DSE Chem Notes Book 1B Unit 7,8 –Ionic bonding and covalent bonding

Unit 7-8: Chemical Bonding: Ionic bonding and covalent bonding

(Pre-study: book unit 7)
7.1 Conductors, Electrolytes and Non-conductors
The following table shows examples of some conductors, electrolytes and non-conductors.

Examples:
Conductors:
Copper, Mercury (liquid), Magnesium, Graphite,
Conducts electricity but not chemically
Iron…etc.
changed during conduction.
(Metals and graphite are conductors)
Electrolyte: Sodium chloride, Potassium iodide, Lead bromide,
Conducts electricity in molten state or Copper chloride…etc…
aqueous solution.
(Molten or aqueous *ionic compounds)
Non-conductor: Distilled water, sugar, wax, alcohol…etc.
Does not conduct electricity in solid, molten
state or aqueous solution (All non-metals except graphite)

7.2 Migration (movement) of ions (Reading)

A small crystal of potassium permanganate is placed in the middle of a strip of filter paper. The filter
paper is moistened with sodium sulphate solution (to increase the electrical conductivity). After the
circuit is closed, a purple patch moves towards the positive electrode.

Remember in the above set up: (好緊要!!!)

1. Conduction of electricity in aqueous solution/moistened filter paper: caused by

movement of mobile ions. The ions in ionic compounds become mobile when the ionic
compounds are molten or in aqueous solution.
2. The migration of ions under the influence of electric field provides evidence that ions exist in those
compounds.

Remarks: 1) Conduction of electricity in solid/electric wire: caused by movement of

electrons
2). Some ions consists of colours.

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DSE Chem Notes Book 1B Unit 7,8 –Ionic bonding and covalent bonding
7.3 Stability and Noble gases
➢ Noble gases are very _stable_(inert)__ and they do not take part (參與) in any chemical reactions.
This is due to the completely _____________ electronic arrangement of noble gases (noble gases
with 8 electrons in their outermost shell are also considered as stable).
Helium has 2 electrons is also stable as the electron shell is full.
➢ Can you give the electronic arrangements for the following noble gases?
Helium _______________ Neon _____________________ Argon ____________________
➢ To get this special stability, atoms tend to form compounds so that they achieve the electronic
arrangement of atoms of the noble gases.
➢ Two common types of chemical bonding (electrostatic attraction): Ionic bonding and Covalent
bonding.
(8 e in the outermost shell: octet rule)

7.4 Ionic bond (好緊要!!!)

A. Which elements form ions?

1. The formation of sodium ion: sodium ion: No.of e-: No. of p:
Sodiu

1. Formation of fluoride ion: fluoride ion: No.of e-: No. of p:

➢ To get a noble gas electronic

A metal atom has few outermost shell electrons (usually 1 to 3).
arrangement (to form ions/ionic compounds), metal tends to lose electrons, until its
outermost shell has 8 electrons, to become positive ions.
e.g.1 For example Mg:
What is the electronic arrangement of Mg? ___________________
What is the no. of outermost shell electrons of Mg? ______________
How many electrons will an Mg atom lose in order to form ion? ___________
Draw electronic diagram for Mg2+ ion:

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DSE Chem Notes Book 1B Unit 7,8 –Ionic bonding and covalent bonding
➢ Similarly, non-metal tends to gain electron in order to form ions. (Group V, VI and VII
elements)
e.g. 2 For example fluorine:
What is the electronic arrangement of F? ___________________
What is the no. of outermost shell electrons of F? ______________
How many electrons will an F atom gain in order to form ion? ___________
Draw electronic diagram for F- ion:

B. What is the relationship(關係) between Group no. of atoms and the charge of
the ion?
e.g. 3 Give electronic arrangement of Li: _________
What is the Group no. of Li atom? _____________
Is Li a metal or non-metal? _______
Will it gain electron or lose electron to form ions? How many? ________________
What is its charge when it becomes ion? _________
4 Give the electronic arrangement of O ___________
What is the Group no. of O atom? _____________
Is O a metal or non-metal? _______
Will it gain electron or lose electron to form ions? How many? _________________
What is its charge when it becomes ion? _________
Complete the following table by asking yourself the above questions in sequence:
Na Mg Al K N O F Cl Li
Group II VII
No.
Charge of +2 -1
the ion
Metal or metal non-metal
non-metal
***From the above table, we can make the following conclusions:
1. In forming ions/ionic compounds:
Metal tends to __________________ electrons, forming positive ions.
Non-metal tends to ________________ electrons, forming negative ions.
2. The charge of the positive ions formed = ____________________ of its
original atom.
3. The charge of the negative ions formed = _____________________ of its
original atom.

4. Elements that can form ions are elements of group ____________________

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DSE Chem Notes Book 1B Unit 7,8 –Ionic bonding and covalent bonding

Q. 2 Write the corresponding chemical formula of the ion formed.

(a) sulphur (b) lithium (c) phosphorus

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DSE Chem Notes Book 1B Unit 7,8 –Ionic bonding and covalent bonding
C. Forming ionic compounds:
Sodium and chlorine atoms will form ions to become more stable:
For sodium atom: releases (loses) one electron For chlorine atom: accepts (gains) one electron:

1. Sodium thus has 11 protons but only 10 electrons. So this particle would carry one net positive
charge and it is a positive ion. (Sodium ion)
2. Chlorine thus has 17 protons but 18 electrons. So this particle now carry one net negative charge and
it is a negative ion. (Chloride ion)
3. When sodium and chlorine react, they would make a transfer of electrons so as to obtain a noble gas
electronic arrangement (complete octet) for both of them:

Electron diagram for sodium chloride:

(The compound formed between sodium
and chlorine)

Electron diagram for sodium chloride:

(Showing the outermost shell
electrons only)

So what is ionic bond?

➢ Ionic Bond is the strong non-directional electrostatic forces of attraction between
positively and negatively charged ions.
➢ An ionic bond is formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom (or
group of atoms) to another. A compound with such bonds is called an
____________________.

REMEMBER!!
➢ Most ionic compounds are compounds formed when metals react with non-metals.
Q 3. Draw electronic diagram for the ionic compound magnesium fluoride, showing e in the outermost shell only

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DSE Chem Notes Book 1B Unit 7,8 –Ionic bonding and covalent bonding
D. Ionic formula and Names of Ionic compound
Ionic formula of a compound shows the ratio of ions present in that compound.
Step in writing a CORRECT formula for ionic compounds:
1. Find out the formulae of the cation and anion.
e.g. For sodium oxide, sodium ion is ______ and oxide ion is _______.
2. Find out the simplest ratio of cation: anion such that the NET CHARGE IS ZERO.
e.g. Sodium ion carries one positive charge while oxide ion carries two negative charges. Thus the
correct and simplest ratio of sodium ion: oxide ion should be ______:______because
( =0)
3. Then write the formula.

A. Simple ions: (背!!)

1. Cation:
Name of cation= ‘name of metal’ + ion
Charge Formula Name colour in solution
Na+ Sodium ion
+1 Potassium ion colourless
Silver ion
**Hydrogen ion
Mg2+ Magnesium ion
Ca2+ Calcium ion colourless
Lead(II) ion
Iron(II) ion
+2 Cobalt (II) ion
Nickel(II) ion
Copper(II) ion
Zinc ion colourless
3+
Al Aluminium ion
+3 Iron(III) ion
Cr3+ Chromium(III) ion green
2. Anions
Name of anion: name of non-metal: the last few letters => ‘ide’
Charge Formula Name colour in solution
-
Cl Chloride ion
-1 -
Br Bromide ion
Iodide ion
2- colourless
-2 O Oxide ion
Sulphide ion
-3 P3- Phosphide ion
**hydrogen is a non-metal

