBr), organized the 1st Symposium on Behavior Analysis, an event dedicated to
basic research—similar to the Society for the Quantitative Analysis of Behavior’s conferences.
Culture was among the four topics chosen for discussion at this symposium. In addition,
Benvenuti organized another BAC symposium during the ABPMC conference.
In 2018, Think Tank 5 was held in Denton, Texas, with three subgroups: schedules
of cultural selection, contingencies in adapting to climate change, and contingencies in
common-pool resources (with Elinor Ostrom’s work as a reference). In addition to
previous members, Melo and Haydu officially joined the group. Parallel to that event,
Malott invited attendees who were professors in behavior analysis programs that
offered doctoral degrees to discuss strategies to strengthen BAC. Following that
meeting, a task force composed of Mark Mattaini (then ABAI’s president), Cihon
and Glenn (UNT), Houmanfar (UNR), Sandaker (OsloMet), Benvenuti (USP), Borba
(UFPA), and L. A. Vasconcelos (UnB) started a 2-year process that would culminate
with the creation of the Verified Course Sequence in Culturo-Behavior Science by
ABAI (https://www.abainternational.org/vcs/culturo-behavioral-science.aspx). The
sequence was developed to increase the interest in cultural issues, by offering
graduate programs a guide to competencies suggested for behavior analysts interested
in pursuing education and research opportunities in what has been referred to as
culturo-behavior science. The sequence thus recognizes programs that meet those
0
Kester Carrara (personal communication, July 6, 2020).
requirements, and students who completed that sequence may apply for a certificate
provided by ABAI (Cihon & Mattaini, 2020).
Also in 2018, the ABPMC conference’s culture symposium took place at the annual
SBP conference, the largest scientific meeting on psychology in Brazil. Organized by
Todorov and Melo, it consisted of 15 presentations with prominent researchers in the
area, debating conceptual issues, experimental studies, studies using games, sustain-
ability, and other phenomena such as gender differences in research collaboration. That
same year, Carrara created the National Network for BAC and Public Policies, a vast
collaborative network between Brazilian researchers interested in the subject,7 and de
Carvalho accepted a postdoc position under the supervision of de Souza at UFSCar to
pursue research in social behavior with nonhumans. Finally, Zilio edited the 8th
volume of the book Comportamento em Foco that published papers presented in
ABPMC's conferences (Zilio, 2018).
In 2019, the ABPMC conference’s culture symposium took place once again, this
time organized by Coelho and Todorov. Researchers in BAC and other guest speakers
presented papers on education, urban planning, and income distribution policies; ethical
issues involved in cultural interventions; relations between basic and applied research;
and prejudice. Todorov lectured (via videoconference) in the opening and closing of the
event, to a large audience, consolidating even further these events in Brazilian
conferences.
The most recent Think Tnk, its sixth edition, took place in 2019 in Brasília with L.
A. Vasconcelos’s coordination. Think Tank 6 maintained the format of three subgroups
that discussed (a) sustainability and cultural studies, (b) cultural selection schedules,
and (c) common-pool resources and cultural studies (interfaces among BAC, Elinor
Ostrom’s work, and behavioral economics). Over 3 days, Think Tank 6 occurred
concomitantly with the Behavioral Psychology and Public Policies Conference, also
headed by L. A. Vasconcelos, in which Think Tank 6 members, other Brazilian BAC
researchers (e.g., Dittrich, de Rose, Borloti, Pedro Faleiros of the Universidade
Metodista de Piracicaba), and members of Brazilian public agencies presented their
contributions in lectures, roundtables, and panel sessions.
Also in 2019, Behavior and Social Issues published a special section with articles
based on the discussions at Think Tanks 5 and 6, with five of the six articles involving
Brazilian authors (Baia & Sampaio, 2019; Borba, 2019; Freitas Lemos et al., 2019;
Hayashi et al., 2019; Sandaker et al., 2019). Perspectives on Behavior Science also
published a special issue on the theme, edited by Cihon, with 3 of the 10 articles by
Brazilian authors (Aguiar et al., 2019; da Hora & Sampaio, 2019; Guimarães, Picanço,
& Tourinho, 2019).
Starting around 2015, projects involving cultural design in communities or, on a
large scale, using BAC concepts inaugurated a new line of research. Carla Hayashi
defended her master’s thesis under Melo’s supervision in 2017, designing and
implementing a cultural intervention to foster behaviors related to adequate solid waste
management with children who attended a nongovernmental organization (NGO). The
intervention involved several community groups, including NGO employees, em-
ployees of a recycling cooperative, the neighborhood’s community garden, and local
government (Hayashi, 2017; partially published in Hayashi et al., 2019). Freitas Lemos
7
Kester Carrara (personal communication, July 6, 2020).
defended her dissertation under Todorov’s supervision in 2018, conducting a large-

scale intervention that involved six municipalities in the State of São Paulo, focusing on
increasing school attendance (Freitas Lemos, 2018; partially published in Freitas
Lemos & Todorov, 2020, and Todorov & Freitas Lemos, 2020). The intervention
was composed of integrating municipal actors to retarget a federal apprenticeship
program for 16- and 17-year-olds from low-income families who drop out of school
or have low school attendance and choose to go into the job market early in Brazil.
Bruna França, who began her work with Todorov and finished with Elenice Hanna’s
supervision, used text messages to increase school attendance in adolescents from three
schools, also characterizing it as a cultural design (França, 2019). The last 5 years show
that the study of BAC has reached some maturity in Brazil, has been present in most
behavior analysis graduate programs, and has resulted in consistent publications on the
topic in Brazil and abroad.
Concluding Remarks
Historical and sociological investigations can be helpful in describing and understand-

