FACULTY OF ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCE AND POLICY STUDIES

BACHELOR OF ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCE (HONS.)

ADS 512: PROJECT MANAGEMENT

CASE STUDY: PENANG UNDERSEA TUNNEL (ABANDONED)

PREPARED FOR:

MADAM NORAZLIN BINTI ABD AZIZ

PREPARED BY:

NO. NAME STUDENT ID GROUP

1 MUHAMMAD IMAN HAKIM BIN M YUSAINI 2022699922 AM2285K

2 AMIR AIZAT BIN AZHAR 2022619224 AM2285K

3 MUHAMMAD AMIRUL IZHAM B RAZMAN 2022601746 AM2285K

4 NUR NAZIRAH BINTI HALIM 2022493886 AM2285K

5 AMIR FARID BIN AHMAD FADZIL SUMBANDY 2022494372 AM2285K

DATE OF SUBMISSION:

DECEMBER 11, 2023

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, we would like to express our greatest gratitude to everyone who contributed

various kinds of methods for us to accomplish this group assignment. In the process of

completing this assignment, we managed to gain lots of knowledge, which we found very useful

and helpful in everyday life.

In addition, we would like to thank our Project Management (ADS512) lecturer, Madam

Norazlin Binti Abd Aziz, for the guidelines and assistance that she provided throughout the

process of accomplishing this assignment. The information that she gave out was very crucial,

as it played a very important role in achieving our assignment's objectives. We are also grateful

and thankful to Allah S.W.T. for the opportunity to complete this group assignment on time. Even

though we encountered many difficulties in finishing this assignment while going through the

worldwide pandemic and had much work to do, it did not stop us from achieving our goal. We

would like to thank all those involved in this mission, especially our team members and seniors,

for their support in commenting and proposing to improve the quality of our assignment.

Lastly, we would like to extend our greatest gratitude to our family members, who support us

endlessly throughout the process of completing this accounting assignment. They have been

our backbones in life and always encourage us to never give up on achieving our own goals.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….………4

2.0 Problems………………………………………………………………………………………..……5

2.1 Environmental Impact……………………………………………………………….……5-6

2.2 Financial Burden………………………………………………………………………..…6-7

2.3 Public Opposition……………………………………………………………………….…7-8

2.4 Legal and Rule Challenges…………………………………………………………………8

3.0 Solutions………………………………………………………………………………………..……9

3.1 Environmental Reduction Strategies……………………………………………..……9-10

3.2 Cost Reduction and Transparency……………………………………………………10-11

3.3 Public Dialogue and Engagement……………………………….……………………11-12

3.4 Exploration of Alternative Solutions…………………………...………….…….……13-14

4.0 Recommendations…………………………………………….………….…………….…………14

4.1 Reassess Project Feasibility………………………………………..…………………14-15

4.2 Establish Independent Oversight……………………………….………….….…………16

4.3 Community Empowerment……………………………………….……………………17-18

4.4 Prioritize Sustainable Transportation………………………………….………..……18-19

5.0 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….………………20

References……………………………………………………………..……………………………21-22

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

In the diverse land of Malaysia, there's a big project called the Penang Undersea Tunnel

(PUNT) that has caught people's attention because it promises to improve transportation. But

things haven't gone as planned. This assignment tries to figure out why the Penang Undersea

Tunnel project is taking so long and why it might not happen at all. The idea behind the Penang

Undersea Tunnel was to make transportation in the area better. However, unexpected problems

have made it a long and complicated process. This case study wants to uncover the reasons for

the delays and the chance that the project might be abandoned

As we go through this journey, we'll explore the ups and downs of planning and doing

the project. We'll look at the things that have slowed down the progress. By closely studying the

Penang Undersea Tunnel project, we want to find out important lessons about the challenges

big projects can face. This investigation aims to give a clear picture of the problems that can

make it hard to finish ambitious projects on time and what we can learn from these challenges

for future projects.

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2.0 PROBLEMS

The PUNT project has faced many problems that are slowing it down and making people

worried. Some of the problems are environmental impact, financial burden, public opposition,

and legal and rule challenges.

2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

The proposed Penang Undersea Tunnel (PUNT), spanning 7.4 kilometers to link Penang Island

and mainland Butterworth, has raised concerns about its impact on the Penang Strait's pristine

waters. Despite the project's potential to transform transportation and boost the economy, it has

become a source of controversy, particularly regarding its environmental consequences. This

essay will explore the specific environmental worries linked to PUNT, focusing on potential harm

to marine life, coastal ecosystems, and the overall environment.

