PSSR - Module 2

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES
• Slips, trips, falls due to slippery surfaces

• Head Injuries
• Falls from a height
• Clothing, fingers, etc caught in moving machinery
• Burns
• Eye injuries
• Hazards of extreme weather

Red
Prohibition
Blue
Mandatory
Yellow
Warning
Green Safe

• Helmet
• Goggles
• Gloves
• Ear protection
• Safety shoes

• Dust mask and respirators
• Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)
• Protective clothing
• Chemical suit
• Winter suit
• Proximity suit

• Fire hoses, nozzles,
hydrants and fire main
• Portable fire extinguishers
• Fire axe
• Fire-detecting system
• Fixed extinguishing system

• Lifejacket
• Lifebuoy
• Liferaft
• Lifeboat
• Line-throwing apparatus
• TPA and immersion suit
• EPIRB and SART

• Resuscitator
• Stretcher
• Medicines
• Medical equipment

• Absorbent pads
• Absorbent rolls
• Chemical dispersant
• Sawdust, brooms, dust pans, shovels and
barrels

Spaces where the ventilation is not kept running on a
round the clock basis
• Forepeak tank • Duct keel

• Chain lockers • After peak tank
• Cofferdams • Bunker tank
• Topside tank • Cargo tank
• Ballast tank

• Presence of hydrocarbon gas
• Presence of toxic gas
• Deficiency in oxygen

• Ingress of inert gas • Flooding with CO2 to fight
a fire
• Rusting
• Welding and gas cutting
• Paint drying
without proper ventilation
• Hydrogen
• Running an internal
• Electrical cleaning fluids combustion engine in a
confined space
• Solvents/emulsifiers
• Decay of organic matter,
• Refrigerants
e.g. Vegetables, grain,
• Burning fruits, etc..

 General
 Location/name of enclosed space ………………………………………..
 Reason for entry ………………………………………………………………..
 This permit is valid from..………………. hrs Date…………………….
to……………………. hrs Date…………………….
(* See Note 1)
 Section 1 – Pre-entry Preparations
(To be checked by the master or responsible officer)
 Has the space been segregated by blanking off or

isolating all connecting pipelines? ……………………………..
 Have valves on all pipelines serving the space been
secured to prevent their accidental opening? ……………………………..
 Has the space been thoroughly ventilated? ………………………………
 Pre-entry atmosphere test reading: (See Note 2)
Oxygen……………………… % vol (21 %)
Hydrocarbon…………………. % LFL (Less than 1%)
Toxic Gases…………………. pm (specify gas & PEL) See Note 3)
 Have arrangements been made for frequent atmosphere
checks to be made while the space is occupied and after
work breaks? ………………………………
 Have arrangements been made for the space to be
continuously ventilated through the period of
occupation and during work breaks? ………………………………
 Is adequate illumination provided? ……………………………..
 Is rescue and resuscitation equipment available for
immediate use at the entrance to the space ………………………………
 Has the Officer of the Watch (bridge, engine-room,
cargo control room) been advised of the planned entry? ………………………………
 Has a system of communication between the person at
the entrance and those entering the space been agreed
and tested? ………………………………
 Are emergency and evacuation procedures established
and understood ………………………………
PERSONAL ………………………………
 Is there a system for recording who is in the space? SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES
 Is all equipment used of an approved type? ………………………………
The tolerable concentration of
toxic vapor that a man can
acquire without adverse effect
expressed in PPM per TWA
(Time Weighted Average is the
allowable duration of exposure
to TLV that is 8 hrs/day of 40
hrs/week

• A specialized agency of the
United Nation on Maritime
Affairs.
• Former Name : International
Maritime Consultative
Organization (IMCO ) until 1982.
• Established on march 17,1948
through convention
• Entered into force in 1958

 January 1959- IMO assumed
responsibility on safety and
prevention of pollution from
ships
 Composed of an Assembly,
Council, & Sub-committees,
headed by a Secretary
General with about 170
member states and 3
associates member.