ing scientific communities’ dynamics and structures (Kuhn, 1962/1996). We hope that
this brief history of the development of BAC in Brazil is a step in that direction. This
article presents a narrative based on memories, personal communications, and docu-
mentary materials such as books, articles, curricula vitae, and events. This narrative
highlights the Brazilian socioeconomic context as a fertile ground for discussions on
social issues and the importance of some leaders, such as Todorov and Andery, in the
insertion and institutionalization of BAC in the country. Several actions contributed to
the institutionalization of BAC in Brazil, such as the creation of new groups and
leaders; the insertion of the area in Brazilian universities and scientific societies; the
organization of specific events and publications that would bring together behavior
analysts interested in understanding and changing cultural phenomena, and the publi-
cation of work in this area in Brazil and abroad. For instance, three of the six founding
programs of the Verified Course Sequence in Culturo-Behavior Science (for which a
certificate of completion is provided by ABAI) are from Brazil (UnB, coordinated by L.
A. Vasconcelos and Abreu-Rodrigues; USP, coordinated by Benvenuti; and UFPA,
coordinated by Borba). Also, in 2020, ABAI organized the first specific meeting on the
topic, titled “Culturo-Behavior Science for a Better World,” with a large presence of
Brazilian researchers as invited presenters (Andery, Benvenuti, Borba, Freitas Lemos,
Leite, Todorov, and Tourinho).
The establishment of BAC represents an interesting case of the development of
scientific practices in a verbal community. For Kuhn (1962/1996), the scientific activity
involves solving problems and puzzles during periods of what is called normal science,
the scientific practice and research permeated by a paradigm that presents a provisional
character, but the most useful at the moment, to answer existing questions about the
world. A paradigm provides a starting point for a group of researchers. Besides being a
solid basis from which scientists would launch themselves to unravel the world, a
paradigm delimits the world to be unveiled and the paths to be taken for this task
(Kuhn, 1962/1996). BAC in general and the system established by the concept of
metacontingencies and their correlates may not fit the notion of the Kuhnian paradigm
by itself. However, inspired by this perspective, we can say that the area established
new forms of research and intervention on social and cultural phenomena that were not
previously encompassed by behavior analysis, at least in Brazil. We argue that BAC
studies have engaged behavior analysts in dealing with cultural problems of greater
complexity, and its concepts have been featured in many of these endeavors.
The analysis of this history may also be an interesting example of the selection of a
new culturant that we may call the Brazilian BAC. From a simple start, with pioneers
like Todorov and Andery and their students, the practice has been selected in this
environment. Cultural consequences include research funding and recognition by the
national and international academic community (e.g., by accepting articles and presen-
tations in events). Those first interlocked behavioral contingencies (the reinforcement
contingencies for researching these topics) produced a series of aggregate products
(publications). These culturants were selected and grew in complexity. Today, it
includes not only teaching—in graduate and undergraduate programs throughout the
country—but also networks of support, presentations at events, participation in inter-
national groups, and other activities.
Some contingencies and metacontingencies may have favored the expansion of the
area in Brazil. Much of what is produced in terms of research in the country is carried
out at public universities (federal, state, and municipal). The undergraduate, master’s,
and doctoral courses at these universities are free of charge (no tuition) and offer
scholarships that allow students and researchers to use almost all of their time for
research activities. According to a national classification regarding these programs’
quality, federal scholarships are distributed to graduate programs and subsequently
redistributed to students and researchers according to each program’s rules.
Brazil has important federal agencies that serve the entire country through the
Postgraduation National Plan: the Coordination of Higher Level Personnel Improve-
ment (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) and CNPq. The
Financier of Studies and Projects (Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos), another federal
agency whose mission is to promote science, technology, and innovation, is also an
important agency in this context. These agencies foment graduate programs, especially
in public universities, by aiding the programs directly, publishing specific notices of
national interests, and distributing scholarships for undergraduate, master’s, doctoral,
and postdoctoral research, among others. Additionally, 26 state research foundations
are distributed in almost all states of the country (Alves, 2018).
Federal and state agencies, through specific notices, also encourage international
exchanges by providing assistance to host international visiting scholars in the country,
offering scholarships for Brazilian researchers to study abroad, and supporting the
organization of national and regional events in the country and the publication of
documents resulting from Brazilian research. Although the promotion of research in
Brazil by government agencies has decreased substantially in recent years, these
contingencies and metacontingencies are critical for the development of Brazilian
science in general and the field of research. For example, the Think Tanks that occurred
in Brazil were assisted by these government agencies. CNPq was also responsible for
financing Glenn, Mattaini, and Sandaker’s visit to Brazil through a project (Peace in
Schools) conducted by Todorov in 2010. Most of the country’s prominent researchers
in BAC completed graduate degree programs at public universities and are now faculty
at these universities. These contingencies and metacontingencies have been crucial to
maintaining the quality of Brazilian research and the autonomy and freedom that
Brazilian researchers have in proposing lines of research.
Another Brazilian cultural practice involves the support of private and scientific
associations in hosting events. For example, the IBAC paid for a large part of Think
Tank 1’s costs and contributed to Glenn’s visit to Brazil in 2008. The ABPMC
contributed to Baum’s visit and opened spaces at the annual meeting to hold symposia
dedicated to BAC. Taken together, the financial support from private entities and
research foundations and the opportunity to hold events at the ABPMC and SBP
annual meetings contributed to the development of BAC by connecting Brazilian and
international researchers. Additionally, the accessibility of texts about BAC should be
highlighted. First, Brazilian journals are open access. Second, there are many books
published in Portuguese. These allow professors to expose students to a vast literature
production about BAC during their courses. Such accessibility can be a variable that
explains the interest of undergraduate students who seek graduate programs and
advisors on research in the field.
Finally, it is also worth mentioning that this article is only one perspective on the
facts presented. Many other narratives can be put forth, opening the way for future
productions to complement and continue this history.
Acknowledgments The present manuscript is being published just a few months after João Cláudio
