ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FLOOD CONTROL FOR MINANGA RIVER IN

CASIGURAN, AURORA

A Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of the Department of Engineering
Aurora State College of Technology
Baler, Aurora

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Major in
Construction and Engineering Management

by

DONNA FE BAYLON
ALVIN CONCEPCION
MARY JANE CURITANA
RONA MAE GABOGEN
ZIMRAN PAUL LAZARO

May 2023
 DEDICATION

Sincerely and proudly, this work is dedicated to those who

have inspired us. Extending from classmates and friends who
helped when we ran into problems with our work and parents and
guardians. Additionally, it is dedicated to our department's
adviser and instructor in engineering at Aurora State College of
Technology. Above all, we are grateful to God Almighty, who has
richly blessed us in every area of our lives, especially for
giving us the perseverance, bravery, wisdom, and guidance needed
to finish this task of ours. If not for all of you, this work
would not be as good as it is.

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, praise and gratitude are due to God, the
Almighty, for his numerous favors that enabled the research to be
completed.

We want to thank our research adviser and instructor, from

the bottom of our hearts, Engr. Jeremi Lopez and Engr. Jhun
Jacinto, for providing us the chance to learn more and for
offering priceless direction, counsel, and corrections throughout
the project. Working with and learning from them was a great
honor and privilege.

We are also very appreciative to our parents, friends, and

classmates for their support throughout this research project and
their love, prayers, and, compassion.

Again, thank you very much!

The Researchers

ii
 Table of Contents

Preliminaries
Title Page -----------------------------------------------
Dedication ----------------------------------------------- i
Acknowledgement ------------------------------------------ ii
Table of Contents ---------------------------------------- iii
List of Tables ------------------------------------------- iv
List of Figures ------------------------------------------ v
Chapter 1 ------------------------------------------------ 1
The Problem and Its Settings ----------------------------- 1
Introduction --------------------------------------------- 1
Background of the Study ---------------------------------- 1
Conceptual Framework ------------------------------------- 4
Statement of the Problem --------------------------------- 5
Scope and Limitation of the Study ------------------------ 5
Significance of the Study -------------------------------- 6
Definition of Terms -------------------------------------- 6
Chapter 2 ------------------------------------------------ 8
Review of Related Literature ----------------------------- 8
Introduction --------------------------------------------- 8
Methodology ---------------------------------------------- 9
Discussion ----------------------------------------------- 9
Research Gap --------------------------------------------- 16
Conclusion ----------------------------------------------- 17
Chapter 3 ------------------------------------------------ 18
Research Methodology ------------------------------------- 18
Research Design ------------------------------------------ 18
Process Flowchart ---------------------------------------- 18
Tradition of Inquiry and Data-Generation Method ---------- 20
Instrumentation ------------------------------------------ 21
Sources of Data ------------------------------------------ 21
Ethical Considerations ----------------------------------- 22

iii
 List of Tables

Literature Review Process ---------------------------------- 9

Research Gap ----------------------------------------------- 16
Consideration of Feasibility ------------------------------- 20
Distribution of Participants ------------------------------- 22

iv
 List of Figure

Conceptual Framework ----------------------------------------- 4

Process Flowchart -------------------------------------------- 19

v
 Chapter 1
The Problem and Its Setting

Introduction

With some estimates placing 60% of its geographical

area and 74% of its population as subject to multiple dangers,
including floods, cyclones, droughts, earthquakes, tsunamis, and
landslides, the Philippines are highly susceptible to calamities
brought on by natural disasters. As a result of powerful cyclones
and lots of rain, the nation is quite vulnerable to flooding.
Land-use changes like logging and urbanization increase the
hazards of flooding (Climate Change Knowledge Portal). Every
region of our nation experienced floods for a variety of reasons,
therefore effective flood management is essential to preventing
and reducing the effects of this natural occurrence. And one of
the flood management strategies to be used is building flood
control, which aids in regulating water flow and prevents it from
destroying properties and taking lives.

In addition, for our society, flood control has always

been a crucial issue. Even though dwelling near rivers, lakes,
and coastal locations gave people access to reliable harvests,
vital trade routes, and transit routes, water has also posed a
threat to destroy those settlements in a matter of hours (Dam
Easy, 2021). To provide flood control that is suitable for the
location, it is also important to evaluate historical and
paleoflood data. However, the risk is not eliminated by flood
control systems. If the design water levels are exceeded,
flooding could happen. These structures can enhance danger by
creating a false sense of security and promoting settlements or
economic activity in risky places if they are improperly
designed, built, operated, or maintained (Fact Sheet Addressing
Climate Change Impacts On Infrastructure).

The goal of this study is to create a flood control design

that will be effective in reducing flooding along the Minanga
River in Casiguran, Aurora. With the use of HEC-RAS software, the
researchers will come up with an effective flood control design
for the said area. Using this information, the government may be
able to determine the best flood mitigation plan for places with
citizens who live in flood plains and ensure their safety.