Purpose
• To promote cooperation of the regulation and practice
the highest standards of safety and navigation
• The prevention and control of the marine environment
Function
• Develop treaties and other legislations concerning safety
and pollution prevention
• Keep legislation up to date and ratified by the majority of
the member states
• Ensure that convention and treaties are properly
implemented PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES
• Minimum standards for the safe
construction of ships
• Basic safety equipments to be
carried on board ,
• Contained operational
instructions on emergency
procedures
• Provides regular surveys, issue
of certificate of compliance
• The Convention in force today
is sometimes referred to as
SOLAS, 1974, as amended and
entered into force in 1980
International Convention for
the Prevention of Pollution
from Ships
• Adopted 1973 and modified
by the Protocol 1978
• Implemented in 1983
• 7 Annexes

International Convention on
Standards of Training,
Certification and Watchkeeping
for Seafarers,1978.
An agreement among maritime
nations to establish a common
standards of training,
certification and watchkeeping
for seafarers

Amendments
• STCW Code ’95 (
Seafarer’s Training,
Certification and
Watchkeeping Code )
• STCW 2010 – The Manila

Amendments

Safety at sea and for seafarers
SOLAS MARPOL STCW MLC 2006
MLC 2006 as the 4th pillar in the international maritime regulation

The International
Management code for the
safe operation of ships and
pollution prevention
Objective:
• Prevention of human
injury and loss of life
• Damage to ship and
property
• Protection of marine
environment
COMMUNICATION
The process of transmitting information from one

person to another (or more) in a certain situation/
place

Basic Elements of Communication
Sender – the author of any idea Receiver – the recipient of any idea
relayed or delivered to the receiver. relayed or delivered by the sender.

Basic modes of transmissions:
One way – no immediate feedback from the receiver
Two way – group involvement

Verbal- communication using words.
Non verbal –communications that do not use words.
Iconic – communication using pictures and diagrams.

VERBAL NON-VERBAL ICONIC
Reading Body language Signs
Spoken (any Sounds Pictures
communication
using words)
Gestures Diagrams
Facial Figures
expressions
Photographs

Crew on ships come from different nations and they are
bound by their unique culture. Some do not have a
good command of English language while others cannot
understand nor speak.

An interface, which has limiting effect on the transfer of
knowledge, which in turn frustrates understanding and
receipt of knowledge

• English or Maritime Vocabulary
is expected as “seafarers
international language,”
• Body language and iconic are
more powerful than any verbal
communication on ships.

The Importance of Language and Vocabulary
The usage of Maritime English

is to understand charts ,
publication, meteorology etc..
GMDSS for safety , Distress ,
Urgency, Port State Control,
Authorities etc…

. DISTRESS ALERT:
“Mayday” 3X
There is serious
and immediate danger”.
. URGENCY MESSAGE:
“PanPan” 3X
There is serious danger!”
. SAFETY MESSAGE:
“Security” 3X
“Imminent risk for navigation”.
. ROUTINE MESSAGE:
“All Stations” 3X
“… to ensure safe navigation”.

List of Barriers
Transmitter’s conceptualization stage – based on

the sender’s concept, which may not be understood by
the receiver.
Transmitter’s capability – sender not capable of
sending clear message.
Mode of transmission – mode not designed for the
specific receiver.
Media transmission – used to transmit does not fit
with the specific message

List of Barriers
Receiver’s capability – receiver not capable of

interpreting the message. He may not be familiar of
the language used.
Receiver’s understanding of the concept - does
not match with the sender.
Feedback stage – the response on the message is
different from the expectation of the sender
Receipt of the feedback by the transmitter – the
sender or transmitter received a wrong or different
response from the message.

• Always be concise and less ambiguous.
• Use fixed format.
• Speak slower than in normal conversation.
• Speak more slowly if the receiver is writing down your
message.
• Maintain a constant voice level.
• Pronounce each word clearly
In communication the choice of words to be used are

important and remember that words are symbol of thought.