Todorov´s passing. He proposed the development of this manuscript and was very excited about the final
product. Many parts of the text started from Todorov´s accounts and stories. As coauthors, we are thankful for
the opportunity to help transform Todorov´s "memoirs" in a published text accessible to the scientific
community. We hope parts of his repertoire be perpetuated in the future works of ourselves and the many
behavior analysts he mentored and inspired!.
Declarations
Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest, although all authors were
directly/personally involved in the facts narrated in this article.
References
Abib, J. A. D. (2001). Teoria moral de Skinner e desenvolvimento humano [Skinner’s moral theory and
human development]. Psychology: Research and Review, 14(1), 107–117. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-
79722001000100009
Achcar, R., Duran, A. P., & Bastos, A. V. B. (1994). Psicólogo brasileiro: Práticas emergentes e desafios
para a formação [Brazilian psychologist: Emerging practices and challenges for training]. Casa do
Psicólogo
Aguiar, J. C., Oliveira-Castro, J. M., & Gobbo, L. (2019). Rules as basic units of sociocultural selection.
Perspectives on Behavior Science, 42(4), 851–868. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614019-00201-6
Almeida, J. A. T., de Valderlon, Y., & Tourinho, E. Z. (2020). Autocontrole cultural: Efeitos da interação
verbal sobre a seleção de culturantes [Cultural self-control: Effects of verbal interaction on the selection of
culturants]. Acta Comportamentalia, 28(2), 151–168 http://www.revistas.unam.mx/index.php/acom/
article/view/75962
Alves, M. C. (2018). A SBPC e as fundações de amparo à pesquisa [The SBP and the grant agencies]. Ciência
e Cultura, 70(4), 8–10. https://doi.org/10.21800/231766602018000400003
Andery, M. A. P. A. (1990). Uma tentativa de (re) construção do mundo: A ciência do comportamento como
ferramenta de intervenção [An attempt to (re) construct the world: Behavioral science as an intervention
tool] [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo
Andery, M. A. P. A. (1993a). Skinner: A cultura como um compromisso da ciência [Skinner: Culture as a
commitment of science]. Acta Comportamentalia, 1(2), 144–154 http://www.revistas.unam.mx/index.
php/acom/article/view/18210
Andery, M. A. P. A. (1993b). Uma sociedade voltada para o futuro [A society focused on the future]. Temas
Em Psicologia, 1(2), 23–30 http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-
389X1993000200004&lng=pt&tlng=pt
Andery, M. A. P. A., Micheletto, N., & Serio, T. M. A. P. (2005). A análise de fenômenos sociais: Esboçando
uma proposta para a identificação de contingências entrelaçadas e metacontingências [The analysis of
social phenomena: Outlining a proposal for the identification of interlocking contingencies and
metacontingencies]. Brazilian Journal of Behavior Analysis, 1(2), 149–165. https://doi.org/10.18542/
rebac.v1i2.2167
Andery, M. A. P. A., & Serio, T. M. A. P. (1989). O controle pela consequencia no desenvolvimento da
cultura [Control by consequences in the development of culture]. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 5(2),
149–155
Andery, M. A. P. A., & Serio, T. M. A. P. (1997a). A violência urbana: Aplica-se a análise da coerção? [Urban
violence: Does analysis of coercion apply?]. In R. Banaco (Ed.), Sobre comportamento e cogniçao
[About behavior and cognition] (pp. 433–444). Arbytes
Andery, M. A. P. A., & Serio, T. M. A. P. (1997b). O conceito de metacontingências: Afinal a velha
contingência de reforcamento é insuficiente? [The concept of metacontingencies: After all, is the old
contingency of reinforcement insufficient?]. In R. Banaco (Ed.), Sobre comportamento e cogniçao [About
behavior and cognition] (pp. 106–116). Arbytes
Andery, M. A. P. A., & Serio, T. M. A. P. (2003). Metacontingencias y dialéctica: Son incompatibles?
[Metacontingencies and dialectics: Are they compatible?]. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 35(3),
273–280
Antunes, M. A. M. (2012). A psicologia no Brasil: Um ensaio sobre suas contradições [Psychology in Brazil:
An essay on its contradictions]. Psicologia: Ciência e Profissão, 32, 44–65. https://doi.org/10.1590/
S1414-98932012000500005
Ardila Sánchez, J. G., Houmanfar, R. A., & Alavosius, M. P. (2019). A descriptive analysis of the effects of
weather disasters on community resilience. Behavior and Social Issues, 28(1), 298–315. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s42822-019-00015-w
Baia, F. H. (2008). Microssociedades no laboratório: O efeito de consequências ambientais externas sobre as
contigências comportamentais entrelaçadas e seus produtos culturais [Microsocieties in the laboratory:
The effect of external environmental consequences on interlocking behavioral contingencies and their
cultural products] [Master’s thesis, Universidade de Brasília]. Repositório Institucional da UNB. https://
repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/1849
Baia, F. H., Azevedo, F. F., Segatini, S. M., Macedo, R. P., & Vasconcelos, L. A. (2015). Efeitos de diferentes
magnitudes de consequências individuais e culturais sobre culturantes [Effects of different magnitudes of
individual consequences and cultural consequences on culturants’ selection]. Acta Comportamentalia, 23,
257–272
Baia, F. H., Azevedo, F. F., Segantini, S. M., Macedo, R. P., & Vasconcelos, L. A. (2016). O efeito de
diferentes tipos de consequências culturais na seleção de culturantes [The effect of different types of
cultural consequences on the selection of culturants]. Brazilian Journal of Behavior Analysis, 11(2), 157–
169. https://doi.org/10.18542/rebac.v11i2.1528
Baia, F. H., Neves, S. M. M., Filho, J. C. R., de Melo Junior, I. F., Souza, A. C. G., & Lemes, I. G. (2017).
Ethnogenesis of a Brazilian indigenous community, a behavior analytic interpretation: Ethnogenesis of
the Tapuios do Carretão. Behavior and Social Issues, 26(1), 51–66. https://doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v26i0.
6856
Baia, F. H., & Sampaio, A. A. S. (2019). Distinguishing units of analysis, procedures, and processes in cultural
selection: Notes on metacontingency terminology. Behavior and Social Issues, 28(1), 204–220. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s42822-019-00017-8
Bastos, A. V. B., & Gomide, P. I. C. (1989). O psicólogo brasileiro: Sua atuação e formação profissional [The
Brazilian psychologist: Performance and professional training]. Psicologia: Ciência e Profissão, 9(1), 6–
15. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1414-98931989000100003
Bastos, A. V. B., & Gondim, S. M. G. (2010). O trabalho do psicólogo no Brasil [The work of the
psychologist in Brazil]. Artmed
Batista, C. G., Ferrari, E. A. D. M., & Laloni, D. T. (2003). Notícia: Ao mestre Luiz Otávio de Seixas Queiroz,
com carinho [News: For Professor Luiz Otavio de Seixas Queiroz, affectionately]. Psicologia: Teoria e
Pesquisa, 19(2), 193–194. https://doi.org/10.1590/S010237722003000200015
Baum, W. M., Paciotti, B., Richerson, P., Lubell, M., & McElreath, R. (2012). Cooperation due to cultural
norms, not individual reputation. Behavioural Processes, 91(1), 90–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.
2012.06.001
Baum, W. M., Richerson, P. J., Efferson, C. M., & Paciotti, B. M. (2004). Cultural evolution in laboratory
microsocieties including traditions of rule giving and rule following. Evolution and Human Behavior,
25(5), 305–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.05.003
Benvenuti, M., & Vichi, C. (2015). Editorial. Brazilian Journal of Behavior Analysis, 11(2) https://www.
periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/rebac/article/view/3779
