Direction system

1. General:

1.1. Parameters
 1.2. Necessity

Now it is necessary for our direction system to comply with the following requirements:
 Smoothness: the force required to turn the steering wheel should not be excessive.

 Precision: this must present a quick response to avoid obstacles.

 Comfort: damping the forces acting on the wheels but taking care that the driver
does not lose the feeling of contact with the road.

 Safety: cause the least amount of damage possible to the driver in collision event.

MECHANICAL STEERING:

Mechanical steering is the one that only uses the effort generated by the driver on the
steering wheel, in order to direct the steering wheels on the vehicle. The mechanical
steering uses different types of transmission ratio in order to reduce the effort generated by
the driver on the steering wheel, be it rack and pinion, or end box with its different variants

The mechanical steering is the simplest in its construction and the most economical, but
this at the same time requires a greater effort. It does not have any type of help, and it is the
one that demands a lot from us when we are stopped and want to turn the wheels.

Mechanics are applied in activities due to their precision and speed of response, require a
movement without intermediation and direct, as it is when we talk about race cars. And it is
also applied in high-production cars with the need to lower costs. The detail of the cars with
mechanical steering is that the driver requires a greater effort to be able to direct the tires
towards the desired place, so a very high connection with the road is also felt, therefore the
sensation provided by the contact of the tires with the track, it feels more than the assisted. 
 Advantages Disadvantages

Greater feedback between the driver and the Requirement of greater force by the driver.
asphalt.

HYDRAULIC ASSISTED STEERING:

Nowadays, thanks to safety and technology inside a vehicle, tires with a greater contact
section or greater tread width or even the use of lower inflation pressures have been
implemented. A power steering motor can be operatively connected to the steer wheels to
be steered. In addition, this system helps make maneuvers easier as considerably less force
is used at the steering wheel to steer the steer wheels smoothly as opposed to the
mechanical steering system.

In vehicles, steering assistance is used in order not to lose sensitivity and precision, being
of great help to the driver when carrying out any maneuver to also allow a reduction in
rotation speeds and thus gain precision and sensitivity in the driving.

This system is composed of a drive pinion that is driven by the steering wheel, the drive
pinion moves a rack as it normally works in a rack and pinion type direction. This system
consists of a rack that joins a main cylindrical conduit through which the fluid conducts
from a piston that is inside the cylinder until it reaches a pressure distribution valve giving
assistance as it moves the rack to where it intends driver. The fluid is received by a positive
displacement pump generating a high pressure, which is controlled by a discharge valve.
 Advantages Disadvantages

Allows the driver to steer the It can be more expensive because it has more
vehicle's wheels more lightly. components than a mechanical system.
Greater comfort when driving the Possible additional costs for maintenance and
vehicle. replacement of the assist fluid

ELECTRONIC ASSISTED STEERING:

Characteristics:

Hydraulic elements of hydraulic power steering are omitted, such as the servo-assistance oil
pump, pipes and oil tanks, this reduces the amount of space required, since the assistance
devices are already installed in the electronic system and act directly on the box, energy
consumption is reduced, since it is not necessary to have a permanent volumetric flow as in
hydraulics and only the steering system is activated when it is being used (turning at the
wheel), this reduces the cost of electrical potential and consequently that of fuel.

It is limited by the size and power of the motor, the greater the assistance generated by the
system must be, the greater the effort, therefore a larger size is required in the motor.
 Advantages Disadvantages

Regulates firmness according to speed. Less feedback, as if there is no real

connection between the tires and the
steering wheel.

Less space required considering that it is Limitation versus electric motor size.
assisted.

Lower fuel consumption.

Decision of the type of system to use:

The main differences that exist between the three basic types of steering are the necessary
torque that must be applied to the steering wheel by the driver and the feedback that the
tires provide next to the terrain towards it.
Products and prices:

 Direction angle sensor:

172,34 Euros
 Steering damper:

35.34 Euros
 Steering wheel:
81.75 Euros
 Steering gear:

Item Unit Unit price Costs

s
 Direction angle 1 172,34 Euros 172,34 Euros
sensor.

Steering damper. 1 35.34 Euros 35.34 Euros

Steering wheel. 1 81.75 Euros 81.75 Euros

Steering gear 1 $430.000 (pesos $430.000 (pesos

colombianos) colombianos)

Mechanism

2.1. Condition of Ackerman

The Ackerman condition is essential for the curve layout that best suits the driver's choice
from to the steering wheel, which shows that the steering angle of the inner wheel must be
greater since the turning radius is smaller and it must travel the same distance as the outer
wheel.

D is the instantaneous center of rotation, where the lines perpendicular to the wheels
coincide.
 2.2. Ackerman straight line

By placing several torques that meet the Ackerman condition, it can be verified that they
coincide on the same line.

The reason or the rear wheel matches the inner spinning wheel is due to the Ackerman
condition explanation. This condition becomes a problem for the mechanism since it must
be ensured that one of the wheels turns more than the other in such a way that said
condition is met.
2.3. Jeantaud's Trapeze or Articulated Trapeze:

The most suitable solution for the above problem is the Jeantaud trapezoid system or
articulated trapezoid, basically it is an articulated trapezoidal quadrilateral and symmetrical
with respect to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle, this is built according to the
measurements of the vehicle.

The reason why it is not a simple articulated trapezoid is that with this mechanism the
wheels will have the same angle of rotation which would make them parallel and clearly
this does not allow the Ackerman condition to be fulfilled.