Bdpw ]pgbpw Bephmbpw

Dr. \mcmbW³ `«Xncn PhD

Senior Research Fellow
International School of Dravidian Linguistics

""tIcf¯n F{X \ZnIfp−v?'' F¶Xp ]et¸mgpw tNmZn¡s¸SmdpÅ Hê ækrXntNmZyamé. D¯cambn

HtcItZi IWç ]dbpt¼mgmé AXnse ækrXn shfnhmæ¶Xp: ""tIcf¯n Hê \ZntbbpÅp;

_m¡nsbÃmw BdpIfpw ]pgIfpamé'' F¶ Xnê¯eneqsS. CXp icnbmWsÃm Fì \mw

At¸mgmtemNnçsa¦nepw, A[nIw XmaknbmsX AXp adçIbpw sN¿pw. icnbmé, tIcf¯nÂ,

]¼sb am{Xsa \mw km[mcW \Zn Fì ]dbmdpÅp, {]tXyIn¨pw ]pWy\Znsbì. (`mcX¸pgsb

IhnXmabambn \nfm\Zn Fì ]dbmdps−¦nepw, km[mcWbmbn A§ns\ hntijn¸n¡mdnÃ; I_\o\Zn

Ingt¡m«msWmgpæ¶Xpv.) am{XaÃ, Nnehsb \mw Bsdìw ]pgsbìw ]dbp−v; DZmlcWambn,

s]cnbmÀ Bephm¸pgbpamæì. iÐXmcmhenbnÂ, Bsd¶m \Zn, AXmbXp Hgpæ¶ shÅw;

]pgsb¶m Bdpv, sNdnb \Zn; \Znsb¶m Bdpv, ]pg Fs¶Ãmw AÀ°§Ä \ÂInbn«p−v. IqSmsX,

\Zw F¶m henb Bsdìw, Ingt¡ms«mgpæ¶Xp \Znsbìw ]Snªmtdms«mgpæ¶Xp Bsdìw

kqNn¸nçì. At\I\oÀ¨mepIfpsS taf\amb \Zn, ]et¸mgpw hnip²nbpsS {]XoIamsWì

AJnehvÚm\tImiw ]dªpXêìs−¦nepw, Bdp, ]pg F¶nhsbs´ì {]tXyIn¨p ]dbp¶nÃ.

D¯ctIcf¯n \ZnIsf ]pgsbìw Z£nWtIcf¯n Bsdìw hnfnç¶Xmbn ]dbs¸Spì−v. CXp

icnbÃ, Fs´¶mÂ, D¯ctIcf¯nse Nmenbmdns\ t_¸qÀ]pg Fìw ]dbpì; `mcX¸pgsb

t]cmsdìw ]dbpasÃm. ta¸dªhbnÂ\nìw, Cu ]Z§Ä X½nepÅ hyXymkw F´msWì
\ap¡dnbnsÃì am{XaÃ, Hê ækrXntNmZy¯nëa¸pdw, F´psIm−mé tIcf¯n BdpIfpw ]pgIfpw
DÅsXìw, Cu t]êIfpsS ASnØm\sas´ìw \mw BtemNn¡mdnsöXpw hyàamé. ]s£, Cu
]Z§fpw Aë_Ôamb Nne Øe\ma§fpw aebmf`mjm {kãm¡fpsS

ssPhþ{]IrXnþ`mjmimkv{X]camb Adnhnsâ D¯tamZmlcW§fmé. CsX§s\sbì t\m¡mw.

a®pXn¶ I®sâ hmbneqsS AhsâbpÅn _mly{]]©w apgph³ btimZ I−p F¶ ]pcmWIY

FÃm aëjyêtSbpapÅn Cu {]]©aps−ìw Hmtcm aëjyëw Ncnç¶ Hê

kq£va{]]©amsWìapÅ kn²m´¯nsâ {]Xn^e\amé. _mly{]]©¯nepÅ ]r°zn, A¸v,

tXPÊv, hmbp, BImiw F¶o ]©`qX§fmemé aëjyicochpw krãn¡s¸«pÅsX¶ BbpÀthZ

{]amWw Cu k¦Â¸¯në AëtbmPyamæì. hntij§fpw kuJyhpw At\zjns¨gpXp¶ I¯nsâ

ASnbnÂ, ""AhnSps¯ t]mse Xs¶ ChnsSbpw'' Fs¶gpXmdp−mbnê¶ B]vXhmIyw ]gb aebmfnípw

Cu k¦Â¸ap−mbnêì F¶Xnsâ Hê kqN\bmsW¶q IêXmw. CXn AXnibs¸Sm\nÃ;
Fs´¶mÂ, Fìv, F§ns\ ChnsSsb¯n Fì IrXyambn ]dbm³ Ignbm¯ BbpÀthZhnÚm\w,
aebmf\m«nemtWähpw thtcmSnbn«pÅXpv. AtimIN{IhÀ¯nbpsS Ime¯p BbpÀthZNnInÕ
\S¸m¡nbnêì Fì ]dbp¶ Øe§fpsS Iq«¯n tIcf]p{XêsS \mSpw D−mbnê¶Xmbn 250 _n.

knbnse KnÀWmÀ inemimk\§fn Iméìs−¶Xp Cu ]gasb Nq−n¡mWnçì. (tUm. cmLh

hmcyÀ, Fw. BÀ. KnÀWmÀ ]mTw. AtimIsâ [À½imk\§Ä. `mjmC³Ìnä}«v. Xnêh\´]pcw. 1979).

]©`qX§fn Gähpw BZyt¯Xp AZnXn, BZyiàn Fs¶ÃmaÀ°apÅ ]r°zn, `qan, BWsÃm.

CXnët]mÂ_eIamé, \s½ kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw, _mly{]]©w \nesImÅp¶Xp `qanbnemsW¶

hkvXpX. AXn\mÂ, \½nse DÄ{]]©w \nesImÅq¶Xp, icocsa¶ `qanípÅnemsWì IêXmw.
AhnSs¯ t]mse ChnsSbpw F¶mÂ: AhnsS, AXmbXp shfnbnÂ, DÅsXÃmw ChnsS, AXmbXp

\½psS DÅnÂ, Ds−¶À°w. _mly{]]©¯nse £oc]Yhpw kqcyëw {Kl§fpw ImSpw ISepw Bdpw
]pgbpw \Znbpw Imäpw agbpw shbnepw cm{Xnbpw ]Iepw FÃmsaÃmw \½psS DÅnepap−v.
GsXms¡tbsXì \nÝnXambn Aëam\nt¡− ImcysabpÅp. CXnë \s½ Gähpw klmbnç¶Xp
aebmf ]Z§fmé; ChnsSbmé `mjbpsS, `mjmimkv{X¯nsâ {]kàn. Bdpv, ]pg F¶o hmçIÄ
F§ns\tbmb§p D−mbXÃ, ]Icw aXnbmwh®w BtemNn¨p ta¸dª k¦Â¸¯n\ëkrßmbn
krãn¨hbmsWì Is−¯nbm Imcy§Ä hyàamæw. CtXmsSm¸w, AhnsS\nìw ChnsS\nìw
aänS¯n\nìsaÃmw æsd ]Z§fpw hymIcWhpsaÃmw kzoIcn¨p−mbXÃ aebmf `mjsbìw
a\Ênem¡mw.