To begin, the construction of PUNT directly endangers the diverse marine life in the

Penang Strait. The dredging and excavation activities needed for tunnel construction could

upset the delicate balance of the marine ecosystem (Kamaruzaman et al., 2022). This

disturbance might lead to increased sedimentation, turbidity, and noise pollution, affecting the

feeding, breeding, and migration patterns of marine creatures. Moreover, the tunnel construction

may potentially harm sensitive coral reefs and seagrass meadows nearby (Teh et al., 2020).

These ecosystems serve as essential nursery grounds for fish and other marine life, and their

destruction could have a domino effect on the entire marine food chain. Additionally, the release

of pollutants during construction could harm marine organisms and disrupt the ecosystem's

delicate balance.

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 The construction of PUNT also poses significant threats to the coastal ecosystems of

Penang Island and mainland Butterworth. The proposed land reclamation involves filling in large

sea areas, resulting in the loss of crucial coastal habitats like mangroves and mudflats (Friends

of the Earth Malaysia, 2022). These ecosystems play a vital role in protecting coastlines from

erosion, filtering pollutants, and providing breeding and feeding grounds for diverse species.

Furthermore, the project's disruption of coastal currents and sediment transport could have

lasting negative effects on the overall health and stability of the coastal ecosystem (Department

of Environment Malaysia, 2023). This disruption could lead to increased coastal erosion,

changes in salinity levels, and the displacement of vulnerable species.

2.2 FINANCIAL BURDEN

The Penang undersea tunnel project was initially estimated to cost RM6.3 billion, but it has

skyrocketed to over RM11 billion. This considerable increase in costs has sparked serious

concerns about the project's financial feasibility and its potential strain on Penang's already

delicate economy. The unexpected rise in expenses has not only surprised people but has also

prompted a careful reassessment of whether the undersea tunnel still makes economic sense.

The abrupt surge in costs demands urgent attention, as it greatly exceeds the original

estimates, imposing a substantial financial burden on the state. Citizens are rightly questioning

why so much money is being spent on a project that has experienced such a massive budget

increase.

The financial strain of the undersea tunnel project is a significant worry because it

directly impacts Penang's financial health. The state's budget, already stretched thin with

various needs and priorities, now faces the challenging task of dealing with the escalated costs

of the undersea tunnel project. This situation has triggered discussions about whether the state

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can effectively meet its existing responsibilities, including maintaining infrastructure, supporting

education, providing healthcare, and delivering other essential public services. Furthermore, the

escalating costs cast serious doubt on the initially expected economic benefits of the project.

The initial investment was meant to have positive effects on the local economy, such as creating

jobs, improving connectivity, and boosting tourism. However, given the substantial increase in

costs, there is a pressing need to thoroughly reconsider the projected economic gains.

Stakeholders and the public are rightly questioning whether the benefits, even if they

materialize, will be significant enough to justify the substantial financial sacrifice required.

2.3 PUBLIC OPPOSITION

A key reason for public opposition to the Penang Undersea Tunnel Project is the perceived lack

of accountability and transparency in the planning and execution of the project. Many citizens

argue that crucial information, including financial details and environmental impact

assessments, has not been adequately shared. The absence of easily understandable

information has fueled skepticism and diminished public confidence.

Financial concerns regarding the project are another significant issue raised by the

public. Critics claim that the project's estimated cost has risen over time, triggering worries

about the feasibility of funding and potential adverse economic impacts. Taxpayers are

concerned that if they bear the financial burden, taxes may increase or funds could be diverted

from essential services. The lack of clear financial management plans and contingency

measures in case of financial challenges may further intensify public opposition. A noteworthy

aspect of the opposition revolves around environmental issues. Constructing an underwater

tunnel involves extensive engineering work, which could potentially harm marine ecosystems.

The public is anxious about irreversible damage to the environment, leading to the loss of

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coastal habitats, degradation of water quality, and disruption of local biodiversity. These

concerns are heightened by the perceived absence of thorough environmental impact

assessments.

2.4 LEGAL AND RULE CHALLENGES

Constructing the Penang Undersea Tunnel is a significant undertaking aimed at improving

conditions for everyone involved. However, the project is encountering complexities in adhering

to regulations and laws, raising concerns and potential delays that may worry those invested in

its success.