Biglan, A. (1995). Changing cultural practices: A contextualistic framework for intervention research.
Context Press
Bock, A. M. B., & Furtado, O. (2015). A psicologia no Brasil e suas relações com o marxismo [Psychology in
Brazil and its relationships with Marxism]. In A. M. Jacó-Vilela, A. A. L. Ferreira, & F. T. Portugal
(Eds.), História da psicologia: Rumos e percursos [History of psychology: Paths and routes] (pp. 595–
608) Nau Editora
Borba, A. (2019). The selection of different interlocked behavioral contingencies and maintenance of common
pool resources: The case of the production of açaí berries in the Brazilian Amazon. Behavior and Social
Issues, 28(1), 229–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42822-019-00016-9
Borba, A., da Silva, B. R., Cabral, P. A. A., de Souza, L. B., Leite, F. L., & Tourinho, E. Z. (2014). Effects of
exposure to macrocontingencies in isolation and social situations in the production of ethical self-control.
Behavior and Social Issues, 23(1), 5–19. https://doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v23i0.4237
Borba, A., Tourinho, E. Z., & Glenn, S. S. (2017). Effects of cultural consequences on the interlocking
behavioral contingencies of ethical self-control. The Psychological Record, 67(3), 399–411. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s40732-017-0231-6
Botomé, S. P., & Bori, C. M. (1977). Administração de comportamento humano em instituição de saúde:
Uma experiência para serviço público [Management of human behavior in a health institution: An
experience for public service] [Master’s thesis, Universidade de São Paulo]. Repositório da Produção
USP https://repositorio.usp.br/item/000727733
Brunkow, F. (2014). Análise do comportamento e evolução cultural: Relações entre as propostas conceituais.
de B. F. Skinner e S. S. Glenn [Analysis of behavior and cultural evolution: Relationships between the
conceptual proposals of B. F. Skinner and S. S. Glenn] [Master’s thesis, Universidade Federal do Paraná].
AcervoDigital da UFPR https://acervodigital.ufpr.br/handle/1884/36604
Brunkow, F., & Dittrich, A. (2021). Cultural survival in B. F. Skinner: Possibilities for conceptual refinement.
Behavior and Social Issues. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42822-020-00044-w
Caldas, R. A., & Andery, M. A. P. A. (2015). Investigação experimental em metacontingências e práticas
supersticiosas: Um caminho para estudos mais complexos [Experimental investigation in
metacontingencies and superstitious practices: A way to more complex studies]. Revista Brasileira de
Terapia Comportamental e Cognitiva, 18(3), 4–16. https://doi.org/10.31505/rbtcc.v18i3.918
Camargo, J. C. (2019). Investigando o uso sustentável de recursos comuns por meio de um jogo eletrônico
[Investigating the sustainable use of common resources through an electronic game] [Unpublished
doctoral dissertation]. Universidade Federal de São Carlos
Camargo, J., & Haydu, V. B. (2016). Fostering the sustainable use of common-pool resources through
behavioral interventions: An experimental approach. Behavior and Social Issues, 25(1), 61–76. https://
doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v25i0.6328
Carrara, K. (1989). Contingências grupais: Efeitos de quatro variações de procedimento sobre comportamento
acadêmico e social [Group contingencies: Effects of four procedural variations on academic and social
behavior]. Didática, 25, 121–138
Carrara, K. (2008). Entre a utopia e o cotidiano: Uma análise de estratégias viáveis nos delineamentos culturais
[Between utopia and everyday life: An analysis of viable strategies in cultural designs]. Revista
Psicologia, 1(1), 42–54
Carrara, K. (2018). Altruísmo, preservação e conservação ambiental: Contribuições para uma aventura
contingencialista [Altruism, environmental preservation and conservation: Contributions to a contingency
adventure]. In D. Zilio (Ed.), Comportamento em foco: Práticas culturais, sociedade e políticas públicas
[Focus on behavior: Cultural practices, society and public policy] (pp. 71–85) ABPMC
Carrara, K., de Souza, V. B., Oliveira, D. R., Orti, N. P., Lourencetti, L. A., & Lopes, F. R. (2013).
Desenvolvimento de guia e fluxograma como suporte para delineamentos culturais. [Guide and flow-
chart development as support for cultural designs]. Acta Comportamentalia, 21(1), 99–119
Carrara, K., Girotti, V. B. S., Oliveira, D. R., Orti, N. P., Lourencetti, L. A., Lopes, F. R., & Bonaccorsi, C.
(2018). Delineamentos culturais e políticas públicas: Uma avaliação de estratégias comportamentais para
controle da dengue [Cultural designs and public policies: An evaluation of behavioral strategies for
dengue control]. In A. C. M. Almeida-Verdu (Ed.), Interfaces da psicologia do desenvolvimento e da
aprendizagem. [Developmental and learning psychology interfaces] (pp. 143–160) Editora CRV
Carrara, K., & Zilio, D. (2013). O comportamento diante do paradigma behaviorista radical [Behavior under
the paradigm of radical behaviorism]. Brazilian Journal of Behavior Analysis, 9(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/
10.18542/rebac.v9i1.2129
Carrara, K., & Zilio, D. (2015). Análise comportamental da cultura: Contingência ou metacontingência como
unidade de análise? [Behavioral analysis of culture: Contingency or metacontingency as the unit of
analysis?]. Brazilian Journal of Behavior Analysis, 11(2), 135–146. https://doi.org/10.18542/rebac.v11i2.
1944
Cihon, T. M., Borba, A., Lopez, C. R., Kazaoka, K., & de Carvalho, L. C. (2020). Experimental analysis in
culturo-behavior science: The search for basic processes. In T. M. Cihon & M. A. Mattaini (Eds.),
Behavior science perspectives on culture and community (pp. 119–150). Springer. https://doi.org/10.
1007/978-3-030-45421-0
Cihon, T. M., & Mattaini, M. A. (2020). History and progress in cultural and community science. In T. M.
Cihon & M. A. Mattaini (Eds.), Behavior science perspectives on culture and community (pp. 1–21).
Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45421-0
Cirino, S. D., Miranda, R. L., & Cruz, R. N. d. (2012). The beginnings of behavior analysis laboratories in
Brazil: A pedagogical view. History of Psychology, 15(3), 263–272. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026306
Correia, A. M. B., & Dantas, C. N. C. B. (2017). O fazer psicológico na ditadura civil militar [The
psychological practice during the military civilian dictatorship]. Psicologia: Ciência e Profissão, 37,
71–81. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-3703050002017
Costa, D., de Pontes Vieira Nogueira, C., & Vasconcelos, L. A. (2012). Effects of communication and cultural
consequences on choices combinations in INPDG with four participants. Revista Latinoamericana de
Psicología, 44(1), 121–131
Cunha, W. H. D. A. (1998). Carolina Martuscelli Bori e a psicologia na USP [Carolina Martuscelli Bori and
psychology at USP]. Psicologia USP, 9(1), 49–60. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-65641998000100007
da Hora, K. L., & Sampaio, A. A. S. (2019). Units of analysis for corruption experiments: Operant,
culturobehavioral lineage, culturant, and macrobehavior. Perspectives on Behavior Science, 42(4), 751–
771. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-019-00225-y
de Carvalho, L. C., dos Santos, L., Regaço, A., Barbosa, T. B., da Silva, R. F., de Souza, D. G., & Sandaker, I.
(2018). Cooperative responding in rats maintained by fixed- and variable-ratio schedules. Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 110(1), 105–126. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeab.457
de Carvalho, L. C., dos Santos, L., Regaço, A., Couto, K. C., de Souza, D. G., & Todorov, J. C. (2020).
Cooperative responding in rats: II. Performance on fixed-ratio schedules of mutual reinforcement. Journal