]©`qX§fn c−mat¯Xmé A¸v AYhm Pew; CXmWmZysaì iÐXmcmhen. `qanbpsS {]Xe¯nse

Fgp]Xp iXam\hpw Pe¯m BhcWw sN¿s¸«ncnçì; CXn sXm®qtägp iXam\hpw
ISÂshÅamé; c−p iXam\w am{Xamé \ZnIfnepÅXp. (ChnsSsbÃmw \Znsb Cw¥ojnse River

F¶Xnsâ km[mcW \Âæ¶ XÀÖpa]Zambn am{Xamét±inç¶Xpv). ]e almkap{Z§fmbn

hn`Pnçìs−¦nepw, ]ckv]cw kwtbmPn¡s¸«ncnç¶Xn\m Chsb H¶ns¨mê temIalmkap{Zambn

ImWmhp¶Xmév. aëjysâ cà¯nse \nW\ocnë (plasma) ISÂshÅhpambn hfsc kmayap−p.

Poh³ DÛhn¨Xp ISenembXpsIm−mbncn¡mansXì Hcn¡Â IêXs¸«nêì; AX{X sXäpaÃ.

aëjyêw KÀ`mib¯nse Hê ISenemé DÛhnç¶sXì HmÀçI. AtXXmbmepw, \½psS
icoc¯ntâbpw GItZiw Fgp]Xp iXam\w Peamé. C¡mcW§fmÂ, aëjyicoc¯nepw Hê "ISÂ'
ØnXnsN¿pìs−ì XoÀ¨bmbpw k¦Â¸n¡mw. \mw Ct¸mÄ {i²n¡mdnsænepw, Cu Adnhp \½psS
]Z§fn \ngençì−v. Ft¸mgpw \neímsX ISªpsIm−ncnç¶Xn\memé _mlytemI¯nse

ISenë B t]ê \mw sImSp¯sX¶qln¡mw; {]Xy£¯n im´amb im´kap{Zwt]mepw

ASnsbmgpçIfm ISbs¸SpIbmWsÃm. AXpt]mse, icoc¯nse ISepw Ft¸mgpw
ISbs¸«psIm−ncnçIbmév; lrZb¯ns\ CXp sN¿p¶ ISt¡membn ImWmw. BbpÀthZ¯nse Hê
{][m\ ]¨aê¶mb ISemSn _lytemIs¯ ISens\ BSnçIbnÃ. ]s£, AXnepÅ kmt]mWn³

(saponin; {]IrXnZ¯amb tkm¸n³Imbbpabn _Ôs¸«XmWo t]ê) F¶ hkvXp, cà¯nse F®bpw

shÅhpw Hê æg¼pan{inXambn (emulsion), X½n thÀ]ncnbmsX, Ignbm³ klmbn¨p

icoc¯nëÅnse "ISens\ BSn'çì F¶ Nn´bmbncn¡Ww AXn\o t]ê \ÂIm³ ]ga¡msc

t{]cn¸n¨Xp. GXmbmepw, "ISepw ISemSnbpw t]msebpÅ' _Ôw CXmé.

_mly`qhnse Bdpw ]pgbpw

_mly`qhnse Pehpw, Aëk}Xamb Hê Nw{IaW¯në hnt[bamé:

ISÂþA´co£wþagþ\ZnIÄþIS F¶ {Ia¯nemWo PeNw{IaWw (Hydrocycle) \Sç¶Xp.

km[mcWbmbn, \ZnIÄç aqì hfÀ¨mL«§fpÅXmbn Aëam\n¡s¸Spì: I¶n (youth), apänbXp

(maturity), ]gInb (old). aeapIfn \nìamWsÃm \ZnIÄ DÛhnç¶Xpv; \ZnbpsS I¶n{]mbambn Cu

`mKs¯ Iméì. iànbmb Hgpçv, hoXnçdhp F¶nhbmé {][m\ `mhw. AhnsS \nìw
kaXe¯nse¯pt¼mÄ, IqSpX hoXnbpw, Hgp¡nsâ iàn ædªXpamb, hfªp]pfsªmgpæ¶
apänb \Znbmbn¯nêì. Ahkm\`mK¯p, AXp hmÀ²IywsIms−¶t]mse aµKXnbnÂ, ]gInbXmbn

]cnkam]vXnbnse¯pì. AXhkm\nç¶ `mK¯në "hmb' (mouth) Fì ]dbpì; aebmf¯nÂ

CXns\ AgnapJsaìw. (aäp coXnbnepÅ hn`P\hpap−v; AXnteíp ]n¶oSp hcmw).

tIcf¯n ]Xn\©p Intemaoädne[nIw \ofapÅ 44 \ZnIfp−v; Ahbn 41 F®w
]Snªmtdms«mgpæì. Chípw ta¸dª hn`P\w _m[Iamé. tIcf`qhns\ ae\mSp, CS\mSp,
Xoc{]tZiw Fì s]mXphmbn hn`Pn¡mw. ]s£, aeapIfnsâ s]m¡hpw, AhnsS\nìw
kap{Z\nc¸nteípÅ Zqcçdhpw ImcWw, I¶n`mKs¯ Hgpç AXniàambncnçw; {]tXyIn¨pw

ImehÀjkab¯p. ao\amkwsXm«pÅ kqcysâ NqSn ISenÂ\nìw \ocmhn DbÀì hSçIng¡³

Znibnteíp k©cn¨p ]ÝnaL«¯nse¯n tIcf¯n apgph³ Xp¼nss¡h®¯n ]Snªv AXns\

Bdnç¶, "a¬s\ kq\w' Bç¶ a¬kq¬ (kq\=hnSÀ¶, P\n¨, ]p{Xn, \Zn, Xp¼nss¡, kq\w=^ew,
{]khw, ]pjv]w) F¶ {][m\ agsbbmé \mw ImehÀjsaìw hnfnç¶Xp. ImehÀj¯nÂ, \½psS