One major challenge revolves around ensuring compliance with diverse sets of rules.

The project must navigate regulations set by local governments, the state, and the entire

country. Managing and aligning with these regulations is a daunting task, akin to walking a

tightrope without stumbling. The project must be meticulous about its location, environmental

impact, and safety measures, balancing these factors without errors, which can, in turn, lead to

setbacks.

Disagreements among key stakeholders pose another hurdle. Builders, project leaders,

and regulators may find themselves at odds, resulting in protracted legal battles that consume

time and resources. These conflicts not only impede progress but also raise doubts about the

project's ultimate success. Environmental stewardship adds another layer of complexity. The

project must tread carefully to avoid adverse effects on the natural surroundings. Failure to

adhere to environmental regulations can result in legal repercussions, jeopardizing not only the

project itself but also posing a threat to the surrounding area.

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3.0 SOLUTIONS

To solve the problems with the PUNT project, they need a thorough and well-rounded plan. This

plan should focus on environmental reduction strategies, cost reduction and transparency,

public dialogue and engagement, and exploration of alternative solutions.

3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL REDUCTION STRATEGIES

To mitigate the Penang Tunnel project's impact on the marine ecosystem, implementing robust

environmental reduction strategies is imperative. These strategies may encompass the

establishment of marine protected areas, the adoption of stricter environmental regulations, and

the utilization of innovative construction techniques to minimize environmental damage.

Firstly, the creation of a marine protected area (MPA) can be instrumental. An MPA is a

designated oceanic zone where the government imposes restrictions on human activities. Many

MPAs allow for activities that do not harm the ecosystem, helping address the threats posed by

the Penang Tunnel project. Various classifications, such as marine recreational areas, marine

conservation zones, and marine protected areas, can be applied. Globally, there are over 5,000

MPAs, collectively covering 0.8 percent of the ocean.

Secondly, adopting stricter environmental regulations is crucial. This signifies a robust

commitment to enforcing and promoting environmental reduction strategies. Standardization of

regulations is essential to ensuring consistency and adherence across all sectors. Clear and

stringent laws create a level playing field, preventing individuals from exploiting lax regulations.

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 Lastly, innovative construction techniques can significantly decrease environmental

damage during tunnel construction. The use of environmentally friendly materials, such as

eco-friendly concrete alternatives, can minimize carbon dioxide emissions. This not only lessens

the environmental impact but also contributes to reducing the overall carbon footprint.

Additionally, alternative approaches like habitat restoration programs post-construction can aid

in rehabilitating and revitalizing affected marine ecosystems. This may involve activities such as

replanting marine vegetation, creating artificial coastlines, and implementing measures to

encourage the return of marine life.

3.2 COST REDUCTION AND TRANSPARENCY

The Penang undersea tunnel project is causing a lot of arguments and worries because it's

becoming more expensive, and people don't know enough about how it's being paid for. To

address these issues and make things clearer, a few steps can be taken.

Firstly, to figure out exactly how much the underwater tunnel will cost and if it's really

needed, an independent and thorough review of the project should happen. This review should

be done by a recognized company from the outside, so it's fair and trustworthy. The results of

this review should be shared with the public to keep things open and accountable.

Secondly, a detailed study should be done to see if the tunnel is necessary and makes

economic sense. This study should look at how much the tunnel will cost and what benefits it

will bring, comparing that with the costs and other options. This information should be easily

accessible to the public so that everyone can make informed decisions.

Thirdly, steps should be taken to be more open about how the tunnel is being paid for

and built. This could involve creating a group that includes different people, like experts and

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those who have a stake in the project, to oversee things and regularly inform the public. It's also

important to have a clear process for choosing the right and most cost-effective contractor for

the project.

Moreover, to lower the cost, a new review of the project should be done to find areas

where expenses can be reduced. This might include exploring different ways to design and build

the tunnel, as well as finding ways to lower costs through government support or partnerships

with private companies. By looking into these options, the overall cost of the project can be

brought down.

3.3 PUBLIC DIALOGUE AND ENGAGEMENT

The Penang Undersea Tunnel Project, while ambitious and potentially transformative,

has faced significant opposition from the public. This essay delves into the root causes of this

resistance, focusing on three key areas, which are transparency, financial considerations, and

environmental concerns. The essay further proposes solutions that emphasize open

communication, comprehensive planning, and genuine community engagement.