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DSE Chem Notes Book 1B Unit 7,8 –Ionic bonding and covalent bonding
Q. 4
1. Write the chemical formula of the following ionic compounds:
a) Potassium bromide b) Calcium chloride
c) Iron(II) oxide d) Lead(II) sulphide
e) Iron(III) oxide

2. Name the following compounds:

a) KF
b) Al2O3
c) CuCl2
d) FeO

3. Write the chemical formula and draw the electron diagram (show the outermost electron shell only) of each of the
following compound:
a) Potassium fluoride b) Beryllium chloride

4. Write the chemical formula and draw the electron diagram (show the outermost electron shell only) of the following
compounds:
a) Lithium oxide b) Calcium sulphide

c) sodium bromide d) aluminium oxide

e) calcium nitride

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DSE Chem Notes Book 1B Unit 7,8 –Ionic bonding and covalent bonding

B. (背) Polyatomic ions: They are almost anions, mostly they have colours
You should also remember the colour and special names!
Charge of ion Formula Name Colour in solution
Hydroxide ion
Nitrate ion
Nitrite ion colourless
-1 Hydrogencarbonate ion
Hydrogensulphate ion
Permanganate ion
Sulphate ion
Sulphite ion colourless
-2 Carbonate ion
Chromate ion
Dichromate ion
-3 Phosphate ion colourless
The only +ve polyatomic ion:
+1 Ammonium ion Colourless
Write the formula of compounds consisting polyatomic ions:
1. Remember that bracket is only used when a polyatomic ion appears more than once.
e.g. Formula of calcium nitrate: ______________________.
2. In naming the ionic compound, the positive ion is named first, followed by the negative ion.

Exercise: Q 5 Complete the following table:

Name of compound Chemical formula Colour of compound in solution
Sodium hydroxide
Potassium nitrate
Potassium permanganate
Calcium nitrite
Potassium dichromate
Sodium carbonate
Potassium hydrogencarbonate
Potassium sulphate
Magnesium sulphite
KOH
Ca(NO3)2
MgSO4
Be(OH)2
NaNO3

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DSE Chem Notes Book 1B Unit 7,8 –Ionic bonding and covalent bonding

8.1 Covalent Bond (好緊要!!!)

A. What are molecules?

1. A molecule consists of neutral atoms. They do not contain any ions.
2. Molecules exist in some non-metal elements and some compounds. They DO NOT conduct
electricity. Why? _____________________________________.

A water molecule consists of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom. Chlorine exists as diatomic molecules.

3. Molecules are made up of non-metals only.

4. A molecule is stable. It can exist on its own under ordinary conditions.

5. Atoms of non-metals can be strongly attracted together by covalent bond.

What is covalent bond?
(i) When two non-metal atoms combine, there is NO electron transfer.
(ii) So, each atom achieves a noble gas electronic arrangement by SHARING ITS
OUTERMOST SHELL ELECTRONS with the other atoms.
(iii) Covalent bond is the strong directional electrostatic attraction between shared
electrons and the two positively charged nuclei of the bonded atoms.
B. Formation of molecules
1. Most non-metal atoms (except noble gas) can get the electronic arrangement of noble gas by sharing
electrons to form a diatomic molecule.
e.g. Each hydrogen atom need two electrons to achieve the noble gas electronic arrangement (i.e. He).
The stable electronic configuration is achieved by ___________ 2 outermost shell electrons.

Hydrogen molecule:

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DSE Chem Notes Book 1B Unit 7,8 –Ionic bonding and covalent bonding
(i). Hydrogen molecules consists of ______________ hydrogen atoms bonded together by 2
electrons. The 2 electrons are called one pair of electron.
(ii) It is called a single covalent bond / bond pair.

2. Oxygen molecule consists of 2 oxygen atoms bonded together.

The 2 oxygen atoms are bonded by a __________ covalent bond / double bond.
Oxygen molecule Nitrogen molecule

(showing the outermost shell electrons only)

Nitrogen molecule consists of 2 oxygen atoms bonded together. The 2 atoms are bonded by ________
covalent bond / triple bond.