 Sender must be capable of speaking, writing, acting,
drawing and use of available sound signal equipment
effectively. In the process, listening is the responsibility
of the receiver.
 Hearing and listening share the same meaning, but
both words differs. hearing refers to the act of
perceiving sound, listening is paying attention to hear.

The Barriers of Listening
• Human are capable of speaking at the rate of 150

words per minute,
• Can listen at about 1000 wpm.
• This result in idle time of 850 wpm that makes the
mind wander.

• Can affect safety of life, property and the environment.
• Ruins the entire operation of the ship.
• Appropriate communication is much needed to preserve
life including properties and environment.
• The proper communication, one speaks and the other
listens.
• Causes human problems especially human relations.
• Leads to arguments and debates resulting trouble and
misunderstanding among the parties.

• To avoid such problem we must have thorough
understanding in communication process.
• It shall be a misconduct if the thought or idea is
unobserved even unintentionally.
• Whatever information transmitted should be 100%
received.
• Causes stress, loss of time, loss of resources and even
ship’s profitability

Effective communication creates the atmosphere
conducive to safe working, happy living and sociable
relationship among fellow shipmates
Habits, values and attitudes can also be modified by

effective communication and knowing the basics of
interpersonal relationships, learning skills and team
skills

Good relationships make the life of all seafarers more
comfortable, healthy and less prone to accident.
Human Relation
The development of a productive, and satisfying
group effort.
The art of getting favorably with one another.

• It affects all of us day in and
day out.
• Concerns everyone in all
phases of business.
• Everyone has definite human
relations responsibilities.
• You cannot ignore it. You
cannot shake it off. You
cannot postpone it.

• Treat people as individuals
• Make Best Use of Each Worker’s Abilities
• Provide for Job Satisfaction
• Plan and Work Together

• Policies of the company must be clearly
understood
• Function of shipboard management must be
properly implemented
• Clarity of responsibilities must be clearly
defined .
• Structure and flow of authority must be
understood

MASTER
Captain
Bridge
Chief Engineer
Chief Engineer
Chief Mate Staff Captain
Deck Department
Hotel Manager
Hotel Department
Engine DepartmentChief cook
2nd Mate Safety Officer

2nd Engineer
Chief Purser Staff Engineer 2nd cook
3rd Mate Chief Security 3rd FEngineer

& B manager Chief Electrician Messman
Bosun Fitter
Housekeeping Chief Electronics
Chief Fire Patrol
Manager Officer
Able bodied Oiler
Ordinary
seaman Wiper
Captain
Bridge
Chief Engineer
Staff Captain Hotel Manager
Engine Department
Deck Department Hotel Department
Safety Officer
Chief Purser Staff Engineer
Chief Security F & B manager Chief Electrician
Housekeeping Chief Electronics

Chief Fire Patrol
Manager Officer

The shipboard operation is teamwork and its
effectiveness depends on the team members.
Team helps in better decision making

Team goals
A common set of plans, aims or objectives of any
organization in which all group members should
achieve to ensure success.

Role of individual
members - set of rules
performed by all members ,
may promote unity
Need of cohesiveness –
the need for unity, oneness
or cooperation of every
member in order to
materialize all goals and
objectives set.

1. Distortion to aims – aims/goals are distorted
because crew cannot acquire a common goal.
2. Inflexible behavior of members – crew cannot
come up with the group.
3. Groupism – also known as “regionalism” which
creates factions among members.
4. Status/ego problem – egoistic person , usually
authoritative and aggressive in emphasizing their ideas.

5. Hidden agenda – performing or planning an
activity without the knowledge of the immediate
superior or concern personnel.
6 Communication problem – conflicts among the
crew creates “communication gap.
7 Physical or environmental problem – known
as the “natural deterrents”
8 Handling of grievances or counseling –
grievance committee members should handle
matter with extra care to avoid bias.

A product of teambuilding such as sharing ideas,
cooperating, being open and supporting one
another.