of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 114(3), 291–307. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeab.628
de Rose, J. C. C. (2016). A importância dos respondentes e das relações simbólicas para uma análise
comportamental da cultura [The importance of respondents and symbolic relations for a behavioral
analysis of culture]. Acta Comportamentalia, 24, 201–220
de Toledo, T. F. N., Benvenuti, M. F. L., Sampaio, A. A. S., Marques, N. S., dos Anjos Cabral, P. A., de
Souza Araújo, L. A., Machado, L. R., & Moreira, L. R. (2015). Free culturant: A software for the
experimental study of behavioral and cultural selection. Psychology & Neuroscience, 8(3), 366–384.
https://doi.org/10.1037/pne0000016
Dittrich, A. (2004). Behaviorismo radical, ética e política: Aspectos teóricos do compromisso social [Radical
behaviorism, ethics and politics: Theoretical aspects of social commitment] [Doctoral dissertation,
Universidade Federal de São Carlos]. Repositório Institucional UFSCar. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/
handle/ufscar/4745?show=full
Elias, N. (1982). The civilizing process. Blackwell
Elias, N. (2001). Society of individuals. Bloomsbury Publishing
Fernandes, D. M., Carrara, K., & Zilio, D. (2017). Apontamentos para uma definição comportamentalista de
cultura [Notes toward a behaviorist definition of culture]. Acta Comportamentalia, 25, 265–280
Fernandes, D. M., Perallis, C. G., & Pezzato, F. A. (2015). Creativity, Brazilian “jeitinho,” and cultural
practices: A behavioral analysis. Behavior Analysis: Research and Practice, 15(1), 28–35. https://doi.org/
10.1037/h0101067
Fontana, J., & Laurenti, C. (2020). Tríplice contingência cultural: Uma proposta de explicação
comportamental da cultura [Cultural three-terms contingency: A proposal of culture behavioral explana-
tion]. Interação em Psicologia, 24, 308–317. https://doi.org/10.5380/riep.v24i3.66012
França, B. M. B. S. (2019). O envio de mensagens de texto como ferramenta para aumentar a frequência
escolar de adolescentes do ensino médio [Text messages as a tool to increase school attendance of high
school teenagers] [Master’s thesis, Universidade de Brasília]. https://repositorio.unb.br/bitstream/10482/
36103/1/2019_BrunaMariaBarbosadaSilvaFrança.pdf
Freitas Lemos, R. (2018). A atuação do analista do comportamento em políticas públicas : ação intersetorial
em âmbito local para aumentar a frequência escolar de adolescentes de famílias beneficiárias do
Programa Bolsa Família [The role of the behavior analyst in public policies: Intersectoral action at local
level to increase school attendance among adolescents from families benefitted by the Bolsa Família
Program] [Doctoral dissertation, Universidade de Brasília]. RIUnB – Repositório Institucional da UnB
https://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/32800
Freitas Lemos, R., Favacho, C. R. N., Favilla, K. C., & Baia, F. H. (2019). Managing environmental policies:
Lessons from traditional communities. Behavior and Social Issues, 28(1), 269–297. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s42822-019-00022-x
Freitas Lemos, R., & Todorov, J. C. (2020). Promoting intersectoral action to address chronic poverty and
social exclusion. Behavior and Social Issues, 29, 35–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42822-020-00029-9
Galvão, O. F. (2018). A modelagem do comportamento dos pesquisadores brasileiros pelos colegiados do
CNPq e CAPES [The shaping of Brazilian researchers behavior by CNPq and CAPES colleges]. In D.
Zilio (Ed.), Comportamento em foco: Práticas culturais, sociedade e políticas públicas [Focus on
behavior: cultural practices, society and public policy] (pp. 133–146). ABPMC
Gimenes, L. D. S. (2016). Um modelo animal para estudar metacontingência [An animal model to study
metacontingency]. Brazilian Journal of Behavior Analysis, 12, 8–9. https://doi.org/10.18542/rebac.v12i1.
4020
Glenn, S. S. (1986). Metacontingencies in Walden Two. Behavior Analysis and Social Action, 5(1–2), 2–8.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03406059
Glenn, S. S. (1988). Contingencies and metacontingencies: Toward a synthesis of behavior analysis and
cultural materialism. The Behavior Analyst, 11(2), 161–179. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392470
Glenn, S. S. (1991). Contingencies and metacontingencies: Relations among behavioral, cultural, and
biological evolution. In P. A. Lamal (Ed.), Behavioral analysis of societies and cultural practices (pp.
39–73). Hemisphere
Glenn, S. S. (2003). Operant contingencies and the origin of cultures. In K. A. Lattal & P. N. Chase (Eds.),
Behavior theory and philosophy (pp. 223–242). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4590-0_12
Glenn, S. S., & Malott, M. E. (2004). Complexity and selection: Implications for organizational change.
Glenn, S. S., Malott, M. E., Andery, M. A. P. A., Benvenuti, M., Houmanfar, R. A., Sandaker, I., Todorov, J.
C., Tourinho, E. Z., & Vasconcelos, L. A. (2016). Toward consistent terminology in a behaviorist
approach to cultural analysis. Behavior and Social Issues, 25(1), 11–27. https://doi.org/10.5210/bsi.
v25i0.6634
Guerin, B. (2005). Handbook of interventions for changing people and communities. Context Press
Guimarães, T. M. M., Leite, F. L., de Carvalho Neto, M. B., Tourinho, E. Z., & Tonneau, F. (2019a). The
effects of punishment in laboratory microcultures. Behavior and Social Issues, 28(1), 160–173. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s42822-019-00004-z
Guimarães, T. M. M., Picanço, C. R. F., & Tourinho, E. Z. (2019b). Effects of negative punishment on
culturants in a situation of concurrence between operant contingencies and metacontingencies.
Perspectives on Behavior Science, 42(4), 733–750. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-019-00224-z
Gusso, H. L., & Kubo, O. M. (2007). “O conceito de cultura: Afinal, a ‘jovem’ metacontingência é
necessária?” Resenha do livro “Metacontingências: comportamento, cultura e sociedade,” org. por João
Cláudio Todorov, Ricardo Corrêa Martone e Márcio Borges Moreira [“The concept of culture: After all, is
the ‘young’ metacontingency necessary?” Review of the book Metacontingencies: Behavior, culture and
society, edited by João Cláudio Todorov, Ricardo Corrêa Martone and Márcio Borges Moreira]. Revista
Brasileira de Terapia Comportamental e Cognitiva, 9(1), 139–144. https://doi.org/10.31505/rbtcc.v9i1.
151
Hayashi, C. M. (2017). Programação e implementação de um delineamento cultural para o gerenciamento de
resíduos sólidos [Planning and implementing a cultural design for solid waste management] [Master’s
thesis, Universidade Estadual de Londrina]. Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações. http://
bdtd.ibict.br/vufind/Record/UEL_8e89b1b6a4879359d64c1fb1de34a112
Hayashi, C. M., Woelz, T. A. R., & de Melo, C. M. (2019). Solid waste management: Planning and
implementation of a cultural design. Behavior and Social Issues, 28, 316–337. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s42822019-00019-6
Hosoya, N. M. D. S., & Tourinho, E. Z. (2016). Efeitos de interações verbais na seleção e manutenção de
contingências comportamentais entrelaçadas [Effects of verbal interactions in the selection and mainte-
nance of interlocking behavioral contingencies]. Acta Comportamentalia, 24, 331–345
Houmanfar, R., Rodrigues, N. J., & Ward, T. A. (2010). Emergence and metacontingency: Points of contact
and departure. Behavior and Social Issues, 19(1), 53–78. https://doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v19i0.3065
Keller, F. S. (1968). Good-bye, teacher …. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1(1), 79–89. https://doi.org/
10.1901/jaba.1968.1-79
Kuhn, T. (1996). The structure of scientific revolutions. University of Chicago Press Original work published
1962
Lamal, P. A. (Ed.). (1991). Behavioral analysis of societies and cultural practices. Hemisphere
Lamal, P. A. (1997). Cultural contingencies: Behavior analytic perspectives on cultural practices. In Praeger
Publishers; Greenwood Publishing Group
Laurenti, C., & Lopes, C. E. (2015). Cultura, democracia e ética: Reflexões comportamentalistas [Culture,
democracy and ethics: Behaviorist reflections]. EDUEM
Lé Sénéchal Machado, V. (2007). O comportamento do brasiliense na faixa de pedestre: Exemplo de uma
intervenção cultural [The behavior of Brasília’s pedestrians: An example of a cultural intervention]
[Unpublished master’s thesis]. Universidade de Brasília
Lé Sénéchal Machado, V., & Todorov, J. C. (2017). Crossing the crosswalk: How to make a city walk the line.
Leite, F. L. (2009). Efeitos de instruções e história experimental sobre a transmissão de práticas de escolha
em microculturas de laboratório [Effects of instructions and experimental history on the transmission of
practices of choice in laboratory microcultures] [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Universidade Federal do
Pará
Lisboa, F. S., & Barbosa, A. J. G. (2009). Formação em psicologia no Brasil: Um perfil dos cursos de
graduação [Psychology training in Brazil: A profile of undergraduate courses]. Psicologia: Ciência e
Profissão, 29(4), 718–737. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1414-98932009000400006
Lopes, C. E. (2020). Could Walden Two be an anarchist society? Behavior and Social Issues, 29, 195–217.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42822-020-00036-w
Lopes, C. E., & Laurenti, C. (2016). Da neutralidade a política [From neutrality to politics]. Revista Brasileira
de Terapia Comportamental e Cognitiva, 18(esp), 4–5. https://doi.org/10.31505/rbtcc.v18i0.858
Lopéz, W. L., & Silva, L. M. (2012). Editorial. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 44(1) http://www.
scielo.org.co/pdf/rlps/v44n1/v44n1a01.pdf
Macedo, L. M. D. S. (2004). Os projetos de lei municipal sobre violência da cidade de São Paulo (1991 a
2003): Uma caracterização comportamental [The municipal bills on violence in the city of São Paulo
(1991 to 2003): A behavioral characterization] [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Pontifícia Universidade
Católica de São Paulo
Marques, N. S. (2016). Efeitos de dois procedimentos de suspensão da dependência entre contingências
comportamentais entrelaçadas e eventos culturais [Effects of two procedures of dependency suspension
between interlocked behavioral contingencies and cultural events] [Unpublished doctoral dissertation].
Universidade de São Paulo. https://doi.org/10.11606/T.47.2016.tde05082016-162816
Marr, M. J. (2006). Behavior analysis and social dynamics: Some questions and concerns. Behavior and
Social Issues, 15(1), 57–67. https://doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v15i1.345
Martins, J. C. T., & Leite, F. L. (2016). Metacontingências e macrocontingências: Revisão de pesquisas
experimentais brasileiras [Metacontingencies and macrocontingencies: A review of the Brazilian exper-
imental research]. Acta Comportamentalia, 24(4), 453–469
Martone, R. C. (2008). Efeitos de conseqüencias externas e de mudanças na constituição do grupo sobre a
distribuição dos ganhos em uma metacontingência experimental [Effects of external consequences and
changes in the group’s constitution on the distribution of gains in an experimental metacontingency]
[Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Universidade de Brasília
Martone, R. C., & Banaco, R. A. (2005). Comportamento social: A imprensa como agência e ferramenta de
controle social [Social behavior: The press as an agency and a tool for social control]. In J. C. Todorov, R.
C. Martone, & M. B. Moreira (Eds.), Metacontingências: Comportamento, cultura e sociedade
[Metacontingencies: Behavior, culture and society] (pp. 61–80). Esetec
Martone, R. C., & Todorov, J. C. (2005). Comentários sobre “Complexidade e seleção: Considerações a
respeito dasimplicações para mudança organizacional” de Glenn e Malott (2004) [Comments on
“Complexity and selection: Considerations regarding the implications for organizational change” by
Glenn and Malott (2004)]. In J. C. Todorov, R. C. Martone, & M. B. Moreira (Eds.),
Metacontingências: Comportamento, cultura e sociedade [Metacontingencies: Behavior, culture and
society] (pp. 121–128). Esetec
Mattaini, M. A. (2006). Will cultural analysis become a science? Behavior and Social Issues, 15(1), 68–80.
https://doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v15i1.380
Mattaini, M. A. (2013). Strategic nonviolent power: The science of satyagraha. Athabasca University Press
Melo, C. M. (2004). A concepção de homem no behaviorismo radical de Skinner: Um compromisso com o
bem da cultura [The conception of man in Skinner’s radical behaviorism: A commitment with the good of
culture] [Master’s thesis, Universidade Federal de São Carlos]. Repositório Institucional UFSCar https://
repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/4877
Melo, C. M., & de Rose, J. C. C. (2007). O conceito de cultura e de liberdade na teoria de B. F. Skinner:
Implicações do controle do comportamento humano no fortalecimento da cultura [The concept of culture
and freedom in the theory of B. F. Skinner: Implications of the control of human behavior in the
strengthening of culture]. In W. C. M. P. da Silva (Ed.), Sobre comportamento e cognição: Reflexões
teórico-conceituais e implicações para pesquisa [About behavior and cognition: Theoretical-conceptual
reflections and research implications] (pp. 87–95). Esetec
Melo, C. M., & de Rose, J. C. C. (2012). Sobrevivência das culturas em Skinner: Um diálogo com o
materialismo cultural de Harris [Skinner’s survival concept of cultures: A dialogue with Harris’s cultural
materialism]. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 28(1), 119–128. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-
37722012000100015
Melo, C. M., & de Rose, J. C. (2013). The concept of culture in Skinnerian radical behaviorism: Debates and
controversies. European Journal of Behavior Analysis, 14(2), 321–328. https://doi.org/10.1080/
15021149.2013.11434464
Melo Junior, I. F. D., Souza, A. C. G., Baia, F. H., & Neves, S. M. M. (2014). Obesidade e as intervenções
governamentais: Análise de macrocontigências e metacontigências [Obesity and governmental interven-
tions: Analysis of macrocontingencies and metacontingencies]. Fragmentos de Cultura, 24, 3–13
Mizael, T. M., de Almeida, J. H., Roche, B., & de Rose, J. C. (2020). Effectiveness of different training and
testing parameters on the formation and maintenance of equivalence classes: Investigating prejudiced
racial attitudes. The Psychological Record. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-020-00435-w
Moreira, M. B. (2005). Introdução ao estudo de metacontingências [Introduction to the study of
metacontingencies]. In J. C. Todorov, R. C. Martone, & M. B. Moreira (Eds.), Metacontingências:
Comportamento, cultura e sociedade [Metacontingencies: Behavior, culture and society] (pp. 161–171).
Esetec
Moreira, M. B. (2013). Comportamento e práticas culturais [Behavior and cultural practices]. Instituto Walden,
4
Moreira, M. B., Martone, R. C., & Todorov, J. C. (2005). Os fins e os meios de uma ciência do
comportamento [The ends and means of a behavioral science]. In J. C. Todorov, R. C. Martone, & M.
B. Moreira (Eds.), Metacontingências: Comportamento, cultura e sociedade [Metacontingencies:
Behavior, culture and society] (pp. 9–12). Esetec
Naves, A. R. C. X. (2008). Contingências e metacontingências familiares : Um estudo exploratório [Family
contingencies and metacontingencies: An exploratory study] [Master’s thesis, Universidade de Brasília].
RIUnB - Repositório Institucional da UnB https://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/1355
Neves, S. M. M., Baia, F. H., Santos, A. C. G., Ciriaco, G. S., Simonassi, L. E., Costa, N. H. S., & Baia, R. G.
S. (2019). Contribuições da análise do comportamento na escola: experiências do Programa de Pós-
Graduação Stricto Sensu em Psicologia (PSSP) da PUC Goiás [Contributions of behavior analysis to
schools: Experiences from the Psychology Stricto Sensu Graduate Program (PSSP) at PUC Goiás].
Estudos de Psicologia, 24(2), 193–203. https://doi.org/10.22491/1678-4669.20190021
Oliveira, J. M., & Todorov, J. C. (2018). Práticas culturais e políticas públicas: Análise de contingências em
programas governamentais [Cultural practices and public policies: Contingency analysis in government
programs]. In D. Zilio (Ed.), Comportamento em foco: Práticas culturais, sociedade e políticas públicas
[Focus on behavior: Cultural practices, society and public policy] (pp. 86–107). ABPMC
Panetta, P. A. B., Hora, C. L., & Benvenuti, M. F. L. (2007). Avaliando o papel do comportamento verbal para
aquisição de comportamento “supersticioso” [Evaluating the role of verbal behavior on “superstitious”
behavior acquisition]. Revista Brasileira de Terapia Comportamental e Cognitiva, 9(2), 277–287
Pereira, J. M. C. (2008). Investigação experimental de metacontingências: Separação do produto agregado e
da conseqüência individual [Experimental investigation of metacontingencies: Separation of aggregate
product and individual consequence] [Master’s thesis, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo].
TEDE - Sistema de Publicação Eletrônica de Teses e Dissertações PUC-SP https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/
handle/16830
Pessôa, C. V. B. B., & Haydu, V. B. (2018). Relação entre os trabalhos apresentados no XXV Encontro da
ABPMC e os objetivos da ONU para o desenvolvimento sustentável [Relationship between the studies
presented at the 25th ABPMC Meeting and the UN objectives for sustainable development]. In D. Zilio
(Ed.), Comportamento em foco: Práticas culturais, sociedade e políticas públicas [Focus on behavior:
Cultural practices, society and public policy] (pp. 147–157). ABPMC
Prudêncio, M. R. A. (2006). Leis e metacontingências: Análise do controle do estatuto da criança e do
adolescente sobre práticas jurídicas em processo de infração de adolescentes no distrito federal [Laws
and metacontingencies: Analysis of the control of the statute of the child and adolescent over legal
practices in the offense of adolescents in the federal district] [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Universidade
de Brasília
Queiroz, L. O. S. (1973). Modificação de comportamento numa ala de pacientes crônicos utilizando sistema
de economia de fichas: Controle das respostas de higiene matinal através de instruções orais e
esmaecimento [Behavior modification in a ward of chronic patients using a token economy system:
Control of morning hygiene responses through oral instructions and fading] [Unpublished doctoral
dissertation]. Universidade de São Paulo
Rocha, C. A. A. (2019). Análise do comportamento e planejamento cultural: Utopia ou distopia? [Behavior
analysis and cultural planning: Utopia or dystopia?] [Doctoral dissertation, Universidade Federal de São
Carlos]. Repositório Institucioanl UFSCAR. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/10684?show=full
Sá, C. P. (1985). O behaviorismo radical de B. F. Skinner e sua aplicabilidade socialmente relevante [B. F.
Skinner’s radical behaviorism and its socially relevant applicability] [Doctoral dissertation, Fundacão
Getúlio Vargas]. FGV Biblioteca Digitial https://bibliotecadigital.fgv.br/dspace/handle/10438/9637
Sá, C. P., & Holland, J. G. (2016). Contracontrole social e socialização do behaviorismo radical [J. G.
Holland, social counter control and socialization of radical behaviorism]. Revista Brasileira de Terapia
Comportamental e Cognitiva, 18(esp), 52–60. https://doi.org/10.31505/rbtcc.v18i0.844
Saconatto, A. T., & Andery, M. A. P. A. (2013). Seleção por metacontingências: Um análogo experimental de
reforçamento negativo [Selection by metacontingencies: An experimental analog of negative reinforce-
ment]. Interação Em Psicologia, 17(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5380/psi.v17i1.26779
Sampaio, A. A. S. (2008). A quase-experimentação no estudo da cultura: Análise da obra Colapso de Jared
Diamond [Quasiexperimentation in the study of culture: An analysis of Collapse by Jared Diamond]
[Master’s thesis, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo]. Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e
Dissertações https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/16815
Sampaio, A. A. S., & Leite, F. L. (2015). O estudo da cultura pela análise do comportamento e a obra de Sigrid
Glenn [The study of culture in behavior analysis and the work of Sigrid Glenn]. Brazilian Journal of
Behavior Analysis, 11(2), 203–207. https://doi.org/10.18542/rebac.v11i2.4014
Sandaker, I., Couto, K. C., & de Carvalho, L. C. (2019). Selection at three levels of organization: Does
structure matter? Behavior and Social Issues, 28(1), 221–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42822-019-00020-
z
Skinner, B. F. (1945). The operational analysis of psychological terms. Psychological Review, 52(5), 270–277.
https://doi.org/10.1037/h0062535
Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and human behavior. Macmillan
Soares, P. F. D. R., Cabral, P. A. D. A., Leite, F. L., & Tourinho, E. Z. (2014). Efeitos de consequências
culturais sobre a seleção e manutenção de duas práticas culturais alternadas [Effects of cultural conse-
quences on the selection and maintenance of two alternated cultural practice]. Brazilian Journal of
Behavior Analysis, 8(1), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.18542/rebac.v8i1.1826
Todorov, J. C. (1987). A constituição como metacontingência [The constitution as a metacongency].
Psicologia: Ciência e Profissão, 7(1), 9–13. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1414-98931987000100003
Todorov, J. C. (1990). The K & S in Brazil. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 54(2), 151–
152. https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1990.54-151
Todorov, J. C. (2003). Science and human behavior translated into Portuguese: Ciência e comportamento
humano. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 80(3), 341–343. https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.
2003.80-341
Todorov, J. C. (2006a). Behavior analysis in Brazil. Avances En Psicología Latinoamericana, 24, 29–36
Todorov, J. C. (2006b). The metacontingency as a conceptual tool. Behavior and Social Issues, 15(1), 92–94.
https://doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v15i1.347
Todorov, J. C., Benvenuti, M. F., Glenn, S. S., Malott, M. E., Houmanfar, R., Andery, M. A., de Rose, J. C.,
Luke, M., Sandaker, I., Tourinho, E. Z., & Vasconcelos, L. A. (2015). Cultural analysis from a behavioral
perspective. Inside Behavior Analysis, 7(2), 2–4
Todorov, J. C., & Freitas Lemos, R. (2020). Applying behavioral science to large-scale social changes. In T.
M. Cihon & M. A. Mattaini (Eds.), Behavior science perspectives on culture and community (pp. 171–
193). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-03045421-0_8
Todorov, J. C., & Moreira, M. (2005). Análise experimental do comportamento e sociedade: Um novo foco de
estudo [Experimental analysis of behavior and society: A new focus of study]. In J. C. Todorov, R. C.
Martone, & M. B. Moreira (Eds.), Metacontingências: Comportamento, cultura e sociedade

[Metacontingencies: Behavior, culture and society] (pp. 37–44). Esetec
Todorov, J. C., Martone, R. C., & Moreira, M. B. (2005a). Metacontingências: Comportamento, cultura e
sociedade [Metacontingencies: Behavior, culture and society]. Esetec
Todorov, J. C., Moreira, M., Prudêncio, M. R. A., & Pereira, G. C. C. P. (2005b). Um estudo de contingências
e metacontingências no Estatuto da Criança e do adolescente [A study of contingencies and
metacontingencies in the Children and Adolescent Act]. In Todorov JC, R. C. Martone, & M. B.
Moreira (Eds.), Metacontingências: Comportamento, cultura e sociedade [Metacontingencies:
Behavior, culture and society] (pp. 45–54). Esetec
Todorov, J. C., Vianney, J., Costa, B., & Costa, I. V. (2018). Processos básicos na experimentação em
metacontingências: Pesquisas com o chess [Basic processes in experimentation with metacontingencies:
Research with chess]. Clínica & Cultura, 7(2), 88–113
Toledo, T. F. N., & Benvenuti, M. F. L. (2016). Efeitos da exigência de desempenhos entrelaçados sobre linha
de base em esquema simples de reforço [Effects of a demand for interlocking performances over baseline
in simple schedules of reinforcement]. Brazilian Journal of Behavior Analysis, 11(2), 184–194. https://
doi.org/10.18542/rebac.v11i2.1971
Tourinho, E. Z. (2006). Private stimuli, covert responses, and private events: Conceptual remarks. The
Behavior Analyst, 29(1), 13–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392115
Tourinho, E. (2009). A análise comportamental da cultura: Introdução a uma agenda de pesquisa [Behavioral
analysis of culture: Introduction to a research agenda]. In M. R. de Souza & F. C. S. Lemos (Eds.),
Psicologia e compromisso social: Unidade na diversidade [Psychology and social commitment: Unity in
diversity] (pp. 235–251). Escuta
Tourinho, E. Z., Borba, A., Vichi, C., & Leite, F. L. (2011). Contributions of contingencies in modern
societies to “privacy” in the behavioral relations of cognition and emotion. The Behavior Analyst, 34(2),
171–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392247
Tourinho, E. Z., & Vichi, C. (2012). Behavioral-analytic research of cultural selection and the complexity of
cultural phenomena. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 44(1), 169–179
Ulman, J. D. (2006). Macrocontingencies and institutions: A behaviorological analysis. Behavior and Social
Issues, 15(1), 95–100. https://doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v15i1.348
Vasconcelos, I. G., & Todorov, J. C. (2015). Experimental analysis of the behavior of persons in groups:
Selection of an aggregate product in a metacontingency. Behavior and Social Issues, 24, 111–125. https://
doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v24i0.5424
Vasconcelos, L. A., Cunha, M. B., Braga, M. P. N. C., Carvalho, M. C. S., Silva, G. K. V. R., Pires, M. R. P.,
& Deus, J. S. D. (2018). Epidemia de vírus Zika no Brasil 2015: Primeiras metacontingências de
investigação no Norte-Nordeste [Zika virus epidemic in Brazil 2015: First research metacontingencies
in the North-Northeast]. In D. Zilio (Ed.), Comportamento em foco: Práticas culturais, sociedade e
políticas públicas [Focus on behavior: cultural practices, society and public policy] (pp. 108–132).
ABPMC
Vasconcelos, L. A., & Freitas Lemos, R. (2018). Do sistema teórico de B. F. Skinner à metacontingência:
Observação, experimentação e interpretação [From the theoretical system of B. F. Skinner to
metacontingency: Observation, experimentation and interpretation]. Brazilian Journal of Behavior
Analysis, 14(1), 79–90. https://doi.org/10.18542/rebac.v14i1.7161
Velasco, S. M., Benvenuti, M. F., & Tomanari, G. Y. (2012). Metacontingencies, experimentation and
nonhumans: Searching for conceptual and methodological advances. Revista Latinoamericana de
Psicología, 44(1), 25–34
Vichi, C. (2004). Igualdade ou desigualdade em pequeno grupo: Um análogo experimental de manipulação
de uma prática cultural [Equality or inequality in small group: An experimental analog of a cultural
practice manipulation] [Master's thesis, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo]. Biblioteca Digital
Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações https://sapientia.pucsp.br/bitstream/handle/16785/1/Christian%
20Vichi.pdf
Vichi, C., Andery, M. A. P. A., & Glenn, S. S. (2009). A metacontingency experiment: The effects of
contingent consequences on patterns of interlocking contingencies of reinforcement. Behavior and Social
Issues, 18(1), 41–57. https://doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v18i1.2292
Zilio, D. (2010). A natureza comportamental da mente: Behaviorismo radical e filosofia da mente [The
behavioral nature of the mind: Radical behaviorism and philosophy of mind]. Cultura Acadêmica
Zilio, D. (2019). On the function of science: An overview of 30 years of publications on metacontingency.
Behavior and Social Issues, 28(1), 46–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42822019-00006-x
Affiliations
João Cláudio Todorov 1 & Fábio Henrique Baia 2 & Roberta Freitas-Lemos 3,4 & Aécio
Borba 5 & Camila Muchon de Melo 6 & Angelo A. S. Sampaio 7
1
Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
2
Universidade de Rio Verde, Rio Verde, Brazil
3
Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
4
Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
5
Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
6
Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
7
Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Brazil

A Brief History of The Behavioral Analysis of Culture in Brazil

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

A Brief History of The Behavioral Analysis of Culture in Brazil

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Behavior and Social Issues

A Brief History of the Behavioral Analysis

Accepted: 21 June 2021/

Keywords metacontingency . history of psychology . history of science

Behavior analysts have considered the metacontingency and related concepts to be

* Fábio Henrique Baia

Extended author information available on the last page of the article

Before BAC: From the 1950s to 1986

Understanding the beginning and consolidation of BAC research in Brazil requires a

The Initial Diffusion of BAC: From 1987 to 2004

Maria Amalia Andery at PUC-SP

Expansion and Consolidation of BAC: 2005 to 2020

group’s website at https://accultura.wordpress.com/).4 At the Universidade Federal de

conducted their doctoral program under the coguidance of an external researcher;

de Souza at UFSCar resulted in a new line of research on social behavior with

defended her dissertation under Todorov’s supervision in 2018, conducting a large-

Historical and sociological investigations can be helpful in describing and understand-

Martone, & M. B. Moreira (Eds.), Metacontingências: Comportamento, cultura e sociedade

You might also like