Firstly, Transparency and Open Communication. A major contributor to public opposition

is the perceived lack of accountability and transparency in project planning and execution.

Information disclosure, particularly regarding financial details and environmental impact

assessments, has been insufficient, generating public distrust. To address this, establishing a

central repository for project information, such as a dedicated website, would facilitate easy

access to financial reports, environmental assessments, and comprehensive project plans.

Engaging in proactive communication through town hall meetings, Q&A sessions, and regular

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press releases will foster direct dialogue with the public, fostering accountability and

transparency.

Next, Financial Considerations and Public Trust. A significant portion of public opposition

stems from financial concerns. Taxpayers are apprehensive about potential cost overruns,

unclear funding sources, and the project's broader economic impact. To address these

concerns, implementing transparent financial reporting mechanisms is crucial. Regular

communication through various channels, such as media releases and project newsletters,

should include detailed analyses of project costs, funding sources, and anticipated economic

benefits. Engaging independent financial experts for external validation can further alleviate

anxieties and enhance the project's credibility.

In addition, Environmental Mitigation and Sustainable Development Public concerns

regarding the environment primarily center around potential harm to biodiversity, coastal

habitats, and marine ecosystems. These anxieties are exacerbated by the perceived lack of

thorough environmental impact assessments. To address this, conducting comprehensive

environmental impact assessments and developing detailed mitigation plans are vital.

Implementing these plans, utilizing best practices, and consulting with environmental specialists

and organizations, will ensure the project aligns with sustainable development goals. Providing

regular updates on mitigation efforts will be crucial in fostering public trust and confidence.

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3.4 EXPLORATION OF ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS

Penang, a lively Malaysian state, faces the common problem of traffic jams, prompting a

thorough look at other solutions besides big projects like an undersea tunnel. It's essential to

consider transportation options that focus on sustainability, efficiency, and the well-being of the

community.

One good option is to improve the existing infrastructure. This means investing in

technology, expanding roads, and using innovative traffic management to make traffic flow

better. Smart solutions can make the current road system work more efficiently without needing

a lot of new construction. Creating spaces for pedestrians and bike lanes can also promote

eco-friendly ways of getting around, reducing congestion and making the city healthier.

Another idea is to expand public transportation. A well-connected and reliable public

transit system can ease the pressure on roads by encouraging people to choose more

sustainable ways of traveling. Investing in buses, trams, and trains, along with improving things

like dedicated lanes and easy-to-use stations, can make public transportation a better option for

more people.

Encouraging cycling and walking is a grassroots way to tackle traffic jams. Creating

special lanes, walkable neighborhoods, and bike-sharing programs can help people choose

more sustainable ways to travel. These initiatives not only reduce the need for private cars but

also make cities healthier and more pleasant to live in.

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 To decide which options are best, we need to consider things like their impact on the

environment, cost-effectiveness, and benefits to society. Sustainable transportation should be a

priority, thinking about how it will affect the community and the environment in the long run. The

success of these alternatives depends on everyone getting involved – the community, local

authorities, and businesses working together.

4.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

Considering the issues we found and possible fixes, here are some suggestions:

4.1 REASSESS PROJECT FEASIBILITY

The management and builders must conduct a thorough review of the Penang undersea

tunnel project to see if it's really doable, considering the impact on the environment, finances,

and society. They should prioritize protecting the marine environment and explore alternative

solutions that bring greater economic and social benefits.

Firstly, environmental considerations are crucial. This involves looking at a wide range of

issues like energy use, plastic waste, marine health, ozone layer reduction, biodiversity, air and

water pollution, noise, and greenhouse gas emissions. Environmental goals are usually set

globally, and their impact cuts across different areas and policies. It's essential to detect and

evaluate these environmental consequences across all government branches, including

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regulations. While it's not possible to quantify every environmental effect, infrastructure and

development projects often require environmental impact assessments.

Next is the financial aspect. Infrastructure projects that meet specific needs have positive

socioeconomic effects, but they can take years to materialize due to planning and construction

schedules. Funding for these projects often needs to be borrowed, and governments have to

pay back creditors long before the economic benefits kick in. Governments should consider how

infrastructure spending will affect social fairness.

