Ions – are atoms with electrical charge

Group I – metals (alkali metals)

Ionic
bonding can only be applied to metals

To attain noble gas

electronic structure

lose
……………… one electron

Sodium atom ion

Sodium ………….
2, 8, 1


Group II – metals



To attain noble gas
electronic structure


lose
……………… two electrons

Magnesium atom Magnesium ion

2, 8, 2 2, 8

Group III – metals

Draw the electronic structure of an aliminium (aluminum) ion.










1

Group VII – non-metals (halogens or salt-makers)

To attain noble gas

electronic structure

……………… one electron

Chloride ion

Chlorine atom

2, 8, 7



Group VI – non-metals




To attain noble gas
electronic structure


……………… two electrons

Oxygen atom Oxide ion

2, 8, 6 2, 8, 8



Group V – non-metals

Is nitrogen atom going to lose its outer electrons to form a nitride ion?

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Ionic compounds

When atoms of metals, like sodium, interact with atoms of non-metals, like chlorine, their
atoms end up with the same electron arrangements as the nearest noble gas.






















becomes























Figure 1. When sodium and chlorine atoms react. (“Compounds”)

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Magnesium and chlorine

Name of compound:



Formula of compound:

4
Lithium and oxygen

Name of compound:
Lithium oxide


Formula of compound:

Li_2O


More practice
Write the name and formula of compounds formed between the following atoms:

1. Calcium and fluorine



2. Aluminium and oxygen

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Polyatomic ions

Polyatomic ions are ions that are made up of more than one atom.

Figure 2. Some examples of polyatomic ions. (Armstrong, Gaylor and Sharwood 46)



Writing formulae for compounds of polyatomic ions

• the group of atoms in a polyatomic ion comes as a “parcel”
• if more than one polyatomic ion is needed to make the total positive charge equal to
the total negative charge, it is placed in a bracket

Example 1: Ammonium carbonate

NH4+ and CO32¯ à (NH4)2CO3


Example 2: Calcium hydroxide

Ca2+ and OH¯ à Ca(OH)2


More practice

1. potassium sulphate

2. magnesium nitrate

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Structure of ionic compounds

• Ionic compounds are built up from positively and negatively charged ions














Figure 3. A model of the giant lattice of sodium chloride crystals. (Clark)


Attractive forces between ions:

Properties of ionic compounds

Volatility – melting and boiling points:

8
Solubility in water:






















Figure 4. Dissociation of ionic compounds in water. (“Properties of ionic compounds”)


Electrical conductivity:

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Simple covalent molecules

When non-metal atoms react with one another, they want to attain a stable noble gas
electron arrangement.

They do so by sharing their valence electrons.








Figure 5. Sharing of one electron each gives both hydrogen atoms the electronic
structure of helium. A hydrogen molecule is formed. (“Chemical bonds”)



Fluorine molecule

No. of outer electrons =

No. of outer electrons used in forming chemical bonds =

No. of valence electrons =

Group number of fluorine atom =

10

Oxygen molecule


























No. of outer electrons =

No. of outer electrons used in forming chemical bonds =

No. of valence electrons =

Group number of oxygen atom =


Water molecule

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Properties of simple covalent molecules



















Figure 6. Weak intermolecular forces between simple covalent molecules. (“Structures”)


Volatility – melting and boiling points:








Electrical conductivity:

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Giant covalent structures

Diamond

Each carbon atom is bonded to four other
carbon atoms in a regular three-
dimensional way. There is no free
electron.

The covalent bonds formed between each
carbon atom is very strong.

Hence, diamond has the following
properties:

…………………. melting and boiling points

…………………. electrical conductivity

Figure 7. The structure of diamond. (Clark)


Graphite














Figure 8. The structure of graphite. (“Diamond and graphite”)


Each carbon atom only bonds to three other carbon atoms forming a two-dimensional
layer-like structure. Each layer is a combination of hexagons, as in a honeycomb. This leaves
one “unused” electron on each carbon atom.

Properties of graphite:

…………………. melting and boiling points

…………………. electrical conductivity

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Metallic bonding

Figure 9. From lithium atom to lithium ion. (“Structures”)


Metallic structure
















Figure 10. Metallic structure: positive ions in a sea of delocalized electrons. (“Structures”)

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Properties of metallic structure

Malleability and ductility:

Figure 13. Layers of metal atoms sliding over each other. (“Chemical bonds”)


Malleable – can be beaten into sheets

Ductile – can be drawn into wires



Volatility – melting and boiling points:









Electrical conductivity:

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Works cited

Armstrong, Rick, Kevin Gaylor, and Jenny Sharwood. Chemistry 4/5 for the international
student. Melbourne: Cengage Learning, 2010. Print.

“Chemical bonds.” TutorVista.com. 2015. Web. 4 September 2015.
http://chemistry.tutorvista.com/organic-chemistry/chemical-bonds.html

Clark, Jim. “Ionic structures.” Chemguide. October 2012. Web. 4 September 2015.
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/ionicstruct.html.

“Compounds.” Pythagoras and That. 23 July 2014. Web. 30 August 2015.
http://www.pythagorasandthat.co.uk/compounds

“Diamond and graphite.” IGCSE Chemistry notes. N.d. Web. 4 September 2015.
http://igcsechemisrtynotes.blogspot.hk/2009/11/diamond-and-graphite-igcse-
gcse.html.

“Properties of ionic compounds.” Chewtychem. N.d. Web. 4 September 2015.
http://chewtychem.wiki.hci.edu.sg/Properties+of+Ionic+Compounds

“Structures.” BBC bitesize. 2014. Web. 4 September 2015.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/chemistry/energy/bsp/revision/3/

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