C. W. Draw the electron diagram (showing the outermost shell electrons only) representing a
(a) fluorine molecule; (b) chlorine molecule

C. Covalent compounds and substances (Also see appendix)

3. Covalent bonds can also be found in compounds of non-metals (covalent compounds).
4. During covalent bond formation: for each atom:
the number of electrons for sharing= the number of additional electrons it needs
to get the nearest noble gas electronic arrangement
Here are some examples:
e.g. In covalent compounds:
F: (Group _____) need to share _________ electrons
O: (Group _____) need to share _________ electrons
C: (Group _____) need to share _________ electrons
H: (Group _____) need to share _________ electrons
S: (Group _____) need to share _________ electrons

5. Examples of covalent compounds:

Hydrogen chloride (HCl) Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Ammonia (NH3) Tetrachloromethane (CCl4)

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DSE Chem Notes Book 1B Unit 7,8 –Ionic bonding and covalent bonding
C.W. Draw the electron diagram (show the outermost shell electrons only) and write their chemical
formula of the following compounds formed between
a) Hydrogen and oxygen b) phosphorus and chlorine

c) fluorine and hydrogen d) sulphur and chlorine

What are covalent substances?

A covalent substance is a non-ionic substance in which the atoms are held together by covalent bonds.

C.W.
a). Draw an electron diagram (showing the outermost shell only) for a molecule of the compound formed
between nitrogen and chlorine.

b). How many bond pair and lone pair in the molecule that you have drawn in (a)?

c). Give the (i) molecular formula and (ii) structural formula of the molecule in (a).

D. Prediction of formulae for covalent compounds

e.g. Predict the molecular formula for the compound formed between phosphorus and hydrogen.
Solution:
Each H atom will contribute 1 electron for sharing.
Phosphorus belongs to Group V. Each P atom has to give (8 - 5) =3 electrons for sharing.
So, we need 3 H atoms bonded together with 1 P atom.
Formula: PH3

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DSE Chem Notes Book 1B Unit 7,8 –Ionic bonding and covalent bonding

Appendix: Formation of some covalent compounds

C.W. Predict the molecular formula of the following compounds:

a) Hydrogen sulphide
b) Silicon chloride
c) Tetrachloromethane (compound of carbon and chlorine)

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DSE Chem Notes Book 1B Unit 7,8 –Ionic bonding and covalent bonding

8.2 All metal elements:Metallic bond（金屬鍵）

➢ A metal consist of atoms packed closely together regularly to form a giant structure.
➢ Since the outer shell electrons in a metal atom is far away from the nucleus, it will escape easily to
become _________________. The delocalized electrons will move freely and randomly（無規律地）
in the piece of metal, leaving the positive metal ions.
➢ Since there is attractions between the electrons (negatively charged) and the positive metal ions, this
strong attraction is called metallic bond 金屬鍵 (non-directional). These only exists in metal
elements.

C.W

Q.1) Aluminium has 13 electrons.

(a) State its electronic arrangement.

(b) How many delocalized electrons does each aluminium atom in the metal contribute?

(c) Explain the formation of metallic bonding referred to the aluminium atoms.

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DSE Chem Notes Book 1B Unit 7,8 –Ionic bonding and covalent bonding
8.3 Dative covalent bond

e.g.

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DSE Chem Notes Book 1B Unit 7,8 –Ionic bonding and covalent bonding
Appendix:

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DSE Chem Notes Book 1B Unit 7,8 –Ionic bonding and covalent bonding
Exercise:
1) The diagrams below show part of the structures of two substances X and Y at room temperature.

X Y

(a) X is a form of carbon. State the type of structure in X?

(b) State TWO physical properties of X.

(c) Suggest ONE daily use of X.

(d) Y is sodium chloride. Write a chemical formula and draw an electron diagram of Y (showing only the
outermost shell electrons).

(e) A student connected each sample of X and Y to an electrical circuit with a battery and a light bulb
respectively. Explain what happened to both circuits.

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