\m«nse Pet{kmXÊpIÄs¡´p kw`hnçì Fì t\m¡mw. DZmlcWambn, C¡q«¯n Gähpw

\ofapÅ s]cnbmdns\sbSp¡mw. ]ÝnaL«¯nÂ, 1830 aoäÀ Dbc¯nÂ, sNm¡w]«n aebnÂ\nt¶m
kpµcaebnse inhKncnçìIfnÂ\nt¶m Bé s]cnbmÀ DÛhnç¶Xp. sNm¡³ F¶m kpµc³,
inh³; sNm¡w F¶m skuµcyw Fs¶Ãmw AÀ°apÅXn\mÂ, s]cnbmdnë \ÂInbncnç¶

c−pÛhØm\¯nëw inhëambn _Ôaps−ì a\Ênem¡mw. AhnsS\nìw, ]ehgnIfneqsS 244

IntemaoäsdmgpIn, BephmbnÂhì c−mbn ]ncnªp Ad_n¡Senepw th¼\mSp Imbenepambn
]Xnçì. BephmíSp¯p, AXmbXp AXnsâ kam]vXníSp¯p, s]cnbmÀ Bephm¸pgbmæì.
s]cnbmdnsâ I¶n{]mb¯n AXpambn tbmPnç¶ t]mjI\ZnIÄ, apÃbmÀ, ap¯bmÀ, Nn¶mÀ,
I«¸\bmÀ F¶o BdpIfmsW¦nÂ, Xmsgs¡¯pt¼mÄ AXpambn tbmPnç¶Xp apXnc¸pg,
NmeçSn¸pg F¶o ]pgIfmé. NpꡯnÂ, aeaSçIfn iànbmb HgpçÅ `mK¯p, \ZnIsf

Bsdìw, {]mbtasdbmbn im´cmbn aµw aµw Kançt¼mÄ Ahsb ]pgIsfìw hnfnçìshì

a\Ênem¡mw. C¡mcW¯memé ]ÀhX\ncbnse ]\n\ocmb s]cnbmÀ, 610 aoäÀ s]m¡¯nepÅ
aebmäqcnepw s]cnbmdmbn¯s¶bpÅXpw, Xmgv¶ {]tZiamb BephmíSp¯p ]pgbmæ¶Xpw.

D¯ctIcf¯n \ZnIsf ]pgsbìw Z£nWtIcf¯n Bsdìw hnfnç¶Xmbn ]dbs¸Spì−v. CXp

icnbÃ, Fs´¶mÂ, D¯ctIcf¯nemé NmenbmÀ; Cu Bdpw, ISen\Sps¯¯pt¼mÄ ]pg
(t_bv]qÀ]pg) Bæì. t]cmÀ Fì ]dbp¶Xp, `mcX¸pgbpsS I¶n{]mb¯nepÅ
`mKs¯bmbncn¡Ww.

agbmé X]n¨pInSç¶ `qansb Xé¸nç¶ {][m\ ]\n\oÀ. F¦nepw, Ihn ]mSnbt]mse, agbnÃm¯
CS§fnepw, agIgnªmepw, ]\n\ocmbn `qansb \\¨pv Bdnç¶Xp BdpIÄ Xs¶bmé; AXmbXp
Bdnç¶Xp Bdv. ISens\ Imew sNbvsXSpç¶, Icbpw ISepw X½nepÅ Ime¯mep−mæ¶
(Imew=iotXmjvWt`Zw) ImehÀj¯nÂ, BdpIfpsS Hgp¡v, AXniàa¯mæì. Cu `mK¯h
_mly`qanbpsS XdbneqsS Xmtgíp BÀ¯e¨p, icocsa¶ XdbneqsS æXnç¶ "BÀ«dn'sbt¸mse,
Iqewæ¯n Hgpæì. am{XaÃ, Ah `qansb BäpIbpw sN¿pì (BäpI=ædípI; as®men¸mWnhnsS
{][m\w). C¡mcW¯m¯s¶bmé BdpIÄç Bäv F¶ {]Xybhpw \ÂInbsX¶ëam\n¡mw.
DZmlcWambn, s]cnbmdn\m Bäs¸Sp¶ Øes¯ Xocamé s]cnbmän³Xocw; CXn\m ‘Bäs¸Sp¶

aebpÅ Duê’ aebmäqÀ. ImehÀj¡me¯p, C{]Imcw Bäs¸Sp¶Xnsâ tXmXp hfscb[nIambncnçw.

]ehn[ ehW§Ä, [mXp¡Ä, AbnêIÄ, XcnIÄ, F¡Â, ssPhhkvXp¡Ä F¶nhsbÃmw

ISense¯nç¶Xp `qansb Bänbmé. kaXe¯nse¯pt¼mÄ, Hgpç ædhmbXn\mÂ, Ahíp

hoXnIqSpw; Zqct¯mSp Zqcw Ahbn BdnepÅXnt\¡mÄ shÅap−mbncnçw. Np«ps]mÅp¶ `qansb,

ImehÀjPe¯n ]pgp§n BänsbSp¯p, ]pgphns\t¸mse aµambn XgpIn\o§p¶Xmé ]pg Fì
a\Ênem¡mw. ]pgçIsb¶m IS]pgçI; Bdmbnê¶t¸mÄ XdbnÂ\nìw IS]pg¡nbsXÃmw
DÄs¡mÅp¶Xmé ]pg F¶ kqN\ Cu AÀ°¯nep−v. ]pg¡sa¶m amsämen; ]pgIÄç hoXn
IqSpXembXn\mÂ, amsämen tIÄ¡mëÅ km[yXbpw IqSpXembncnçw. amsämensb¶m amäv+Hen;
Hensb¶m HgpæI, Duäv, Pe[mc Fs¶Ãmw AÀ°apÅXn\m ]pgbpsS ]cymbsa¶ \nebn BdnÂ
\nìw amäs¸«v, amän Hgpæ¶ Pe[mcbmé ]pg F¶À°w hêì. AXmbXv Bdpv, ]pg F¶o hmçIÄ
AhbpsS taÂhnhcn¨ hkvXpXIsfbpÄs¡m−p krãn¨hbmsW¶Xnë sXfnhmé amsämen F¶
]pgbpsS ]cymbw.

NpꡯnÂ, Ct¸mÄ \mw Hê \Znsb KXnbpsS ASnØm\¯n aq¶mbn hn`Pnçìsh¦nÂ, \½psS

]ga¡mÀ AXns\ c−mbn hn`Pn¨pshì a\Ênem¡mw. am{XaÃ, C¶t¯XnÂ\nìw hyXykvXambn
Chíp c−pXcw t]êIfpw AhÀ \ÂIn. Cu coXnbn \ZnIÄçÅ t]cnS aäp `mjIfn I−n«nÃ.

{^©p `mjbnÂ, ISen sNs¶¯p¶ \ZnIsf ^vf}hv (fleuve) Fìw Pemib§fnse¯p¶hsb

dnthyÀ (rivière) Fìw ]dbp¶XmWnXns\mc]hmZw.

icoc¯nse Bdpw ]pgbpw

icocPe¯nsâ aq¶nsemì tImi§ÄçÅn ØnXn sN¿pì. ]pdsabpÅXnsâ sXm®qdp

iXam\¯ne[nIw, tImi§Ä¡nSbnepw, Ahbh§ÄçÅnembpw (_mly`qhnse `qKÀ`Pew,
ImbepIÄ F¶nhíp kam\ambn) ØnXn sN¿pì. GItZiw Gsg«p iXam\w Pew,
càNw{IaW¯nsâ `mKambn, \nW\ocmbn \ne\nÂçì. lrZb¯n \nìw, cà[a\nIfn Gähpw

s]cnbXmb, s]cnbmdns\t¸msebpÅ, AtbmÀ«bneqsS (Aorta) iànbmbn XÅs¸Sp¶tXmSpIqSn

icoc¯nse "Pe'Nw{IaWw XpS§pì. ]n¶oSXp ]e ]e sNdnb BÀ«dnIfmbn (artery=ip²cà

hmln\n) ]ncnbpì. I¶n{]mb¯nse Bdnsâ Xocw t]mse, Ch hfsc ZrVambncnçw. BÀ«dnbpsS

NphêIÄç Fs´¦nepw G\t¡Sps−¦nÂ, B `mK¯p £Xw kw`hn¡mw. At¸mÄ, càw
shfnbnteíp Noäpw; Bdv Xoc§sf CSn¨p\in¸n¨p shfnbn hê¶t]mse. BÀ«dnbpsS NphêIÄ
_eapÅXpw t]iokar²hpambXn\mÂ, càw æXnçt¼mÄ Ah hnIknçw; ]n¶oSh Npê§n
càs¯ HìIqSn XÅn hnSpw. Cu [a\nIÄ ho−pw ho−pw ]e ]e ssIhgnIfmbn ]ncnªv,

Ahkm\w hfsc CSp§nb Im]nednIÄ (capillaries; kq£vacàçgepIÄ) Bbn¯oêì;

icoc¯nseÃmbnS¯pw Chbp−v. ChbnÂ\nìw, cà¯n \nìapÅ {]mWhmbphpw

t]mjIhkvXp¡fpw tImi§fnteípw, AhnsS \nìw ImÀ_¬UtbmIvsskUv, aen\ hkvXp¡Ä,
AhiyhkvXp¡Ä F¶nh Xncn¨pw {]thinçì. tImi§fnse NqSpw Cu Peamé hens¨Spç¶Xp.
AXn\mÂ, Bdv `qansbsb¶t]mse BÀ«dn icocs¯ BdnçIbpw sN¿pì. ]n¶oSp, ]e Im]nednIÄ

tNÀì, BZyw sNdnb Aip²càçgepIfpw (vein; shbv³), ]n¶oSp henbhbpap−mæì. Ahkm\w,

ChsbÃmw H¯ptNÀì lrZb¯nteíp càw IS¯nhnSp¶ th\mImhm (vena cava) D−mæì.

BÀ«dnbn \nì hyXyØambn, shbvëIfpsS NphêIÄ t\À¯Xpw, IqSmsX ZrVXbpw t]inIfpw

hfsc ædªXpamæì. C¡mcW¯mÂ, ChbneqsS càw DShp kw`hn¨ shdpw hnShpam{Xamb

ægen¡qSnsb¶t]msebmé ISì t]mæ¶Xp; {]tXyIn¨pw hfsc hepXÃm¯hbnÂ. am{XaÃ,
Chbnse càw, BÀ«dnbnse F¶t]mse æXnç¶nÃ; lrZbw AtbmÀ«bnteíp càw ]¼p
sN¿pt¼mgp−mæ¶ \}\aÀ±¯memé shbvëIfn càsamgpæ¶Xp; ]pgbn thentbähpw
thenbnd¡hpw D−mæ¶Xpt]msesbì IêXmw. C¡mcW¯mÂ, shbn\nse càw, ]pgbnse Pew

F¶t]mse aµambn Hgpæì; CXn\m¯s¶bmé hfsct\cw \n¶m ImepIfn \oê hê¶Xpv.

Bsd¶ `mK¯pÅXnt\¡mÄ shÅw ]pg`mK¯p Imésa¶Xpt]mse BÀ«dnbnte¡mÄ \nWw
shbvëIfn sam¯¯n Iméw. asämê Imcyw IqsS: \ZnIÄç t\cs¯ ]dª aq¶mbpÅ
XcwXncnhp IqSmsX, asämìIqSn Ct¸mÄ D]tbmKnçì−v. CXnÂ, XpS¡¯nse Aåsamê

`mKsamgn¨mÂ, c−mas¯, Bdns\t¸msebpÅ `mK¯p (rhithron) Pe¯nse {]mWhmbphnsâ Afhp

IqSpXepw NqSp ædhpambncnçw; aq¶mas¯, ]pgsbt¸mepÅ `mK¯p (potamon) {]mWhmbphnsâ

Afhp hfsc ædhpw NqSp IqSpXepw Bbncnçw. CXnë kam\ambn, Bdns\t¸msebpÅ BÀ«dnbnepw
{]mWhmbp IqSpXepw, NqSp ædhpamsW¦n ]pgsbt¸msebpÅ shbvëIfn Xncn¨msW¶Xmév
AXnibIcamb Imcyw. ta¸dªhbnÂ\nìw Hì hyàamév: Bdnë BÀ«dnbpambpw, ]pgíp
shbvëambpw AXoh kmayap−v; icnçw ""AhnSs¯t¸mse Xs¶ ChntSbpw!''. Cì
B[p\nIimkv{Xhpw Cu Imcyw {i²n¨pXpS§nbn«p−v; AXns\çdn¨p ]Tn¨pw XpS§nbn«p−v.

imkv{XÚ\mb sN¶nsâ (Chen) {^mIvä (Fractal) ]T\¯n (hepXpw sNdpXpamb amXrIIfpsS

tPymsa{SnIv ]T\w; DZmlcW¯në Hê ]ÀhXhpw AXnÂ\nìw In«nb ]md¡jWhpw) \nìw

icoc¯nse cà[a\o hyhØbpw `qanbnse \ZohyhØbpw Htc amXrIbnemsWì hyàambn
(https://oatext.com/Fractals-and-Fractal-Dimension-of-Systems-of-Blood-Vessels-An-Analogy-between-

Artery-Trees,-River-Networks-and-Urban-Hierarchies.php)

]tZmÛhw \ÂInbtXXp? icocimkv{Xtam `qanimkv{Xtam?

A\ymbambn tXm¶msa¦nepw, ChnsS Hê tNmZyw Dbêì: Cu kmayw AdnªpsIm−sà ]ga¡mÀ Cu

t]êIÄ C«Xp? am{XaÃ, Cu t]êIÄ icoc¯nse Pehmln\nIÄ¡sà IqSpX tbmPnç¶Xp?

AXmbXp, Ahnizk\obambn tXm¶msa¦nepw, icocsa¶ `qanbnse Pehmln\nIÄç t]cnSqIbpw,

]n¶oSp kmayw a\Ênem¡n, _mlytemIs¯ Pehmln\nIÄçw kam\XíëkrXamb t]cnSpIbpasÃ
sNbvXXp? ]pgsb¶mÂ, HcÀ°w hnSsh¶mé. shbvëIÄ, BÀ«dnIfnÂ\nì hyXykvßmbn N¸nb

_eq¬t]mse InS¡q¶hbmé, shdpsamê hnShpt]mse. AXmbXp, _mlytemI¯nse ]pgív Cu

AÀ°w tbmPn¡nsænepw, icoc¯nse ]pgbmb shbv\në CXp tbmPnçw. ]pgbpsS asämcÀ°w

P\se¶mé. apdnbnse NqSp shfnbn Ifbp¶XnëÅ Hê {][m\ D]m[nbmWsÃm P\Â. ]pgbpsS

Pe¯në NqSp IqSpXemsW¦nepw, _mly`qanbnse NqSp ædbp¶Xnsâ {][m\ ImcWw B `mKs¯
hmbp Dbêì F¶Xmé. ]s£ icocsa¶ `qanbpsS A´À`mKs¯ NqSp ædíp¶XnëÅ Hê {][m\
D]m[n, shbv³ F¶ ]pgIfmé; Ahbmé NqSns\ DÅnÂ\nìw tiJcn¨p shfnbn sIm−phì
Ifbp¶Xp. CXn\mÂ, P\Â F¶bÀ°w icoc¯nse ]pgímé IqSpXÂ AëtbmPyw. shbv³ F¶
Cw¥ojv ]Z¯nëw hnSsh¶ AÀ°aps−¶Xp IuXpIIcamé. A\ymbambn tXm¶msa¦nepw, ChnsS

Hê tNmZyw Dbêì: Cu kmayw AdnªpsIm−sà ]ga¡mÀ Cu t]êIÄ C«Xp? am{XaÃ, Cu t]êIÄ

icoc¯nse Pehmln\nIÄ¡sà IqSpX tbmPnç¶Xp? AXmbXp, Ahnizk\obambn
tXm¶msa¦nepw, icocsa¶ `qanbnse Pehmln\nIÄç t]cnSqIbpw, ]n¶oSp kmayw a\Ênem¡n,
_mlytemIs¯ Pehmln\nIÄçw kam\XíëkrXamb t]cnSpIbpasà sNbvXXp? Cu

tNmZy¯në¯cw, \Zntbmcs¯ Øe\ma§fpsS AÀ°hniIe\w hgn Is−¯mtamsbì t\m¡mw.

s]cnbmÀ ISenepw Imbenepambn sNs¶¯p¶Xnë hfsc kao]¯pÅ Øeamé Beph. inh³

Bew (ImfIqShnjw) æSn¨ hmbbpsS Øeamé Beph F¶mé sFXnlyw. CXnsâ
icnsXäpIfnteípISç¶nÃ. Hê \Zn ISen ]Xnç¶ Øe¯në hmb Fì ]dbpasÃm; ChnsSbpw
A§ns\ ]dbmw. Beph æd¨Isebmé; F¶m hfsc ]−pIme¯p A§ns\bÃmbnê¶ncn¡mw.
s]cnbmdp sIm−ph¶n« aW ImcWw AhnsS Icbp−mbXmbncn¡mw. hmb F¶m F´nsâ hmb
Fs¶mê tNmZyw hcmw. DÅnteípÅ {]thi\ IhmSamé hmb, shfnbnteípÅXÃ. AXn\mÂ
C{]ImcapÅ Øe¯ns\ ISensâ hmbbmbn¡mé¶Xmé icn. aebmf¯nse AgnapJw F¶Xnë
\Zntb¡mÄ Bgnbpambmé IqSpX _Ôw; AÃmbnês¶¦n \mw \ZoapJw/BdpapJw/]pgapJw
Fs¶Ãmw ]dbpambnê¶sÃm. \ZnIÄ `qansb ""Agn'' sNbvXp (Agn=tISp) FSpç¶ hkvXp¡sf ISÂ
DÅnemç¶ "hmb' Bé AgnapJw Fìw IêXmw. icoc¯nse Gähpw s]cnb ]pg, th\Imh,
lrZb¯nteímé sNì Xpdç¶Xp. ISt¡mept]mse Ft¸mgpw ISªpw æSªpancnç¶
lrZbamé \nW\ocns\ DÄtemIkap{Z¯nsâ FÃmbnS¯pw F¯nç¶Xp. Cu coXnbn t\m¡nbmÂ,

Ft¸mgpw ISªpsIm−ncnç¶ ISens\, {]tXyIn¨pw XoctZi`mK¯ns\, `q{]Xe¯nsâ lrZbambn

ImWmw. \ZnIsf càçgembn Imé¶Xn\mÂ, CXnsemê sXäpanÃ. CXwKoIcn¡msa¦nÂ, Bephmbv,

ISensâ hmbnepÅ ØeamsWìw, BÂþ F¶ ]Z¯në thsd AÀ°ap−mbncn¡mw Fìw

a\Ênem¡mw. CXnt\bpw ssPhimkv{X]cambn kao]n¡mw.

BÂDw BÂhmbpw (Alway)

( )

tIcf¯n ]cs¡ ImWs¸Sp¶ Hê hr£amé BÂ, {]tXyIn¨p AcbmÂ. F¶mé

XpS§nbsX¶dnbm¯ coXnbnÂ, tIcfobÀ Cu Bens\ \«p hfÀ¯nbpw AÃmtXbpw ]cn]mençì;

Cìw. ^nIkv dneoPntbmkkv (Ficus Religiosus) Fì kkyimkv{X\mahpw, ]n¸e, ]o]pÂ,

t_m[nhr£w, Aiz°hr£w F¶o A]c\ma§fpapÅ AcbmÂ, tamsdky (Moraceae)

hÀK¯nÂs¸Spì. Cu Bens\mê {]tXyIXbp−v: aäp km[mcW hr£§Ä ]IÂ,

kqcy{]ImiapÅt¸mÄ am{Xw, {]mWhmbphns\ ]pd¯phnSpt¼mÄ, BÂhr£w cm{Xnbpw CXp sN¿pì.

{ImÊpteky³ BknUv saämt_mfnkamWXnë (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism; CAM) Cu Ignhp

\Âæ¶Xp. cm{Xnbn ædhmsW¦nepw, Cu hr£w Aëk}Xambn _mly`uam´co£¯ns\

P´p¡Ä¡mhiyamb {]mWhmbphm k¼pãamçì. B F¶ hm¡nsâ AÀ°w hym]nçI Fìw

\ÂInbn«p−v; ]s£ ]Sê¶Xp hr£sa¶Xnep]cn AXnÂ\nìapÅ {]mWhmbphmé. Cu
AdnhpXs¶bsÃ, Acbmenë \mw C{X {]m[m\yw \Âæ¶Xnë−mb {]tNmZ\w? AhnSs¯t¸msebmé
ChnsSsb¦nÂ, icoc¯nepw Hê Acbm ImtW−Xmé. AtXXmbncnçsa¶mtemNn¨p t\m¡mw.
Aëk}Xambn _mlytemI¯p\nìw {]mWhmbphns\ hens¨Sp¯p DÄtemIm´coIj¯nteíp
]IÀì \Âæ¶ Ahbhamé \½psS izmktImi§Ä. sXm−bnÂXpS§p¶, Xmbv¯Snç kam\amb,

{S¡nb (trachea) s\©nëÅn {]thin¨pIgnbpt¼mÄ CSXpþheXp hi§fnte¡mbn c−mbn

]ncnbpì. ]n¶oSp, hepXpw sNdpXpamb t{_m¦kv (bronchus), t{_m¦nsbmssf (bronchioli) F¶n§s\

Hmtcm hi¯pw imJIfmbn ]ncnbpì. Ahkm\w, {]mWhmbphns\ icoc¯nëÅnteípw ,

ImÀ_³ssUþHmIvsskUv, \ocmhn (\ocmhnbpsSsbm¸w NqSpw) F¶nhsb ]pdt¯ípw Bhmlnç¶

BÂhntbmssfbméÅXp (alveoli). Cu `mKw Im]nednIfm kar²amé; AXn\memé

hmXIþ\ocmhnIfpsS hl\w km[yamæ¶Xp. imJIfmbn ]ncnbp¶Xn\mÂ, izmktImi§sf

t{_mt¦ymþBÂhntbmfmÀ "hr£w' Fì ]dbpì (bronchio-alveolar tree). CXn {S¡nb Xmbv¯Sn,

t{_mss¦IÄ imJIIÄ, BÂhntbmssf CeIÄ F¶nhíp kam\saì hnh£. \½psS ]ga¡mêw

CXns\ Hê hr£ambn I−nêì F¶ëam\n¡mw. shdpw hr£aÃ, Aëk}Xw DÄtemIt¯íp

{]mWhmbphns\ hym]n¸nç¶ BÂacambn¯s¶. Ft¸mgpw CfIns¡m−ncnç¶ BÂhntbmssfIsf
XoÀ¨bmbpw BeneIfmbn ImWmw. Bepe (BÂ+De) F¶m hndíp¶, hndíp¶, Dd¸nÃm¯
Fs¶Ãmw AÀ°w. CXp Acbment\¡m izmktImi¯n\mWsÃm tbmPnç¶Xv; Fs´¶mÂ, De
Xoíp I¯m³ {]mWhmbp \Âæ¶t]msebmé izmktImisa¶ B Pohmánímhiyamb
{]mWhmbphns\ \Âæ¶Xp. Cu hr£¯nsâ NphSnÂ\nìw hfsc AIsebà \½psS t_m[¯nsâ
ImcWamb akvXnjvIw ØnXnsN¿p¶Xp. AXmbXv akvXnjvIw CXnsâ Nph«nemWncnç¶Xp; CXp
\Âæ¶ {]mW\mé \s½ t_m[apÅhcmç¶Xp. AXn\mÂ, Cu icochr£w Hê

t_m[nhr£hpamWsÃm. \mw At§m«pant§m«papÅ k©mc¯në]tbmKnç¶ Aiz§Äç

kam\ambmé izmktImiw At§m«pant§m«panfæ¶Xp; AXn\m CXns\ icoc¯nse

Aiz°hr£saì ]dbp¶Xnse´mé sXäp?

Aip²càhpambn hê¶ th\Imh, lrZb¯nsâ heXp`mK¯p apIfnepÅ G{Snb¯nemé (right

atrium) Xpdç¶Xp. ChnsS \nìw Hê càçg hgn, Aip²càw Benë kam\amb

izmktImi¯nteíp {]thinçì. lrZb¯ns\ Hê ISbp¶ ISÂ, {]tXyIn¨p icoc¯nse ]pgIÄ

sNìtNê¶ XoctZi¡SÂ, Bbn Imét¼mÄ, icoc¯nse Cu AgnapJs¯ ""BÂsâ

hmbnencnç¶'' `mKw F¶ AÀ°¯n ""BÂhmbv'' (Alvaay) AYhm (Alway) Fì ]dbmasÃm.

{i²nçI: Cu ]dbp¶ BÂhmbv, icoc`mKamé. Cu BÂhmbpw izmktImi¯nse BeneIfmb

BÂhntbmssfIfpw X½nepÅ AIew, \½psS hmbpw izmktImihpw X½nepÅ AIe¯në kam\hpw

GItZiw Bë]mXnIhpambncnçw. icocimkv{Xs¯çdn¨p hnÚm\apÅ, BbpÀthZw

]SÀì]´en¨nê¶ Cu \m«nse ]ga¡mÀç C{Xbpw a\Ênem¡nsbSp¡m³ {]bmkanÃ. s]cnbmdnsâ
Ahkm\ `mKs¯ shbv\në kam\amb ]pgbmbnImé¶ ChÀ, _mlytemI¯nse ]pgbpsS
AgnapJ¯nëw XoÀ¨bmbn ""BÂhmbv'' Fì Xs¶ Cu Adnhnsâ ASnØm\¯n t]ê
\ÂInbncn¡mw.

ChnsS Hê tNmZyw Dbcmw: {]mWhmbp _lnÀKan¸nç¶ _mlytemI¯nse BepIsf (]I aäp

kky§tfbpw) `qanbpsS izmktImi§fmbn ImWasÃm; A§ns\sb¦nÂ, BÂhmbpsS ASp¯p
FhnsSbmé Cu BÂ? hr£§fmé {]mWhmbphns\ D−mç¶sX¦nepw, Ahsb hym]n¸nç¶Xp
A\ne\mév; A\nesâ NmeIiànbmIs«, kap{Z{]Xehpw kap{Zm´À`mKhpw X½nepÅ
iotXmjvWhyXymk§Ä, `qanbpsS {`aWw F¶nhbmepw. (]ga¡mÀ¡nXdnbmambnêì F¶Xn\mesÃ
Imew F¶Xnë iotXmjvWsa¶ AÀ°hpw AhÀ \ÂInbXpv?). A´co£ {]Xn`mk§fmb sImSp¦mäv,
Npgen¡mäv F¶nhsbsbÃmw Ch kzm[o\nçì. C¡mcy¯nÂ, Xoc¡Sent\¡mÄ, AIsebpÅ
Bg¡Sen\mé hmbpNe\¯n {]kàn. C¡mcW¯mÂ, Bg¡Sent\bpw `qanbpsS izmktImiw,

AXmbXp Hê BÂ, Bbn ImWmw. BepIsb¶m häpI Fs¶mcÀ°hpap−v; CXp \ocmhnbmbn

t]mæ¶ Bg¡Senë tbmPnçw. CXn\mÂ, Bg¡Sens\ _mlytemI¯nsâ izmktImiambpw

Imé¶Xn sXänÃ. C¸dbp¶ ImcW§fmÂ, icoc`mKamb BÂhmíp kam\amé _mly`qhnse

s]cnbmdp ISenÂt¨ê¶ AgnapJ¯në kao]apÅ, Bg¡Sen \nìw AIsebpÅ, BÂhmbv F¶

Øew. Npê¡n¸dªmÂ, BÂhmbv F¶ _mlytemI¯nse Øe\ma¯nëÛhw \ÂInbXp AtX

\maw \ÂImhp¶ icoc`mKamé. inh³ ImfIqShnjw æSn¨ Øeamé BÂhmbv Fì
]dbp¶Xnt\¡mÄ hnizmktbmKyatÃbnXp? BÂhmbv F§ns\ Bephmb Bbn¯oÀì Fs¶mê
tNmZyapbcmw. ]dªp]dªp k`hn¨Xmbncn¡mw, Asæn Fs´¦nepw ImcW¯membncn¡mw. "D'

F¶Xp apIfnepÅ F¶Xnsâ hntijWamé; AXn\m BÂ+D+hmbv F¶Xp apIfnepÅ Bensâ

hmbv F¶À°w ssIs¡mÅpasÃm. C{]Imcap−m¡nbXmbncn¡mw Bephmbv F¶ ]Zw.

BÂhmbnse inhcm{Xn aW¸pd¯n\Sp¯p, ]pga[y¯nepÅ Hê aW¸pdamé "]ê´pdm©n'

aW¸pdw. At\zjn¨nSt¯mfw, Cu t]cns\mê ImcWw F§pw Bêw ]dªptI«nÃ.

CXns\çdns¨m¶mtemNn¡mw. "]ê´p v' F¶Xns\ ]c+D´pv Fs¶gpXmw; AXmbXpv ]camb D´pÅXpv
F¶À°w. P´p¡Ä Xdsb D´nbmé Kanç¶sX¦nÂ, ]£nIÄ NndISn¨p hmbphns\ D´nbmWnXp

sN¿p¶Xp. ]s£ ]ê´pIÄ ]et¸mgpw NndæIÄ H«pw A\¡msX, "Hgpæ¶ hmbphnsâ' (air currents)

D´en Kan¡mdp−v. Cu D´ns\ kzbwIrXaÃm¯, ]camb (A\yamb; secondary) D´mbn

IW¡m¡mw. Cu \ymb¯nemé Cu ]£nç ]ês´¶ t]ê In«nbsXì XoÀ¨bmbpw IêXmw.

icoc¯nÂ, Bephmbpambn _Ôs¸Sp¯n ]ê´pt−m F¶mtemNn¡mw. icoc¯nse Bephm¸pgbmb

th\Imhm (vena cava) Xpdç¶ lrZb¯nsâ ImcysaSpçI. AsXt¸mgpw

D´ns¡m−ncnçIbmWsÃm. CXnsâ D´p akvXnjvI¯n \nìw ]cambmé hê¶Xpv. ]camb D´pÅ

]£nsb ]ês´ì ]dbmw F¶ AtX \ymb¯nÂ, lrZb¯nt\bpw DÄtemI¯nse Hê ]ês´ì
]dbmw. lrZb¯në Nndæt−m? AI¯p Nnd (Nnd+Aæ) DÅXmWsÃm Nndæv; _mlytemI¯nse

]£nIfpsS NndInëÅn (]dçt¼mÄ) hmbp F¶ {ZmhIaméÅXp. lrZb¯n AI¯p càapÅ

\mep "NndIÄ' D−sÃm; Chtbbpw NndæIfmbn Imé¶Xn sXänÃ. \mep NndæIfmtbm, Hê kabw
Cucs−®w hoXw Npê§pIbpw hnIknçIbpw sN¿p¶Xn\m c−pNndæIfmtbm lrZb¯nsâ
AdIsf ImWw. NpꡯnÂ, Pohn¡mëÅ \½psS kwhÕc{]Xo£tbbpw hln¨p A{im´w
NndISn¨p ]dç¶ Hê ]ê´mé \½psS lrZbw; AXnsâ NndISnbpsS iÐamé tUmÎÀamÀ
sÌsXmkvtIm]p]tbmKn¨p tIÄç¶ lrZbanSn¸pv. \½psS cà¯nsâ 40 iXam\¯ne[nIw
timWþtizXcàmé¡fmé. càw I« ]nSn¡mXncn¡mëÅ cmkhkvXp tNÀ¯p A\¡msX h¨mÂ
CXp a\Ênem¡mw; BbpÀthZ¯n ]t− {]mhnWyapÅ Cu \m«nse ]ga¡mÀç CXp XoÀ¨mbbpw
Adnbmambnê¶ncn¡Ww. XcnbmbpÅ GXnt\bpw aWembn ImWmw. DZmlcW¯në, sXmen¸pdsa

aWept]mse æê¡Ä hê¶Xn\m A©mw]\ntbbpw aWseì ]dbpì; sNdnb Bcy³ s\Ãns\

aWemcy³ Fì ]dbpì. CXn\m càtImi§tfbpw aW Fì Imé¶Xn sXänÃ. lrZb¯nÂ

Bephm¸pg tNê¶Xnë "]pdw' Bbn ØnXn sN¿p¶ cà¯nepÅ Cu aWens\ "aW¸pdw' Fìw
]dbmasÃm. th\ImhmbpsS Ahkm\`mK¯pÅ (BÂhíp sXm«ptNÀìÅ) Cu aW¸pdw hes¯

G{Snbw hnIknçt¼mgpÅ \}\aÀ±¯m lrZbsa¶ ]ê´n\m AIt¯íp dm©s¸Spì; AXn\mÂ

icoc¯nse Cu aW¸pd¯ns\ "]ê´pdm©naW¸pdw' Fì hnfn¡mw. CXp icoc¯nsâ
ImcyamWsÃm. AhnSs¯t¸mse ChnsSbpw F¶ \ymb¯mÂ, Bephmbnepw ImWs¸« ]pga[y¯nse
aW¸pd¯n\hÀ AtX t]êXs¶ \ÂIn.

_mlytemI¯ntebpw DÄtemI¯ntebpw PeNw{IaWs¯ sam¯¯n HìIqSn XmcXayw sN¿mw

(Table 1). ImäSn¨p thK¯n Kanç¶ agtaL§tfbpw BdpIfmbn ChnsS k¦Â¸nçì. C{]Imcw

sN¿pt¼mÄ, s]cnbmdnsâ DÛhhpw, Bephm¸pgbmbn Ahkm\nç¶ CShpw ISse¶ lrZbamé.

sNm¡ws]«n CXnsâ CSípÅ, BImi¯p\nìw Xdbn Pew ]Xnç¶, `mKw am{Xw. sNm¡w F¶mÂ

HcÀ°w, Nnd¸v F¶mé. Nnd¸p=Nnd+A¸v; A¸v=shÅw; AXn\m sNm¡w F¶ t]êw hfsc

AÀ°h¯mé. XpS¡¯nepw HSphnepw inhsâ \maw hê¶Xn\mÂ, \s½
ImewsNbvXpsImt−bncnç¶ lrZb¯ns\, \neímsXsbmê XmÞh \r¯amSp¶,
kwlmcaqÀ¯nbmb inh\mbpw, AXnëÅnteíp {]thinç¶ Aip²càs¯ Icn\oe\ndapÅ,
icoc¯nse Imfen \nìap−mæ¶ ImfIqShnjambpw ImWmsa¦nÂ, B Øeamé BÂhmbv Fìw

]dbmw. ]s£ ChnsSbpw, icocimkv{Xamé Øet¸cnsâ DÛhsaì k½Xnt¡−n hêw.

Table 1.

DÄtemIw _mlytemIw
lrZbw Xoc¡SÂ

izmktImi§Ä BÂ, Bg¡SÂ

BÀ«dnIÄ agtaLw, ag, BdpIÄ

I]nednIÄ \oÀ¨mepIÄ

thbvëIÄ ]pgIÄ

icocw `qan
Semantic etymology (iÐmÀ°hnjbI ]tZm¸¯nimkv{Xw) Fì hntijn¡s¸« khntijamb Hê

]T\coXnbmWnhnsS Ahew_n¨ncnç¶Xp. {]ikvX `mcXob]T\ hnZKv[ëw kwkvIrX ]ÞnXëamb

t{_ms¦mÌv (Bronkhorst) FäntamfPnsb Ncn{XmßIsaìw (Historical) iÐmÀ°hnjbIsaìw

(Semantic) c−mbn XcwXncnçì. km[mcW ]T\hnjbamb Ncn{XmßIþ]tZm¸¯nimkv{X¯nÂ

]Z§fpsS DÛhhpw Ncn{XhpaméIs−¯p¶Xpv. F¶mÂ, iÐmÀ°hnjbI

]tZm¸¯nimkv{X¯nemIs«, ]Z§fpsS t\cmb AÀ°hpw AXphgn h|¸¯nbpamé tXSp¶Xp.

bmkvIsâ \nêàs¯ At±lw Cu KW¯nÂs¸Sp¯pì. ]s£, CXp icnbmbn sN¿Wsa¦n aqì

Imcy§Ä AXy´mt]£nXamé: i. {]ikvX `mjm]ÞnX\mbnê¶ »qw^oÂUv ]dªXpt]mse,

`mjmimkv{XÚÀç aäp imkv{X§fnepw {]mhoWyw thWw; ii ]Z§Ä krã§fmbncn¡msaìw,

Ahsb krãn¨ ]ga¡mÀç, `mjbneqw aäpimkv{X§fnepw Adnhp−mbnê¶ncn¡mw F¶ Imgv¨¸mSpv.

iii. C¶s¯ \½ptSXn \nìw hyXykvXambnê¶ncn¡mw imkv{Xs¯çdn¨pÅ ]ga¡mêsS Imgv¨¸mSv

F¶ Nn´. Cu coXnbnepÅ KthjWw `mjmikv{X¯ns\mê apX¡q«mbncn¡mw.

Hê kwibw _m¡n hcmw: \½psS ]ga¡mÀç icocimkv{X¯nepw `mjmimkv{X¯nepw Htc t]mse

AKm[amb Úm\w D−mbnê¶ncnçtam? XoÀ¨bmbpw D−mbnê¶ncnçw. eoemXneI¯nÂ

t]scSp¯p]dªn«pÅ "Be¯qÀ aWn{]hmfw F¶ sshZy{KÙw' Be¯qÀ \¼næSpw_¯nÂ

XmfntbmeIfnemé Is−¯nbXp. tUm. Fw. BÀ. cmLh hmcyÀ ]IÀ¯nsbgpXpIbpw
hymJym\nç¡bpw sNbvX CXns\ tIm«í BcysshZyime {]kn²oIcn¨n«p−v. ]ehn[
hr¯§fnepÅ ap¶qdne[nIw tÇmI§fnembn \nch[n AkpJ§ÄçÅ NnInÕmcoXnIÄ CXnÂ
hniZoIcnçì. 1300Ifntem AXnë apt¼m FgpXs¸« Cu {KÙw, AdnªnSt¯mfw, `mcXob`mjIfnÂ
FgpXs¸«, GsX¦nepw kwkvIrX {KÙ¯nsâ XÀPabÃm¯ sshZy{KÙ§fn Gähpw

]g¡apÅXmé. A¶s¯ `njKzc·mÀç AXnbmb `mjmÚm\hpw D−mbnês¶ì CXp

hmbnçt¼mįs¶ a\Ênemæw. hymJymXmhp FSp¯p ]dbp¶ Hê Imcyw, CXnsâ LS\bnÂ

hymIcWw XmcXtay\ A{]kàamé; ]Z§fpsS AÀ°¯nÂ\nìamé tÇmI¯nse \nÀt±i§Ä

{Klnt¡−Xp. C¯c¯nepÅ, km[mcW P\§Ä¡{]m]yamb, Bcmepw FgpXnsh¡s¸Sm¯,
icocÚm\w \ndª Hê aebmf `mj CXnëw hfsc ap³t] \ne\n¶n«p−mbncn¡mw. A¡me¯p
\ÂInb t]êIfmbncn¡mw BÂhmbv, ]ê´pdm©n aW¸pdw F¶nhsbì IêXmw. Ime{Ia¯n \mw
Chbnse kqN\tbmsSm¸w CXnsâ {]m[m\yhpw adìt]mbn Fìw a\ÊnemçI.