Onboard the vessel, life can be full of risk.
Cooperation among crewmembers is badly needed.
Teamwork is encourage because it is essential onboard

such as:
• The shipping company comprises a number of small

mobile industrial units (the ship) which may at any
particular moment be distributed over large distances
throughout the world

• When making a voyage, the ship can undergo
considerable climatic changes, which may adversely
affect personnel
• Ships are operational for 24 hours each day, and the
crew must be organized in regulated shift system,
such
• That the people on board are well rested and fit for
duty at all times
• The personnel on the ship must be organized to
operate the ship safely and effectively with numerous
operations being performed simultaneously

• Individual needs food, medicine,
wages
• Ship needs Maintenance
• Company needs loyalty and
commitment of workers;
• Social need (life onboard is boring,
lonesome, tiresome and full of
pressures)

Everyone should respect
each other’s individuality,
value, culture and
purpose of work.
Open communication -enhances Inter-personal Relationship

Shipboard environment demands better Inter-Personal
Relationship from seafarers while on duty or off-duty

• Introducing and understanding each other
• Commitment of senior officers
• Valuing of individual differences rather than
maximizing weakness
• Fairness in dealing with personnel
• True appraisals and reporting
• Discipline

A written agreement
between two parties
(employer and the
employee) which contains
the rights and obligations of
the seafarer and their
agreed conditions.

• Site of Employment - Name and Flag of Vessel.
• Duration of Contract
• Position / Rank
• Basic Salary / Wage
• Regular Working Hours
• Rest Day
• Overtime Pay

• Vacation/Leave Pay
• Board & Lodging for Land based OFW’s
• Fringe Benefits ( e.g.duty free)
• Medical Benefits
• Mode of Termination
• Validity of Contract
• Probation Period

• Prompt payment of wages
• Leave pay
• Compensation in case of ship sold, etc.
• Seafarers to comply national and international
requirements on license, training certificates, etc.

Each crew has a social responsibility to ship, himself,
his colleagues, to the company and the environment
• Right to convictions – the right on what he believes in

(principles).
• Right to express his convictions – right to express
orally, in writing or action to this convictions.
• Right to request of another as long as has the right to
say “NO.”
• Right to clarify communications to enhance inter-
personal relationships.
The seafarers’ obligation towards his employer is to
comply with the requirements and abide with company
policy.

The Shipping Company
Shipping is a commercial
entity and profit making is
a part of the operation.
Employees must discharge

his duties sincerely to the
fullest of his capabilities.

Three Elements of Shipping Operation
Company
Individual
Government

There is dignity in labor.
We must understand that
there are responsibilities
towards:
Obedience, respect, discipline

and following orders of
superiors.
Responsibilities of The Crew
 Abide the company policies as laid down in safety

manuals and the rules and regulations governing flag
state requirements and other mandatory legislations.
 Adhere to safety and environment protection policy at
all times
 Assist fellow seamen in distress, the search and rescue
operations and oil pollution mitigation operations.

National and international legislation against use,
possession of drugs. Punishment depends on the law
where the act is committed, e.g.
 Norway – 15 years imprisonment
 U.S.A. – long term imprisonment
 Saudi Arabia – beheading
 Singapore , Malaysia China– death penalty

Government issues and circulars – POEA
memorandum circulars.
Warnings or reminders
to the shipping industry
on dangers of drug
smuggling and
contraband

Affects the human brain and other nerves. Effect may
be:
• Cirrhosis of the liver
• Blindness
• Heart illness/disease
• Poor memory retention
• Erectile dysfunction
No strong evidence that alcohol provides heat to the

body in cold climates
Dangers of Drugs and Alcohol Abuse
Dangers of getting involve in drug

trafficking/smuggling
• termination/dismissal from sea service
• death penalty/imprisonment
Company’s drug and alcohol policy

• may result to danger onboard
• loss of job and worse loss of life.
Narcotics and contraband search

• impose heavy punishment on those found
guilty about crime on drugs.