Background of the Study

Flooding occurs when water overflows onto normally dry

ground. Strong rainstorms, surging ocean waves, quick snowmelt,
collapsed dams and breached levees are all potential causes of
flooding. Floods can occur suddenly or gradually over days,
weeks, or even longer periods (Severe Weather 101). More so,
floods are common, naturally occurring phenomena that are hard to
1
stop but can be controlled to lessen their effects on society and
the economy. Flooding puts lives in danger and causes property
destruction (Mohanty et al. 2020), properties including real
estate, homes, office buildings, transportation infrastructure,
and more. Additionally, according to reports, it is the main
cause of death across the globe. Even though 6.8 million people
died because of floods in the 20th century, many people around
the world are still ignorant of their main causes. Furthermore,
according to a World Meteorological Organization (WMO) report,
the uncontrollable effects of flooding cost the lives of roughly
3000 people and caused suffering for 17 million others worldwide
at the beginning of 2002. And, according to various estimates,
Asia has seen the most flood damage of any continent, accounting
for 50% of all fatalities in the final quarter of the 20th
century (Haldar 2013). Therefore, it is essential to be aware of
how flooding might affect all facets of life.

By this, weather-related dangers were more common than other

sources of danger, such as tsunamis. There is not yet enough
statistical information to prove whether this is what we
anticipated from global warming. Despite a series of severe
floods in 2011, including those in Australia, Thailand, and
Pakistan, regional long-term increases in flood amplitude and
frequency have not yet been demonstrated. The factors that
contribute to flood occurrences are complicated and
interconnected. The people who are most at risk from cyclones
caused by powerful winds and storm surges, however, are often
those who live close to geographical areas such as coastal
regions, river basins, and lakeshores. In addition to these,
environmental and physical aspects of the land, such as
vegetation, soil type, and other drainage basin characteristics,
negatively affect flood outcomes (Modarres et al.).

Human intervention has greatly improved and made many

aspects of society safer. The most important intervention,
according to others, is the construction of structures with the
express purpose of preventing or mitigating flooding-related
damage. Flood control is the practice of reducing the
consequences that flooding has on towns, villages, and other
communities by utilizing either hard or soft engineering
solutions (Liu et al. 2020). Some flood control techniques date
back to ancient times. These techniques include creating
floodways, terracing hillsides to restrict flow downwards, and
growing vegetation to capture extra water (man-made channels to
divert floodwater). Building levees, dikes, dams, reservoirs, or
retention ponds to hold excess water during floods is another
option (IWA Publishing).

Furthermore, flood risk management is essential because it

can lessen the financial damages brought on by flooding and
waterlogging. Reasonable flood risk analysis can offer essential
2
data for developing strategies and modifying plans (Li et al.
2016). To prevent flooding that overflows on the road and makes
it impossible for Casiguran inhabitants to travel through, this
study would want to suggest a particular design of flood control
for the Minanga River in Casiguran, Aurora. Additionally, this
study will contrast several flood management strategies to
determine which is the most appropriate for the Minanga River in
Casiguran, Aurora. Knowing the design considerations and the
local flooding information can help with the analysis of the best
flood control design for the Minanga River, Casiguran, Aurora.

Additionally, according to the partial observations in the

Minanga River, Casiguran, Aurora, one of the factors that
contribute to flooding in the area is continuous rainfall and the
incomplete flood slope protection that is connected to the
Minanga River, Casiguran, Aurora. According to the residents who
experience the flood, since it is the only route to the town, it
prohibits light vehicles from passing through. This problem
limits them to acquire things at the market that they need
throughout the storm. Thus, this study aims to analyze and
design a flood control that is suitable for Minanga River,
Casiguran, Aurora. Moreover, this study will utilize HEC-RAS
software or the Hydrological Engineering Centre – River Analysis
System in designing the flood control suitable for the Minanga
River in Casiguran, Aurora. HEC-RAS software model is a very
popular method of analyzing the behavior of a flow of water in a
large and small river. Thus, residents of Casiguran, Aurora might
benefit from this if floods prevent them from passing through the
road leading into town.

3
Conceptual Framework
This chapter of the research study discusses the conceptual
framework that the research will conduct.

INPUT

Data Gathering

 Flooding Information

 Rainfall Data

 Design Consideration of Flood Control

PROCESS

 Interview

 Site investigation

 Data Analysis

OUTPUT

 Design of flood control for Minanga River

in Casiguran, Aurora

Figure 1

The Input Process Output (IPO) model is shown in Figure 1.

It contains all the resources and data needed for the process,
along with guidance on how to analyze data from various
institutions to come up with the design of flood control for the
Minanga River in Casiguran, Aurora. It shows the local flood-
4
information variables and considerations that should be
considered while designing flood control. Also, it demonstrates
the method for analyzing and planning the design of flood control
for the Minanga River in Casiguran, Aurora.

For input, there is the data collection necessary to

determine the information needed. Typically, all the information
listed in the statement of the problem is specified here. The
process, involves the data gathering strategy, site
investigation, and analysis that were done. The output is the
outcome of the input once the procedure has been completed.

Statement of the Problem

The statement of the problem is covered in this section

wherein the purpose of this study is to identify the flooding
information and design a workable flood control measures for the
Minanga River in Casiguran, Aurora. Especially, it seeks to
answer the following questions:

1. What is the flooding condition of the Minanga River in

Casiguran, Aurora?
2. How do flood control design factors influence the planning
of a flood control for the Minanga River in Casiguran,
Aurora?
3. What flood control design is feasible for the Minanga River
in Casiguran, Aurora in terms of cost, construction
timetable and materials availability?

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This section discusses the scope and limitations of the

study whereas the goal of this study is to produce a design
suitable for the Minanga River in Casiguran, Aurora. Based on a
few considerations and elements, studies from 2012 up to the
present will be utilized to design a flood control for the
Minanga River in Casiguran, Aurora. To design a suitable flood
control for the Minanga River in Casiguran, Aurora, the study
will concentrate on analyzing the flooding information and design
considerations of flood control. The researchers will carry out
an on-site examination and collect data through interviews with
the MDRRMC of Minanga, Casiguran, Aurora as to what are the
flooding information such as the causes of flood and depth of
flood in the area to develop an efficient flood control for the
Minanga River. The researchers will also consult with PAGASA to
collect the rainfall data of Casiguran, Aurora from year 2012 to
year 2022. Furthermore, HEC-RAS and GEO5 software will be used in
this study to design the different types of flood control that
will be compared in the study. The study will compare 7 types of
flood control stated in the literature review for the Minanga
River in terms of its cost, construction timetable, and
5
availability of materials. The flood control's height will be
stated, however, no specific details for the flood control will
be provided, such as the number and sizes of bars, type of
cement, and other specifications of materials. Also, this study
will not state the spacing of bars for the flood control. The
length of the flood control is just 200 meters away in both side
from the Minanga Bridge and the width is 50 meters which is also
the length of the Minanga Bridge. It will also demonstrate how
unique location-specific flood control design effectiveness is
influenced by aspects like flood conditions and design
considerations.

Significance of the Study

The significance of the study is discussed in this section

since it aims to ensure that residents of Casiguran, Aurora, do
not encounter any trouble when there is flooding on the road due
to heavy rain. This study was conducted to benefit the following:

To the Researchers. This study expanded the understanding of the

factors that contribute to flood control as well as the design
factors that should be considered. The researchers were able to
gain a deeper grasp of flood control as a result.
To the Government. The benefits of this study to the government
are to determine the most suitable slope protection to be
constructed in the said area.
To the Community. This study will be beneficial to the community
of Casiguran, Aurora as this study can be an instrument to solve
the problem of flooding in the area.
To the Future Researchers. The ideas offered may be used as
reference data when performing new research or evaluating the
reliability of earlier findings in the same field. This study
will also act as a cross-reference for them, providing background
information or an overview of the study on designing flood
control for a specific area.

Definition of Terms

Floodplain - a flood-prone area of low-lying ground close to a

river that was primarily created by river sediments.
Flood Control - limiting the impacts of such an overflow or
preventing the spilling of a significant amount of water beyond
its normal limits: "The majority of the reservoirs were built for
flood control"

6
Paleoflood – Paleoflood peak flows are computed using
stratigraphic, geological, fluvial, and geomorphological
information, and it pertains to the region of reclamation.
Fatalities - a tragedy that leaves people dead
Hazard - inescapable but frequently predictable risk or danger
Detrimental Impact - any loss or damage to persons or property
that results from circumstances concerning public health, public
safety, environmental preservation, or surrounding land uses—but
not from potential effects of newly constructed homes, buildings,
or subdivisions.
Pluvial Floods - Typically, a pluvial flood or pluvial flooding
event is a flood that occurs in a location because of rain. This
relates to the total amount of rain that fell in a region,
producing a pool and flooding the neighborhood.
Riparian Areas - described as the territory that lies in between
an upland dry area and a water feature, like a lake or stream,
and is frequently referred to as the shoreline region.
Reservoir Engineering – this is a field of study focused on the
reservoir, the ultimate source of value for E&P companies.

7
 Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature

1. Introduction
In all ages within living memory, the relationship between
water and soil has been both a blessing and a disaster. Water is
the source of all life, yet when it appears unrestrained, it also
poses a threat to it (Kupdf.Net_dgcs-Volume-3, 2015). And the
threat of water is a flood which is one of the most frequent
natural disasters, and its effects are among the worst in the
world. Natural reasons like heavy rain, high floods, high tides,
etc., as well as human factors like channel blocking or
aggravation, incorrect land use, deforestation in watershed
regions, etc., are the main causes of floods. Floods cause
property damage and fatalities (Liu et al., 2020). Moreover,
flooding risks can be reduced with good management and planning.
The assessment of the numerous risks in connection to
residential, commercial, and industrial land uses is the essence
of a flood risk study. Any larger site for development must
include it as part of the planning application, especially in
locations that are vulnerable to flooding. The analysis can be
utilized by insurers as a means of lowering insurance premiums.
An examination of the flood risk considers both the potential
effects of the proposed development project and the effects of
flooding (Mohanty et al., 2020).

To guarantee that the harm caused by floods is kept to a

minimum, flood control is an essential preventative strategy. In
addition, flood control safeguards the lives and property of
those who live in floodplains by preventing any urbanization or
development in dangerous floodplains. They lessen the financial
strain on municipalities and communities that frequently and
severely suffer from flooding. They also aid in ensuring the
availability of clean, drinkable water that is fresh. More so,
Civil engineers go to considerable measures to prevent flooding
and water overflow because they recognize how important it is. To
keep civilization flowing as it should, these organizations also
oversee transportation planning, road design, and many other
things (N. Liu, 2018). All types of water streams were subjected
to various flood controls, which were effective in reducing the
threat of flooding. Additionally, this literature evaluation will

8
be useful in establishing a design of flood control for the
study's site.

2. Methodology
The purpose of this review of the literature is to locate
papers that discuss the importance of knowing flood information,
types of flood control, design considerations of flood control,
and software to use when designing a flood control. Table 1
outlines the methodological process used to locate and choose the
essential papers for this study. This literature review's primary
objective is to identify and connect to the researcher's
questions, which are outlined in Table 1.

Analysis and Design of Flood Control: A Literature Review

Articles Number of Articles

What is Flood and Flood
4
Control?
Flooding information 6

Types of Flood Control 8

Design consideration of Flood
6
Control
Software Model for designing
5
flood control
Total 29

Table 1. Literature Review Process

3. Discussion
3.1. Flooding Conditions
a) Flooding Conditions
One of the countermeasures used to prevent river flooding is
increasing the river's flow capacity. Even though they are
supported by neighborhood funds, the DPWH's flood control
initiatives primarily aim to prevent flooding and scouring.
Therefore, DPWH engineers need to understand flood control
planning, which includes the river improvement plan, which
entails, among other things, figuring out the design discharge
such as the alignment, depth, height, and width of the river's
water basin. The conversion of rainfall to discharge calculations
and water level analyses are important flood protection design
techniques (Manual on FC Planning | Enhanced Reader, n.d.).
For such preparation, there is currently no comprehensive
standard. It is essential to select an effective flood regulation
9
strategy that takes the reservoir's shape into account when
determining a reservoir's capacity to control flooding. The
inflow flood form and the outflow flood following dynamic
capacity flood management are likewise noticeably different for
the same total inflow flood volume. Due to these variations, the
examination of the river-type reservoirs' capacity to control
flooding is based on the inflow flood type and dynamic capacity
flood regulation. These evaluations are crucial for improving the
flood safety of the reservoir and downstream river areas as well
as for maximizing the reservoir's flood control advantages (Jing
et al., 2020).
b) Flood Prone Areas and Causes of Flooding
Flood-prone areas implies locations warned by the relevant
Authority periodically that are likely to experience considerable
flooding. land periodically flooded by the overflow of natural
streams (Flood-Prone Areas Definition | Law Insider, n.d.).

In making decisions and managing watersheds, mapping flood-

prone areas are crucial. appropriate flood management and long-
term growth. The use of remote sensing data tends to increase for
flood area mapping, damage assessment, and analyzing flood
vulnerability. This is since there are still few comprehensive
and thorough flood maps available. Distance sensing Moreover, the
use of GIS for flood hazard mapping is particularly effective and
includes the stages of relief and rescue, impact assessment,
forewarning, and support for decisions (Maryati, 2018).

When vegetation and soil are unable to absorb rainwater,

floods occur. Floods can also happen when a river exceeds its
banks, causing the water to overflow onto the floodplain. Floods
may be brought on by natural occurrences such as storms, weather
patterns, and snowmelt. Other floods that accompany tsunamis and
coastal surges have natural causes, such as earthquakes on the
ocean floor and high tides brought on by the pull of the moon.
Flooding is also caused by numerous human-made factors.
Additionally, flood control structures, like many other types of
infrastructure, are frequently made to last for many years. The
effectiveness and longevity of flood control systems are impacted
by several climate stressors, including changes in precipitation,
sea level, severe events, and associated storm surges. The
peculiarity of flood control structures is that they can be
undermined by the same strains they were made to resist. For
instance, escalating flood frequency and intensity could overrun
these structures. resulting in their failure as climate change
continues to affect their severity, variability, and related
hazard potential, these stressors will become more significant

10
(Fact Sheet Addressing Climate Change Impacts On Infrastructure:
Preparing For Change Flood Control Structures 1, n.d.-b).
c) Flood Losses and Damages
Flooding can have several immediate effects, including the
death of people, devastation of buildings and infrastructure, and
loss of livestock and crops. The disruption of vital
infrastructure (such as power plants, highways, hospitals, etc.)
and communication networks, for instance, can have long-term
effects on social and economic activity. It is crucial to ensure
consistency in the assessment of damages for the purposes of
managing flood risk; this frequently entails assessing only the
national economic losses brought on by floods and coastal erosion
rather than the financial losses suffered by affected individuals
and organizations, however severe those losses may be. This
analysis could be used to create a flood management plan that
will stop those losses and damages caused by floods as this
influence the man-built structure (Nicholls et al., 2014).
3.2. Different Types of Flood Control
For our society, flood control has always been an important
element. Since settling near rivers, lakes, and coastal locations
gave people access to reliable harvests, vital trade routes, and
transit routes, water has also posed a threat to destroy those
settlements in a matter of hours (Rowiński et al., 2018).

a) Spur Dikes
 The spur dikes are structures that are typically used
for flood control, directing flow away from erodible
walls, protecting external walls from damage, and in
some other situations. Spur dikes can reduce the force
of water erosion and the power of sediment transport
by altering the hydraulic conditions and generating a
smooth flow. Waste management. The spur dike is one of
the buildings that is frequently used for channel and
river training. The use of spur dikes in the past has
demonstrated the many benefits of this type of
construction. The flow path contracts because of the
construction of the spur dikes, increasing the flow
velocity close to the structure and increasing the
average velocity in the contracted section. Therefore,
by crossing the bridge spans or reducing erosion along
the river and channel edges, using the spur dike is an
appropriate method to control river movement and
transfer as well as channel flow (‘Levees and the
National Flood Insurance Program: Improving Policies
and Practices’, 2013).

b) Levee

11
  A levee is a "man-made structure, usually, an earthen
embankment, designed and constructed by sound
engineering practices to contain, control, or divert
the flow of water to protect from temporary flooding."
A levee system is a "flood protection system which
consists of a levee or levees, and associated
structures, such as closure and drainage devices,
which are constructed and operated by sound
engineering practices" (Giglou et al., 2018).

c) Vegetation
 Since conventional practices have seriously endangered
streams, rivers, and nearby riparian areas, new
sustainable, cost-effective solutions are urgently
needed for river management. In addition to addressing
societal needs, such as flood management, river
management should increasingly focus on the needs of
the ecosystem for increased biodiversity and better
water quality. We contend that extensive restoration
projects cannot be used to address current and
upcoming river management issues. We think it would be
better to look into less resource-intensive solutions
that make use of natural channel features and
processes, like vegetation. This paper emphasizes
vegetation as a tool for nature-based solutions (NBS)
in river management because aquatic and riparian
vegetation not only directly supports biota but also
traps, absorbs, and aids in the processing of
nutrients and harmful substances ( Dam Easy, 2021).

d) Dredging
 Dredging is done for many different purposes, such as
navigation, environmental cleanup, flood control, and
the placement of structures (e.g., foundations,
pipelines, and tunnels). These activities may produce
significant amounts of waste that must be disposed of.
Dredging is also done to obtain materials, such as
those needed for beach nourishment or reclamation.
Sand, silt, clay, gravel, coral, rock, boulders, and
peat can all be dredged. The discussion of mining for
ores is expanded upon in the section on industrial
wastes Earth Reminder, 2020).

e) Gabions
 Gabions are wire-stone elements in the shape of
hexagons or cuboids made of wire mesh with double or
triple twisting, filled with local stone or quarry,
and used for retaining walls, sea walls, mechanically
stabilized earth MSE walls, hydraulic works, and
12
 channels lining or revetments. The main function of a
gabion retaining wall is to allow for lateral movement
of soil or rock to control active earth pressure and
to resist the transverse load in the case of gravity
retaining walls, which are supported and stabilized by
their weight. To improve, double or triple twisting
should be applied to the hexagonal and/or rectangular
GI wire mesh used in gabion walls (Golz et al., 2016).

f) Seawall
 A seawall is a parallel structure constructed along
the coastline to prevent any loss or inundation of the
landward side by flooding and wave actions. Different
types of seawalls are used depending on the site
conditions, such as gravity walls, rubble mound walls,
stone revetment, stepped face, curved face (concave),
a combination of stepped and curved face, and filled
gravity. A seawall is a parallel building built along
the coast to stop any landward side loss or inundation
due to flooding and wave actions. Various seawall
types, such as gravity walls, rubble mound walls,
stone revetments, stepped faces, curved faces
(concave), combinations of stepped and curved faces,
and filled gravity, are used depending on the site
conditions (John, 2020).

g) Riprap
 Rock fragments collected close together along a
seashore make up a riprap (X. Li & Wei, 2014). To
determine a size selection formula for the riprap
stone portion of the apron that serves as erosion
protection for wing-wall abutments, a numerically
based technique is applied. For cases where the
abutment is placed in straight and curved channels
with or without a floodplain, various simulation
series are run with a given mean riprap diameter to
estimate the maximum bed shear stress over the riprap
apron and the maximum (critical) Froude number at
which riprap stones will resist shear failure by the
flow (Lamond et al., 2012).

h) Concrete-rock Slope
 When massive rock is needed as a heavy-duty kind of
protection but is not economically feasible in large
quantities, concreted-rock slope protection is
employed. Building a substantial pile of smaller rocks
connected by concrete is necessary for protection. The
contractor might need to sluice the rock or face to
get the appropriate cleanliness. The intended outcomes
could not be attainable if the rock has too many fines

13
 or not enough voids (Chapter 4: Construction Details,
Section 72: Slope Protection | Caltrans, n.d.).

3.3. Design Consideration of Flood Control

One of the three government departments is the Department of
Public Works and Highways (DPWH) where important infrastructure
projects are carried out by government departments. The DPWH's
responsibilities include planning for infrastructure, including
major flood control systems, national highways and bridges, and
water resources projects. It is also required to design, build,
and maintain these infrastructure projects. The River Basin
Control Office (RBCO) Integrated's River Basin Management and
Development Master Plan, which was created, recognized the area's
flood risks and dangers and so advised building flood control
structures. To appropriately manage floods brought on by harsh
weather, flood prevention techniques have also been consistently
implemented. It will be important to provide flood protection to
lessen the effects of flooding, especially during extreme weather
occurrences (Sugianto et al., 2022).
a) Topographic Data
 One of the most important data requirements for any
quantitative assessment of potential flood dangers
(and associated phenomena, such as tsunami inundation
and the effects of sea level rise) is a trustworthy
digital elevation model (DEM). In essence, this is a
grid of topographic data, where each grid cell's (or
pixel's) value denotes a height above a given
baseline. They were previously created using ground
surveys or by digitizing paper topography maps, but
today they are virtually entirely created using remote
sensing methods such as photogrammetry,
interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), and
light detection and ranging (LiDAR) (LiDAR)(Meadows &
Wilson, 2021).

b) River Information
 A river is a body of water that resembles a ribbon and
moves downward due to gravity. Some rivers run
continuously, while others only do so during specific
seasons or when it has been particularly rainy. Many
thousands of miles can be found in the longest rivers.
Sand, gravel, and pebbles are all carried by swift
rivers. And it's crucial to understand the river's
size, soil condition, and how it affects people and
property (River | National Geographic Society, n.d.).
Additionally, a relationship between base course
thickness, rainfall intensity, and soil classification
was discovered during the research. This relationship
can help with accurate estimates of the required
design thickness for any location. The findings
14
 demonstrated a substantial correlation between
pavement thickness and soil properties, with clay
soils necessitating thicker pavements in a manner
related to rainfall frequency (Iqbal et al., 2022).

c) Rainfall Data
 As opposed to the current scenario, where water
managers rely on rainfall data from one or a few rain
gauges that are unable to capture rainfall variations
within a city area, this is made possible by the
availability of precise rainfall data. To determine
how their water systems respond to local, significant
rainfall, water managers will use new, in-depth
information on peak rainfall and local flooding. To
analyze their water systems and discover relationships
between local conditions, rainfall conditions, and
pluvial floods, they will all use fine-scale rainfall
and flood data (Site RainGain, n.d.).

d) Socio-Economic Information

 This includes the population of the area, statistics

of commercial and industrial data, statistics of
agricultural data, and future development plans of the
specific area. Thus, this may help in the economic
evaluation of the project (Manual on FC Planning:
Enhanced Reader). In addition, socioeconomic status,
demographic factors, and health are the main empirical
factors that influence how vulnerable society is to
harmful flood disasters. The primary cause of the
long-term revolutions in economic disaster losses may
be the increased disclosure of economic assets and
individuals (Ren et al., 2017).

Therefore, it is essential to take these design factors into

account while building efficient flood control in a particular
area. The engineers will be able to plan in a more relevant and
efficient way by gathering information about these design
considerations. (Manual on FC Planning: Enhanced Reader).

3.4.HEC-RAS Software Model

Such observation-based maps are incapable of analyzing

expected flooding episodes or the flood's systemic behavior.
However, using computer models, flood occurrences can be
simulated while accounting for different conditions. Therefore,
numerical models are essential tools for understanding flood
15
events, assessing flood risk, and planning flood control.
Previous studies have demonstrated that numerical models can be
used to construct hazard maps that consider various flood
management strategies or to recreate previous flood occurrences.
There are now a variety of numerical models accessible, some of
which are free and others of which need a license to use. One of
the most widely used hydraulic models is the HEC-RAS model, which
was developed by the Engineers Corps of the Army (USACE). With a
friendly graphical user interface, the free program HEC-RAS has
been effectively utilized for flood research. Additionally, USACE
is constantly working to grow and improve it (Mahdi & Hello,
2021). In addition, HEC-RAS have been shown to have a strong
correlation in evaluating flood risks and reliably forecasting
future floods in the study area (AL-Hussein et al., 2022).
Furthermore, the primary emphasis in this discipline revolves
around the definition of flood zones and the preparation of flood
hazard maps for at-risk regions. This map could allocate land
development priorities and prepare services for future emergency
aid and relief interventions in at-risk locations (Singh et al.,
2021).

3.5. GEO5 Software Model

GEO5 a software that can be used to address various

geotechnical issues. GEO5 has numerous potent programs based on
stability analysis, excavation design, retaining, wall design,
and other analytical methods, and the finite element method
analyzing and evaluating foundation design, soil settlement
analysis, digital terrain models, and geotechnical finite element
analysis. It is a straightforward and straightforward process to
design a slope, retaining wall, foundation, and many other
things. Effective tool based on traditional analytical techniques
and Finite Element Methods for tackling geotechnical issues
(FEM). The user-friendly software is made up of various apps that
have a unified interface. Each application is utilized despite
each module analyzing a separate geotechnical task, they all
interact to form an integrated suite (Bokade, 2021).

In addition, GEO5 has several programs for designing

retaining walls and other supporting structures, particularly to
preserve input simplicity and clarity. Both wall material
verification and structure analysis based on geotechnical factors
are possible with each software. Riprap Retaining Wall Design
Programs, Cantilever Wall, Nailed Slope, Gravity Wall, Gabion,
Masonry Wall, Prefab Wall, Earth Pressures, Abutment, MSE Wall,
and Redi-Rock Wall (GEO5 : Walls and Gabions, n.d.)

4. Research Gap

16
 Essential methods and important engineering analysis are
used in designing the most efficient and effective flood control
system that will utilize to cope with floods and decrease any
further damage. However, decision-making should be carried out
according to the local and actual situation and this serves as a
great challenge for implementing such design for Flood Control.

Challenges Solutions Citations

Acquiring records of
Flooding Conditions [8], [9]
flooding
Determination of
Possible Flood Control
the most economical [28], [29]
Designs were compared
flood control
Collect data through [8], [20],
Flood control
interviews and [21], [22],
standards
investigation [23], [24]
Reliability of the
Gather other study
software in [25], [26],
related that uses the
designing a Flood [27]
software
Control
Table 2. Challenges in Designing Flood Control
Table 2 shows the main barriers in determining the feasible
design for a flood control system, as well as the solutions and
papers that discuss them. The flooding information, choosing the
most economical flood control, flood control criteria, and
reliability of the software in designing a flood control were the
four main difficulties that the researchers encountered when
planning and designing a flood control. The table also contains
the solutions to these problems. Furthermore, these difficulties
might assist in providing answers to the research's questions,
with the results of those discussions being used to analyze and
design effective flood control.
5. Conclusion
The flooding condition, various flood control methods,
factors to be considered when constructing a flood control, and
the reliability of software are all covered in this essay. After
analyzing these issues, it became clear that flooding is a severe
problem that requires a response. Flood management is a key
component of any strategy for lessening the effects of flooding
on people, property, the economy, and other areas. Additionally,
based on the area and analysis, there should be considerations
made while constructing a flood control that can assist in
generating or designing an efficient flood control. When design
considerations were considered, flood control might be successful
and unlikely to fail. To construct an efficient flood control,

17
various aspects need to be considered, including flooding and
hydrological information.

Chapter 3
Research Methodology

This chapter discusses the research methods used in

gathering data for the study. This also includes the
instrumentations in collecting and interpreting data.
Explanations are also provided on how the data was collected and
analyzed to come up with a conclusion.

Research Design

This study will gather and analyze data using mixed method.
This method combines the qualitative and quantitative approaches.
This will allow the researchers to have a more accurate and
precise data to achieve their goal. Through a complementary
approach that maximizes the strengths of each data type and
encourages a more in-depth understanding of the study, mixed
method techniques allow researchers to use a variety of
methodologies, integrating inductive and deductive reasoning and
mitigating the limitations of strictly quantitative and
qualitative research. Since this study will involve interviews
and observation to acquire data, the qualitative approach will be
used because this will produce non-numerical data. The
researchers will be able to comprehend the flood situation in the
Minanga River in Casiguran, Aurora as a result. However, due to
the numerical information that will be acquired for the
computation in the design of flood control, the quantitative
technique will be applied, data such as the construction's cost
and schedule. This will enable the researchers to compare the
18
data they will collect from both qualitative and quantitative
data using the mixed technique.

Process Flowchart

The procedure for gathering and analyzing data to develop a

feasible flood control for the Minanga River in Casiguran,
Aurora, is represented in the figure below. Interview data
collection will be evaluated using a qualitative methodology. The
site research and photo documentation for the secondary data are
also included in this. The information acquired will be entered
into the software to create a model of the river and develop a
flood control strategy. After that, a quantitative assessment
will be completed by looking at the cost and schedule for
building the flood control. After that, a feasibility study will
be conducted to develop a feasible flood control design for the
Minanga River in Casiguran, Aurora.
Minanga River in
Casiguran, Aurora
Condition Assessment

Qualitative
Assessment

Getting information about the flood

condition in the area, rainfall data and
other design considerations

Site Photo
Investigation Documentation

Software

Quantitative
Assessment

Cost Timetable

19
 Feasibility Assessment

Availability
Cost Timetable
of Materials

Feasible Flood Control

Figure 2. Process Flowchart

Tradition of Inquiry and Data-Generation Method

A mixed method is used in the study's methodology to

examine, describe, and/or explain events in the Minanga River in
Casiguran, Aurora. Furthermore, this demands a lot more of the
researchers who serve as tools for the inquiry process. The
study's sources of evidence include documentation, direct
observations, and interview data. Interviews will be held to
obtain participant feedback and to confirm and improve the
study's findings. Direct observations and documentation can also
be used as additional sources of evidence and can be made
throughout the study to comprehend the phenomena or the
circumstances that led to it.

The interviews at other study-related agencies, including

the PAGASA, and MDRRMC in Casiguran, Aurora will be conducted. To
learn about the flooding conditions and the information about
design consideration of flood control, the interview contained
semi-structured questions which the researchers gained specific
answers. The researchers will also acquire the records and
documents from the PAGASA whose representatives they will spoke
with. The existing documents should include the staff reports and
information logs about the rainfall data in Casiguran, Aurora.
Additionally, the researchers will conduct observations or site
investigation by visiting the area to gather data regarding the
river’s condition as additional data to generate a suitable
design of flood control for the Minanga River in Casiguran,
Aurora.

The price, duration of construction, and availability of

materials are also necessary factors in determining if flood
control for the Minanga River in Casiguran, Aurora, is feasible.
The 7 types of flood control that will be compared in the study
will be evaluated by the researchers as they are gathering this
20
data. The information contains the cost of 1 cubic meter of each
type of flood control as well as the materials and construction
processes employed.

The table below shows the types of flood control subjected

on analyzing their feasibility based on the considerations stated
below.

Considerations of Feasibility
Types of Flood
Control Cost
Procedure of
(per cubic Materials
Construction
meter)
Spur Dikes

Levee

Vegetation

Dredging

Gabion

Riprap

Concrete-rock
Slope
Table 3. Consideration of Feasibility
Interview Questionnaire
For the MDRRMC in Casiguran, Aurora
1. What are the potential causes of floods?
2. What is the highest water level recorded in the river/area
during flood?
3. What are the damages caused by flooding (infrastructures,
people, agriculture)?
4. What is the population of Casiguran, Aurora that is affected
by the flooding from the Minanga, River?

Instrumentation

The data collected through acquiring ddocuments from the

PAG-ASA will be tabulated using weighted mean equation to
identify the rainfall intensity in Casiguran, Aurora. In
addition, the data gathered from interviews and result of
21
rainfall intensity will be interpreted using HEC-RAS and GEO5 to
formulate a geometric model of flood risk and flood control.
Therefore, the 7 types of flood control based on their cost,
timetable and availability of materials will be compared to know
their differences with each other. This will allow the
researchers to come up with the feasible flood control for
Minanga River in Casiguran, Aurora.

Sources of Data

The study focuses on analyzing the flood conditions and

rainfall data in Minanga River in Casiguran, Aurora. And
information was gathered to acquire primary data for the study.
The data will be collected through interviews, site investigation
and acquiring of existing documents. In addition, acquisition of
data will be through site investigation and photo documentation
as one of the sources of data for the study. The table below
shows the participants for the study.

Position Location
Barangay 04, Municipal Hall,
Head of MDRRMC
Casiguran, Aurora
Head of PAGASA Baler, Aurora
Table 4. Distribution of Participants
Ethical Considerations
To make sure the study was conducted in an ethically sound
manner, several factors will be considered. To adhere, all
participants agreed verbally to be interviewed for the research
and to participate in it. This is by ethical standards. Before
giving their informed consent for each stage of the data
collection, participants will be fully informed of all potential
dangers (or lack thereof), advantages, the fact that their
participation was and is voluntary, and the recompense offered.
At no point during this study, the participants will not be in
any way tricked. All prospective participants will receive
informed permission forms informing them of the researcher's name
and affiliation. At the beginning of each interview, each
participant will be reminded of the interview's goal and
justification. The participants will be informed that they might
voluntarily leave at any time during the interview if they so
desired. In addition, the researchers’ questionnaires will be
checked first for offensive words included in the questions. This
will be applied to the interview in Casiguran as they have a
dialect that is different from another group of people. To
prevent misunderstandings, the researchers will ask for help to
know the offensive words that are prohibited to speak.
22
 The participants will additionally be informed that their
information will be kept private, and that the supervisor will be
the only one to know the specifics of individual interview
questions. Identities will remain confidential throughout the
survey and interview phases of the study and will continue to do
so after a defended dissertation. Pseudonyms will be used and
will continue to be used in any reports of the findings and
recommendations that have been or will be published, and any
other data or information that could be used to identify
participants to those who are familiar with them has been changed
for this research study and any upcoming presentations and
publications.

After each interview, the researcher will conduct a

debriefing with the participants to discuss the interview's
overall process and its effects. To make sure that the
participants weren't psychologically or emotionally wounded
because of the interview, there will be a debriefing. It's
crucial to remember that participants should always be given the
option of receiving psychological treatment after the study.
In acquiring existing documents, a letter will be sent to
the head of the PAGASA to inform them about the purpose of the
researchers. The researchers will brief them that the information
they will acquire will only be use in their study’s purpose. And
it will not be share to other people except for their instructor
and adviser. Additionally, the Casiguran, Aurora local government
will be consulted for approval before a site study is carried
out. They will be informed by the researchers of the study's
purpose and goals, as well as the fact that it will be conducted
in their area. To avoid disagreement when certain people inquire
about the researchers' agenda, a letter requesting permission
will also be sent to their office in addition to verbal requests.

23