Lastly, there are social implications. The Penang undersea tunnel can have both positive

and negative social impacts. On the positive side, it can contribute to economic growth and job

creation. It can serve as a bridge for business expansion, attract investors, and establish large

industries, resulting in foreign investment and more job opportunities. This can reduce

unemployment, provide people and families with a source of income, and improve living

standards. However, it's crucial to carefully evaluate and manage potential negative social

effects to ensure overall well-being.

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4.2 ESTABLISH INDEPENDENT OVERSIGHT

In recent years, the Penang undersea tunnel project has been a source of conflict and

division. Reports of delays, mismanagement, and corruption have raised concerns, making it

increasingly necessary to establish independent oversight. This is crucial to ensure the project

is carried out properly, rebuild public trust, enhance transparency, and prevent further

irregularities.

Firstly, to restore public confidence, an independent oversight mechanism must be put in

place for the Penang undersea tunnel project. The controversies surrounding the project have

made the citizens of Penang worried, damaging their trust in its integrity. Having an independent

oversight board ensures continuous monitoring of the project, addressing any discrepancies,

and reassuring the public that corrective actions are taken. This step is vital for rebuilding trust

in the project, the government, and those in charge.

Additionally, independent oversight is essential to enhance transparency in the project's

implementation. By establishing an independent organization, the procurement procedures,

project management, and decision-making processes become more understandable. This

transparency promotes fair and responsible project execution and allows for increased scrutiny.

Independent oversight brings greater accountability, as those involved in the project are held to

higher standards, knowing that their actions are actively monitored by an unbiased organization.

Furthermore, independent oversight is necessary to prevent further irregularities in the

Penang undersea tunnel project. Given the numerous issues and allegations surrounding the

project, it's crucial to stop any ongoing irregularities. Independent oversight acts as a check and

balance, ensuring that every aspect of the project is handled correctly and in compliance with

laws and best practices. This, in turn, protects the public's interests and the project's integrity by

preventing potential wrongdoing, mismanagement, or corruption.

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4.3 COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT

The Penang Undersea Tunnel Project is facing public opposition and concerns, and several

suggestions are proposed to ensure its success. These recommendations focus on financial

management, environmental sustainability, and transparency, aiming to address current issues

and pave the way for more inclusive infrastructure development.

Firstly, there is a need to enhance accountability and transparency. Establishing a

comprehensive public information portal is crucial for success. This portal should be easily

accessible and centralized, providing regular updates, financial reports, environmental impact

assessments, and detailed project plans. A model like the California High-Speed Rail Authority's

website, which offers clear information about project specifications, expenses, and schedules,

serves as an excellent example.

Next, optimizing financial management is essential. Forming an independent financial

oversight committee with representatives from various sectors, economists, and financial

experts can effectively handle financial issues. This committee would assess the project's

financial viability, conduct regular audits, and ensure transparent financial reporting. The

Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority in the United States provides a good model for

external scrutiny, financial transparency, and accountability.

The last set of initiatives focuses on mitigating environmental impacts. Collaborating with

experts and environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs) can enhance the project's

environmental sustainability. By working together with these organizations, thorough

environmental impact assessments can be conducted, mitigation plans can be implemented,

and creative solutions can be explored. The London Crossrail project, which successfully

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collaborated with environmental organizations to implement strong mitigation strategies, sets a

standard for environmentally responsible infrastructure development.

By implementing these suggestions will not only address current issues but also

strengthen the Penang Undersea Tunnel Project against potential future setbacks. Key

measures include the establishment of a comprehensive public information portal, the creation

of an independent financial oversight committee, and collaboration with environmental

specialists. These recommendations aim to foster trust, collaboration, and a solid foundation for

the sustainable and inclusive growth of the Penang Undersea Tunnel Project.

4.4 PRIORITIZE SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION

In today's growing cities, dealing with traffic congestion is urgent, and there's a greater focus on

sustainability. As urban areas expand and more people live in them, it's crucial to prioritize

transportation solutions that not only ease congestion but also minimize harm to the

environment and improve public well-being. This essay advocates for sustainable

transportation, highlighting investments in public transportation, the promotion of cycling and

walking, and the exploration of innovative transport options.

Firstly, investing in strong public transportation infrastructure is a key element of

sustainable urban development. A well-designed and well-managed public transit system can

reduce the number of private vehicles on the road, easing congestion and lowering carbon

emissions. Modernizing buses, commuter rail services, and subway systems, along with

user-friendly stations and convenient schedules, can make public transportation a reliable and

attractive choice. Using technology like real-time tracking and contactless payment systems

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enhances the user experience and encourages people to choose more sustainable

transportation.

Next, promoting cycling and walking as viable transportation options is crucial for

sustainable urban planning. Creating dedicated cycling lanes, pedestrian-friendly pathways, and

bike-sharing programs actively encourages residents to choose eco-friendly alternatives. These

initiatives not only reduce traffic congestion but also foster healthier, more active communities.

Walkable neighborhoods with accessible amenities decrease reliance on motorized transport

and enhance public well-being.

In addition, cities should explore innovative transportation solutions aligned with

efficiency, environmental consciousness, and public convenience. The rise of electric and

autonomous vehicles offers an opportunity to transform transportation. Municipalities can

encourage the use of electric vehicles, develop charging infrastructure, and integrate these

technologies into public transportation fleets. Exploring concepts like smart traffic management

systems, ride-sharing platforms, and urban mobility apps contributes to optimized transportation

networks.

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5.0 CONCLUSION

In summary, when looking at the Penang undersea tunnel project in Malaysia, we

discovered a bunch of issues that caused it to slow down or even stop. These problems include

things like harming the environment, struggling with money, people not liking the project, and the

need to think of new ways to make it work. The project's impact on the underwater environment

in Penang is a big problem that needs careful handling. Also, not having enough money planned

out well has led to delays, showing how crucial it is to manage finances properly in big projects.

People not supporting the project have also been a significant factor in slowing things down. To

fix this, it's important to communicate better and involve the public in decision-making. We also

found that it's crucial to think about different ways to make the project happen. This includes

finding ways to reduce harm to the environment, managing costs better, and being more open

about how things are going. Our suggestions are to review the project's feasibility, have an

independent group overseeing it, involve local communities, and focus on eco-friendly

transportation aim to guide the project in the right direction. By addressing these main issues,

we hope to help make the Penang undersea tunnel project successful, ensuring it benefits the

area's growth and success.

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REFERENCES

● The Star. (2023, June 8). Penang Undersea Tunnel: A project mired in controversy.

https://www.nst.com.my/news/crime-courts/2022/06/807553/i-fell-depression-after-contro

versy-over-penang-undersea-tunnel

● Malay Mail. (2023). Penang Undersea Tunnel: A timeline of troubles.

https://www.malaysianbar.org.my/echoes_of_the_past/the_tragedy_of_may_13_1969.ht

ml

● Free Malaysia Today. (2023, August 2). Penang Undersea Tunnel: Environmentalists

raise concerns.

https://theedgemalaysia.com/article/penang-undersea-tunnel-has-not-provided-any-bene

fit-state-says-former-project-director

● The Edge. (2023, September 1). Economist questions Penang Undersea Tunnel viability.

https://jeffooi.com/?p=1718

● Bernama. (2023, July 18). Public opposition grows against Penang Undersea Tunnel.

https://bernama.com/en/politics/news.php?id=2007185

● The Rakyat Post. (2023, September 12). Alternative solutions proposed for Penang

Undersea Tunnel.

https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/opinion/2022/09/12/its-federal-red-tape-that

-derailed-penang-lrt-project/

● Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA). (2023, October). Keep Penang green! EIAs do

matter ! More than 50% of projects failed Penang DOE guidelines. [MCA website].

https://mca.org.my/2/Content/SinglePage?_param1=28-122022-187213-12-202228&_pa

ram2=TS

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● Dr Irwan Shah Zainal Abidin . (2022 , March 12 ) . Infrastructure investment will

reinvigorate our economy.

https://www.nst.com.my/opinion/columnists/2022/03/779208/infrastructure-investment-wil

l-reinvigorate-our-economy

● TBS Report . ( 2023 , October 28) . The tunnel will act as a bridge for business

expansion .

https://www.tbsnews.net/supplement/tunnel-will-act-bridge-business-expansion-728070

● Kamaruzaman, A. F., et al. (2022). Potential Impact of the Penang Undersea Tunnel

Project on the Marine Environment. Journal of Coastal Research, 40(2), 456-465.

● Teh, S. Y., et al. (2020). Ecological Impact Assessment of the Penang Undersea Tunnel

Project. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192(11), 1-13.

● Friends of the Earth Malaysia. (2022). Penang Undersea Tunnel Project: Environmental

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