Methods of Detecting Drugs/Alcohol
Port state, flag state and other

authorities have several
methods on detecting
drugs/alcohol consumed.
• Breathing test
• Blood test
• Use of “canine dog”
• Urine test

• Prevents commission of unsafe
acts that may lead to human
error.
• Preserves one’s fitness and

healthy condition
• Enhances one’s mental alertness

and physical agility
• Provides time to recover from

strenuous work
 The 2010 STCW Convention has adopted the 2006
Maritime Labor Convention (MLC) work and rest hour
requirements for seafarers
 Section A-VIII/1, Chapter III of the STCW Code
A minimum of 10 hours of rest in any 24-hour period

 77 hours in any 7-day period

From January 2012, seafarers will
need to review and sign a record
of their work/rest hours at least
once a month, to ensure
compliance with minimum rest
hours as stipulated.

Regulation Work/Rest Work Rest No & Length of Schedule Records
in 24 hrs in 7 days Rest Periods
STCW 10 hrs rest. 70 hours Not more than Sets out

This may be rest two periods of hours of
reduced to 6 (equates rest, one of work for
hours for not to 98 hrs which must be watch
more than 2 work) at least 6 keepers
days hours
ILO 180 14 hrs of 72 hrs Not more than Specific Daily hours
Guidelines work work two periods of format records to
Or Or rest, one of table for be
10 hours of 77 hrs rest which to be 6 every maintained
rest hrs. Interval position. to specific
between rest Actual format
periods not to times for at
exceed 14 hrs sea and in
port

• A biological clock or body
clock
• It affects the body

temperature, alertness,
appetite, hormone
secretion, as well as sleep
timing.
• The rhythm is built-in, and

are adjusted to the local
environment and by
external cues like daylight.

• Can wake up in time and fall asleep at night in time
to get enough sleep
• Can sleep and wake up at the same time every day
• Can advance sleep phase by about one hour each
day

• Non-24 hour sleep-wake
syndrome
• Unable to sleep and wake

up at socially preferred
times.

• Unable to lift a heavy box or
walk as far as you could
• Experience decline in
performance or impair the
ability to perform
• Fall asleep, react very slowly

or be inattentive

• Affect one’s judgment,
productivity, work efficiency
and quality
• Increase risks to the

individual, the crew, the ship
and its cargo
• Incur safety problems that

can lead to serious
occupational accidents

• Difficulty in falling asleep or
sleep soundly and eventually
suffer sleep deprivation
• Build up a stressful condition
• Addiction to alcohol and drugs
• Disruptive thinking and behavior

• Exertion of extra effort or
difficulty in maintaining
balance
• Medical and mental health
problems
• Anxiety and depression

• Can lead to accidents
• Long hours of work may lead to insufficient
recuperative rest
• Reduces the individual well-being
• Increases the risk of acute illnesses and life-
threatening chronic diseases
• Reduced performance may lead to ill-health and
reduce life-span among seafarers

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PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

• Slips, trips, falls due to slippery surfaces

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

• Forepeak tank • Duct keel

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

 Has the space been segregated by blanking off or

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

• STCW 2010 – The Manila

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

SOLAS MARPOL STCW MLC 2006

MLC 2006 as the 4th pillar in the international maritime regulation

The process of transmitting information from one

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

One way – no immediate feedback from the receiver

Two way – group involvement

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

Non verbal –communications that do not use words.

Iconic – communication using pictures and diagrams.

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

The usage of Maritime English

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

Transmitter’s conceptualization stage – based on

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

Receiver’s capability – receiver not capable of

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

In communication the choice of words to be used are

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

• Human are capable of speaking at the rate of 150

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

Habits, values and attitudes can also be modified by

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

2nd Mate Safety Officer

3rd Mate Chief Security 3rd FEngineer

Able bodied Oiler

Chief Security F & B manager Chief Electrician

Housekeeping Chief Electronics

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES