UNIT # 10 Simple Harmonic Motion & Waves

Genius Physics 10th Simple Harmonic Motion & Waves
UNIT # 10
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION &
WAVES
Q.1: Define the following terms, periodic motion, Vibratory motion, Vibration/Cycle,
time period displacement, frequency and amplitude.
Ans: Periodic motion
A motion that repeats itself in equal intervals of time is called Periodic Motion.
Vibratory motion
If a particle in periodic motion moves back and forth (To and Fro) over the same path,
then this type of motion is called Vibratory or Oscillatory Motion.
Vibration/cycle
A complete round trip of a vibrating body is called a Vibration.
OR
The motion of a vibrating body from one extreme point to the other extreme point
and back to the first extreme point is called a vibration or cycle.
Time period
Time required to complete one vibration is called Time Period. It is denoted by "T".
Time period is measured in second (s).
Frequency
Number of vibrations in one second is called its frequency. It is denoted by "f".
Unit of frequency is cycle/sec or Hertz (Hz).
Relation between time period and frequency
Frequency and time period are reciprocal of each other.
Mathematically:
𝟏 𝟏
f = 𝐓 or T = 𝐟
Displacement
The distance of oscillating body from the mean position at any instant)‫حمل‬‫ ( ہ‬of time is
called its displacement. The unit of displacement is meter. It is denoted by (x).
Amplitude
Maximum displacement of a vibrating body on either side of its equilibrium positions
is called amplitude of vibration. It is denoted by “xo”.
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Q.2 What is Simple Harmonic Motion?

Ans: Simple Harmonic Motion
“A type of vibratory motion in which the restoring 1)‫ہلکہ‬
‫ (حب ہ‬force is directly
proportional to the displacement from the equilibrium position is called simple
Harmonic motion”.
Mathematically
F-x
The negative sign shows that restoring force is always directed towards the
equilibrium position opposite to the displacement.
SHM in the terms of acceleration
We can also define SHM in terms of acceleration. “A type of vibratory motion in which
the acceleration is directly proportional to the displacement and always directed
towards the equilibrium position”.
Mathematically
a -x
Negative sign indicates that acceleration and displacement are opposite in direction.
Example of S.H.M:
The motion of a ball placing in a bowl and the motion of mass attached to spring etc.
are examples of simple harmonic motion.
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Q.3: What are the conditions for an object to oscillate with SHM or Describe
characteristics features of simple Harmonic Motion?
Ans. Characteristics/Conditions of Simple Harmonic Motion
i. The motion must be vibratory i-e a body always executes)‫ (ادارک ہن‬To and fro motion
around a fix point in SHM.
ii. The motion should be a periodic motion.
iii. Restoring force is always acted on the Simple Harmonic Oscillator (SHO).
iv. The velocity of SHO is maximum at mean position)‫ (ویطساقم ہم‬and minimum (zero)
at extreme)‫آرخی‬/‫ (ااہتنیئ‬positions.
v. The restoring force and acceleration of SHO is maximum at extreme positions and
minimum (zero) at mean position.
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Q.4: Show that the mass spring system
executes SHM.
Ans: Motion of mass attached to a spring.
Consider a mass "m" attached to the end of an
elastic spring. The other end of the spring is
1
Restoring force: A force will tend to bring the system back toward equilibrium
2
fixed at a firm support as shown in figurer. The whole system is placed on a

smooth horizontal surface.
If we displace the mass 'm' from its mean position 'O' to point "a" by applying
an external force, it is displaced by '+x' to its right, there will be elastic restring
force on the mass equal to F in the left side which is applied by the spring.
According to "Hook's Law
F = - K 𝒙 --------- (1)
Negative sign indicates that the elastic restoring force is opposite to the displacement.
Where ‘K’ is Spring Constant.
If we release mass 'm' at point 'a', it moves forward to ' O'. At point ' O' it will not stop
but moves forward towards point "b" due to inertia and covers the same
displacement -x. At point 'b' once again elastic restoring force 'F' acts upon it but now
in the right side. In this way it continues its motion from a to b and then b to a.
According to Newton's 2nd law of motion, force 'F' produces acceleration ‘a’ in the
body which is given by
F = ma ---------- (2)
Comparing equation (1) and (2) we get,
ma = - K 𝒙
𝑲
a=− 𝒙
𝐦
Here k/m is constant term, therefore
a = - (constant) 𝒙
a  −𝒙
This relation indicates that the acceleration of a body attached to the end of an elastic
spring is directly proportional to its displacement. Therefore it is proved that motion
of mass attached to a spring is Simple Harmonic Motion.
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Q.5: Derive the formula for tie period and frequency of mass attached to the spring.
Ans: Formula for Time Period
The acceleration in SHM is given by:
a = - constant 𝒙
or
a = -2 𝒙 ---------------- (1)
Here “” is the angular velocity2 i-e.
𝟐
= 𝐓
Putting the value of  in eq (1) we get,
𝟐
a = - ( )2 𝒙
𝐓
𝟒𝛑𝟐
a= - 𝟐 𝒙 ………….. (2)
𝐓
But acceleration of mass attached to spring is
2
Angular velocity is the rate of velocity at which an object or a particle is rotating around a center or a specific
point in a given time period.
3
𝐤
a = - 𝒙 …………… (3)
𝐦
Comparing equation (2) and (3) we get
𝐤 𝟒𝛑𝟐
−𝐦 𝒙 = − 𝐓𝟐
𝒙
𝐤 𝟒𝛑𝟐
𝐦
= 𝐓𝟐
𝐦
T = 4π2 𝐤
2
Taking square root on both sides we get,

𝐦
√𝐓 𝟐 = √𝟒𝛑𝟐 √
𝐤
𝐦
T = 2π√
𝐤
Formula for frequency
We know that frequency is the reciprocal of time period i-e
𝟏
f=𝐓
𝟏
Then f = 𝐦
𝟐√
𝐤
𝟏 𝐤
f = 𝟐𝛑 √𝐦
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Q.6: What is simple pendulum? Diagrammatically show
the forces acting on simple pendulum. Also show that
simple pendulum executes Simple harmonic motion.
Ans: Simple Pendulum
A Simple pendulum is a small metallic bob)‫ (وگہل‬which is
suspended)‫ (اکٹلن‬through a weightless and inextensible‫ہ‬
)‫ (ناقلبوتعیس ہ‬string connected with a support as shown in
figure.
Forces acting on Simple Pendulum
Let ‘O’ be the point of suspension of a pendulum of length ′𝒍′. OA is the normal
position of the pendulum. If we displace the bob about its mean position “A” to
extreme position “B”. The forces acting on the bob, in this position are
1. Weight ‘mg’ of the bob acting vertically downward, and
2. Tension ‘T’ of the string acting along the direction ‘OB’.
‫مستط‬
The weight ‘mg’ can be resolved)‫یلحت‬ ‫ ( ہ‬into two rectangular components )‫( یلیہازجاء‬.
Component of ‘mg’ along the string = mg cosθ.
Component of ‘mg’ perpendicular to the string =mg sinθ.
The component ‘mg cosθ’ is balanced by the Tension ‘T’ in the string.
The restoring force is only provided by component ‘mg sinθ’, therefore
Frest= - mg sinθ…….. (1)
4
Now from ΔOAB

𝐱
Sin θ = 𝒍 ……………. (2)
Putting eq (1) in eq (2)
𝐱
Frest = - mg 𝒍 ………….(3)
Since “m”, “g” and “𝒍” are constant for simple pendulum.
Therefore
Frest -x
This is the condition for simple harmonic motion. Thus
motion of simple pendulum is simple harmonic motion.
Also by Newton’s second law of motion
Frest= ma ------- (4)
Comparing equation (3) and equation (4)
𝐱
ma = - mg
𝒍
𝐠
a=−𝒍𝐱
Since ‘g’ and ‘l’ are constants for oscillating simple pendulum, therefore
a = - (constant) x
a-x
This means that acceleration of the bob is directed towards the mean position and
proportional to the displacement. Hence the motion of the pendulum is SHM.
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Q.7: Derive the formula for time period and frequency of simple pendulum.
Ans: Formula for Time period
The acceleration in SHM is given by:
a = - constant 𝒙
or
a = -2𝒙 ---------------- (1)
Here “” is the angular velocity. i-e
𝟐
= 𝐓
Putting the value of  in eq (1) we get,
𝟐
a = - ( 𝐓 )2 𝒙
𝟒𝛑𝟐
a = - 𝟐 𝒙 ………….. (2)
𝐓
But the acceleration of simple pendulum is given by
𝐠
a = − 𝒍 𝒙 …………. (3)
Comparing equation (2) and (3) we get,
𝐠 𝟒𝛑𝟐
− 𝒍 𝒙 =− 𝐓𝟐
𝒙
𝐠 𝟒𝛑𝟐
𝒍
= 𝐓𝟐
𝒍
T2= 4π2 𝐠
5
Taking square root on both sides we get,

𝒍
√𝐓 𝟐 = √𝟒𝛑𝟐 √
𝐠
𝒍
T = 2π√𝐠
Formula for frequency
We know that frequency is the reciprocal of time period
𝟏
i-e f=𝐓
𝟏
Then f= 𝒍
𝟐√
𝐠
𝟏 𝐠
f = 𝟐𝛑 √ 𝒍
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Q.8: What is wave? How waves transport energy without carrying the material
medium? Also describe the connection between oscillatory motion and waves.
Ans. Wave
A wave is a disturbance that moves outward from its point of origin
and transfers energy from one point to another, which may or may not
displace particles of the medium.
Waves as carries of energy
Energy can be transferred from one place to another through waves, but the particles
in the medium do not travel with the wave. The particles take part in the wave by
colliding into one another and transferring energy. This is why energy can be
transferred.
For example
when a stone is dropped into a pond)‫ (اتالب‬of water, the circular ripples)‫ی‬
‫ (رہل ہ‬are
produced at a place where the stone touches the water. These ripples spread)‫نلیھپ‬
‫( ہ‬
towards the edges)‫ں‬ ‫ (انکرو ہ‬in all directions. Place a cork at some distance from the
falling stone. When waves reach the cork, it will move up and down along with the
motion of the water particles by getting energy from the waves, during this process
the cork does not move with waves. This activity shows that water waves transfer
energy from one place to another without transferring matter.
Connection between oscillatory motion and waves
Oscillatory motion produce waves while waves produce oscillatory motion.
Explanation
When waves travel through a medium the particles of the medium move up and down
i-e its start oscillatory motion, similarly when a stone is dropped into a pond of water,
the water particles start oscillatory motion which produces waves.
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Q.9: What is wave motion? How waves can be categorized.

Ans. Wave motion:
Wave motion is that mechanism by which energy is transferred from one point to
another in the form of waves.
Types of waves based on ability to transmit )‫(لقتنم رکےن یک صالحیت‬nation..
There are two types of waves based on ability to transmit energy through a medium
or vacuum they are electromagnetic waves and mechanical waves.
Electromagnetic waves
• The waves that propagate by oscillation of electric and magnetic fields are called
electromagnetic waves.
• Electromagnetic waves can be
created by accelerating charges;
moving charges back and forth will
produce oscillating electric and
magnetic fields, and these travels
at the speed of light.
• Electromagnetic waves composed
of electric and magnetic fields
which are mutually perpendicular
to each other.
• These waves are capable of transmitting its energy through a vacuum3, they do
not require material medium for their propagation.
• Light waves are examples of electromagnetic waves.
Mechanical waves
The waves produced by oscillation of material particles are called mechanical waves.
Mechanical waves are waves that are not capable of transmitting its energy through
a vacuum.
Mechanical waves require a material medium.
Sound waves are the example of mechanical waves. Sound waves are unable to travel
through a vacuum these waves require some medium to travel.
Types of waves based on particle direction
There are two types of waves based on the direction of movement of particles of the
medium they are longitudinal waves and transverse waves.
Longitudinal waves
Types of waves in which particles of the medium vibrate parallel to the direction of
propagation of waves are called longitudinal waves.
Examples
Sound waves and Waves produced in a compressed spring.
3
empty space.
7
Explanation
Sound is produced by vibrating objects, when a vibrating object moves forward, it
pushes and compresses the air in front of it
creating a region of high pressure. This
region is called compressions 4 . This
compression starts to move away from the
vibrating object. When the vibrating object
moves backwards, it creates a region of low
pressure called rarefaction 5 . In sound
waves, high and low pressure zones move both forward and backward as the wave
moves through them.
Transverse waves
Types of waves in which particles of the medium vibrate perpendicularly to the
direction of propagation of waves are called Transverse waves.
Examples
Waves produce in pond)‫ ہ(اتالب‬of water by dropping a stone. Waves produce in a
stretched)‫ ہ(یچنیھکوہیئ ہ‬string)‫ہ ہ(اتر ہ‬.
Explanation
When we give an upward jerk to a string whose
one end is tied with a fixed support a pulse of
wave is produced in which the particles moves
up and down while the waves moves in forward
direction as shown in figure.
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Q.10: What is Crest and Trough?
Ans: Crest )‫(فراز‬
The part of the transverse waves where the medium of propagation is above the mean
position is called Crest of the waves.
Trough)‫(بیشن‬
The part of the transverse waves where the medium of propagation is below the
mean position is called Trough of the waves.
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Q.11: Define characteristics of the wave parameters.
Ans: Quantitative characteristics of waves are.
i) Wavelength )‫(وطل ومج‬
The distance between two consecutive)‫ (وتما ہت‬crest or trough is called wavelength.
OR
4
Compression: A compression is a region in a longitudinal wave where the particles are closest together.
5
Rarefaction: A rarefaction is a region in a longitudinal wave where the particles are furthest apart.
8
The distance between two consecutive compressions or rarefactions is called

wavelength.
OR
The shortest distance between points where the
wave pattern repeats itself is called the wave
length.
It is denoted by a Greek letter lambda “λ”. Its SI unit
is meter.
i) Wave cycle
As a wave passes a given point along its path, that point undergoes cyclic motion. The
point is displaced first in one direction and then in the other direction. Finally, the
point returns to its original equilibrium position,
thereby completing one cycle.
ii) Frequency
It can be defined as “the number of wave cycle
passing through a certain point in unit time is
called frequency”. Mathematically
𝑵
f=
𝒕
Where “t” is the time taken and “N” denotes the number of vibrations.
iii) Time period
The time required for one wave cycle to pass through a certain point is called time
period. It is measured in second. It is denoted by “T”. Time period is the reciprocal of
frequency.
Mathematically
𝟏
T=𝒇
iv) Amplitude)‫(ہطیح‬
The maximum displacement of a particle of the medium from its means position
is known as amplitude. Its unit is meter. It is denoted by xo.
vi) Velocity of the wave or wave speed
The displacement travel by the wave in unit time is called velocity of the wave. It is
denoted by “V”.
Mathematically
𝑺
V=𝒕
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Q.12: Prove the relation between speed, Wavelength
and frequency of wave. OR Prove that V=f
Ans: As we know that,
The distance traveled by wave in unit time is called
wave speed.
9
𝑺
V = ------------- (i)
𝒕
We also know that a wave travels distance “” (s=) in time period “T” (t=T).
Therefore, equation (i) can be written as
𝛌
V= 𝑻
𝟏
V = 𝑻 × ------- (2)
As we know that
𝟏
𝒇=
𝑻
𝟏
Putting the value of in eq (2)
𝑻
we get,
V = 𝒇𝝀 Proved
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Q.13: What is ripple tank?
Ans: Ripple tank
Ripple tank is a device which produces water waves.
Construction
It consists of a rectangular tray having glass bottom
filled with water. A lamp is fixed above the tray for
throwing light. An electrical vibrator is also fixed
above the tray for production of waves.
Working
For the demonstration of wave properties the lamp is
lightened and also the vibrator is started to produce
waves in the tray. The light shines through the water.
The crest in the water is shown by bright lines and
trough in the water is shown dark lines. The image of
the wave can be seen through the screen placed
below. The properties of wave such as reflection,
refraction and diffraction can be demonstrated in
ripple tank.
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Q.14: Using ripple tank explain the following characteristics of wave,
Reflection, and diffraction.
Ans: Characteristics of waves
Following are the characteristics of waves:
i. Reflection of waves)‫(وموجںاکااکعنس‬
Reflection6 of waves can be demonstrated in ripple tank by placing a barrier in the
ripple tank. The water waves reflect from the
6
Reflection: The bounce back of waves in its own medium when strike with a resistance is called reflection
of waves.
10
barrier. The incident and reflected waves can be seen on the viewing screen.
ii. Refraction of waves )‫(وموجں اک ااطعنف‬
Refraction7 of waves can be demonstrated in ripple tank if a pane of glass is placed in
the bottom of the tank, one part of the tank will be deep and the other part of the
tank will be shallow. Waves traveling from the deep end to the shallow end can be
seen to refract
(i.e bend), decrease wavelength8, and slow
down9. When waves are traveling from deep
water to shallow water, the waves are seen
to
bend.
iii. Diffraction of waves )‫(وموجں اک ااسکنز‬
Diffraction 10 is often demonstrated with water waves in a ripple tank. Generate
straight waves in a ripple tank and place two obstacles)‫یٹ‬
‫ (راکو ہ‬in a line such a way, that
separation between them is comparable‫(ومازہنہ‬
)‫اکیاسیج ہ‬/‫ ےکاقلب‬to the wavelength of water wave.
The waves produce in the ripple tank when
passes through the opening, becomes
spreading)‫ (لیھپ اج ہن‬in every direction and turn
into circular waves.
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Q.15: What do you mean by damped oscillation?
Ans: Damped Oscillation)‫دممھدشہاراعتاشت‬
The oscillatory motion in which the amplitude decreases continuously with the
passage of time is known as damped oscillation.
Explanation
If we take a pendulum and giving it energy only one time, then we will notice that the
pendulum stop its motion after some time as some of its energy is losses in
overcoming the resistance of air and hence losses energy continuously with the
passage of time.
Similarly shock absorbers in automobiles are one of the practical application of
damped motion. A shock absorber consists of a piston moving through a liquid such
as oil.
7Refraction: The slightly bending of wave in a certain way when it is passed from one medium to another
medium is called refraction of light.
8 the wave fronts get closer together
9 they take a longer time to travel the same distance
10Diffraction: The bending or spreading of waves around the sharp edges or corners of obstacles is called
diffraction.
11
The upper part of the shock absorber is firmly attached to the body of the car. When
the car travels over a bump on the road, the car may vibrate violently)‫(دشدی ہ‬.‫ ہ‬The shock
absorbers damp these vibrations and convert their energy into heat energy of the oil.
**********
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
Q1. Is every oscillatory motion is simple harmonic? Give examples.
Ans. No, every oscillatory motion is not simple harmonic.
Explanation
The to and fro motion of an object from its mean position is called oscillatory motion.
While SHM is a special case of oscillatory motion in which the restoring force is directly
proportional to the displacement from the equilibrium position, also the acceleration
of the vibrating body is directly proportional to the displacement from the mean
position.
Examples
A flag flapping, a ball bouncing continuously, a bird flapping its wings, are oscillatory
but not simple harmonic. Motion of simple pendulum and mass attached to a spring
are the examples of SHM.
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Q2.For a particle with simple harmonic motion, at what point of the motion does the
velocity attain)‫ (حاصل کرنا‬maximum magnitude? Minimum magnitude?
Ans. The magnitude of velocity of the particle is maximum at mean position and
minimum at extreme positions with simple harmonic motion.
Explanation
The particle with SHM has the maximum kinetic energy at means position, therefore
it will have maximum velocity at mean position.
While the kinetic energy of the particle is converted into potential energy at extreme
positions thus at extreme positions kinetic energy would be zero also velocity of the
particle is minimum i-e zero.
Mathematically
𝟏
K.E = mv2
𝟐
𝟏
0 = 𝟐mv2
0 = v2
v=0
**********
Q3. Is the restoring force on a mass attached to spring in SHM ever zero? If so, where.
Ans. Yes, at the means position the restoring force on a mass attached to spring in
SHM is zero.
12
Explanation
The restoring force in SHM must be proportional to the displacement away from the
equilibrium position.
So, every time the mass passes through the equilibrium position, the force is zero.
Because the displacement(x) of oscillating body from means position is zero i-e x =0.
Now according to Hook’s law
F = -k x
F = -k(0)
F=0
The equation shows that the restoring force is zero at the means position.
**********
Q4.If we shorten the string of a pendulum to half its original, what is the effect on its
time period and frequency?
Ans. When we shorten the length of the string of a pendulum to half of its original
length then the time period will decrease, while frequency will increase.
Mathematical proof of effect on time period
The time period of simple pendulum is
𝒍
T = 2𝝅√𝒈……………... (1)
Now if the length becomes half then we put
𝐥
𝒍 = 𝟐 in eq (1) we get,
𝒍
T/ = 2 𝝅√
𝟐𝒈
𝟏 𝒍
T/ = (2 𝝅√𝒈 )…………… (2)
√𝟐
𝟏 𝒍
T/ = 𝑻……. (3) [as 2 𝝅√𝒈 = T]
√𝟐
𝟏
Equation (3) shows that the time period will decrease by a factor when the length
√𝟐
of the string becomes ha
Mathematical proof of effect on frequency
We know that
𝟏 𝒈
f= √ …………. (4)
𝟐𝝅 𝒍
𝒍
Put𝒍 = 𝟐 in eq (4) we get
𝟏 𝐠
f/ = 𝟐𝛑 √𝒍⁄𝟐
𝟏 𝟐𝒈
f/ = 𝟐𝝅 √ 𝒍
𝟏 𝒈
f/=√𝟐 (𝟐𝝅 √ 𝒍 )……………(5)
13
𝟏 𝒈
f/ = √𝟐f………. (6) [As f = √ ]
𝟐𝝅 𝒍
Equation (6) shows that the frequency will increase by a factor√𝟐 when the length of
the string becomes half.
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Q5. A thin rope hangs from a dark high tower so that its upper end is not visible.
How can the length of the wire be determined?
Ans. To determine the length of a hanging wire whose upper end is not visible, attach
a bob at the lower end of the hanging wire. The rope becomes just like a pendulum,
and then makes it vibrate. The time period of this pendulum is noted.
Now according to formula.
𝒍
T = 2𝝅√
𝒈
Taking square of both sides we get,
𝐥
T2 = 4𝝅𝟐 𝐠
𝑻𝟐 𝐠
l=
𝟒𝝅𝟐
By knowing the value of g (9.8m/s2), the value of  (3.14) and the time period of
vibration, the length of wire can be calculated from the above relation.
**********
Q6. Suppose you stand on a swing instead)‫ (بجائے‬of sitting on it. Will your frequency
of oscillation increase or decrease.
Ans. The frequency of oscillation will be increases when we stand on a swing instead
of sitting on it.
Explanation
The swing acts like a pendulum and the frequency of a pendulum (swing) is given by:
𝟏 𝒈
f= √
𝟐𝝅 𝒍
Where, ′𝒍′ is the distance from the pivot to the
person’s center of gravity. When a person
stand, the center of gravity shifted upwards so
the length from point of suspension will
decreases, and it is clear from the above
equation that frequency is inversely
proportional to the square root of “𝒍”. Thus
frequency of oscillation increases as length
decreases when a person stands up instead of
sitting.
**********
14
Q7.Explain the difference between the speed of transverse wave traveling along a
cord)‫ڈوری‬/‫ (رسی‬and the speed of tiny)‫ (چھوٹاسا‬colored part of the cord.
Ans. The speed of the transverse wave along the cord remains constant while the
speed of tiny colored part of the cord is variable.
Explanation
In transverse wave, the tiny colored part of the cord
moves up and down while the wave moves in a
direction perpendicular to the tiny colored part of
the cord. The velocity of the tiny colored part is
minimum at the top and bottom of its motion and
maximum as it passes through the equilibrium
position.
While the speed of the transverse wave along the length of the cord remains constant.
**********
Q8. Why waves refract at the boundary of shallow)‫ (کم گہرا‬and deep water?
Ans. Waves refract at the boundary of shallowand deep water, due to the change in
its speed.
Explanation
Refraction is the change in direction of a waves passing from one medium to another
or from a gradual (‫ )دتبریہ‬change in the medium. Water waves travel slower in shallow
water. Thus, if water waves
passing from deep water into
shallow water, they will slow
down. We know that from the
equation (V=f ) that the
wavelength is directly proportional
to the speed. The waves slow
down as they enter the shallow
water which causes the wavelengths to shorten and waves change its direction which
means waves are refracted.
**********
Q9. What is the effect on diffraction if the opening is made small?
Ans. The amount of diffraction increases when the opening is made small.
Explanation
The bending of a wave around the edges of
an opening or an obstacle is
called diffraction.
The amount of bending of waves depends
upon the relative size of the wavelength of
the wave and size of the opening.
The effect is greatest when the size of the
opening is made extremely small, so that its width is comparable with the wavelength
15
of generated waves. If the opening is much larger as compared with the wavelength
of the waves, then these waves proceed straight through the opening. Thus the wave
bends more if the opening is made small.
**********
EXAMPLES AND ASSIGNMENTS

EXAMPLE 10.1: FREQUENCY OF OSCILLATION
What is the frequency of oscillation if the time period is 20 ms?
Given Required
Time period ‘T’ = 20 ms = 0.2 s frequency ‘f’ =?
Solution
Since the time period and frequency are reciprocal of each other
Therefore f = 1/T
Putting values
f = 1/0.02s
f = 50 s-1= 50 Hz Answer
Hence, in one second the particle will vibrate 50 times for a time for a time period of
20 ms.
**********
ASSIGNMENT 10.1: PERIOD OF OSCILLATION
When an object oscillates with a frequency of 0.5 Hz, what is its time period?
Given Required
Frequency f = 0.5 Hz Time period T = ?
Solution
Since the time period and frequency are reciprocal of each other
Therefore `T = 1/f
Putting values
T = 1/0.5 Hz
T = 2Hz -1 or T = 2 s Answer
**********
EXAMPLE 10.2: SPRING RESTORING FORCE
A spring has a spring constant of 48 N/m. This spring is pulled to a distance of 55 cm
form equilibrium. What is the restoring force.
Given Required
Displacement ‘x’ = 55cm =0.55m Restoring force ‘Fres’ =?
Spring constant K=48.0N/m
Solution
The restoring force is negative because it is to the left, according to Hooke’s law.
16
Fres= ̶ KX Putting values

Fres s = ̶ 48N/m×0.55m
Fres= ̶ 26.4N Answer
***********
ASSIGNMENT 10.2: SPRING RESTORING FORCE:
Determine the restoring force of a spring displaced 1.5 m, with the spring constant of
30 N/m.
Given Required
Displacement ‘x’ = 1.5 m Restoring force ‘Fres’ =?
Spring constant K= 30.0N/m
Solution
The restoring force is negative because it is to the left, according to Hooke’s law.
Fres= ̶ KX
Putting values
Fres= ̶ 30N/m×1.5m
Fres = ̶ 45N Answer
***********
EXAMPLE 10.3:MASS OF OSCILLATING MASS SPRING SYSTEM
What is mass of a vertical mass – spring system if it oscillates with a period of 2.0s and
has a spring constant of 20.0N/m
Given Required
Spring constant ‘K‘ =20N/m Mass ‘m’ = ?
Time Period ‘T’ = 2.0s
Solution
The time period for mass spring system is
T = 2ᴫ√𝒎/𝒌
Squaring both sides
T2 =[2ᴫ√𝒎/𝒌]2
Or T2 = 4ᴫ2 x 𝒎⁄𝒌
𝟐
Isolating m m = 𝑻 𝐱 𝐊⁄ 𝟐
𝟒ᴫ
Putting the values
(𝟐𝒔)𝟐 𝐱 𝟐𝟎 𝐍/𝐦⁄
m=
𝟒(𝟑. 𝟏𝟒)𝟐
as N = kgm/s2
𝟒𝒔𝟐 𝐱 𝟐𝟎 𝐤𝐠𝐦/𝒔𝟐 𝐦⁄
So m= 𝟒(𝟗. 𝟖𝟔)
Therefore m = 2.02kg = 2 kg Answer
The mass of the mass spring oscillator is 2 kg.
***********
17
ASSIGNMENT 10.3:THE PERIOD OF MASS SPRING CONSTANT

A body of mass 0.2 kg is attached to a spring placed on a frictionless horizontal surface.
The spring constant of spring is 4 N/m. find the time period of oscillating mass spring
system.
Given Required
Spring constant ‘K‘ = 4N/m Time Period ‘T’= ?
Mass m = 0.2 kg
Solution
The time period for mass spring system is
T = 2ᴫ√𝒎/𝒌
Putting values T = 2ᴫ√𝟎. 𝟐/𝟒
Hence T = 1.4s Answer
***********
EXAMPLE 10.4: RESTORING FORCE OF SIMPLE PENDULUM
Determine the magnitude of the restoring force for a pendulum bob of mass 100 g that
has been pulled to an angle of 10o from the vertical.
Given Required
Mass ‘m’ = 100 g = 0.1 kg Restoring force ‘Fres’ = ?
2
Acceleration due to gravity ‘g’ = 9.8m/s
Angle Ө = 10o
The restoring force Fres = mg sin Ө is the component of weight that is tangential to
the circular path of the pendulum.
Fres= ̶ mg sin Ө
Putting the values
Fres= ̶ 0.1 x 9.8 m/s2 sin10o
Or Fres = ̶ 0.98 kgm/s2 x 0.17
Fres= ̶ 0.167 N Answer
The magnitude of the restoring force acting on the pendulum is 0.167 N.
***********
ASSIGNMENT 10.4: CALCULATING ANGLE
At what angle must a pendulum be displaced to create a restoring force of 4 N on a
bob with a mass of 500g?
Given Required
Mass ‘m’ = 500 g = 0.5 kg Angle Ө =?
2
Acceleration due to gravity ‘g’ = 9.8m/s
Restoring force ‘Fres’= 4 N
Solution
The restoring force Fres = mg sin Ө is the component of weight that is tangential to the
circular path of the pendulum.
Fres= ̶ mg sin Ө
𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐬
or sin Ө= − 𝒎𝒈
18
𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐬
Therefore Ө= ̶ sin-1
𝒎𝒈
𝟒
Putting the values Ө= ̶ sin-1𝟎.𝟓 × 𝟗.𝟖
Ө = 54.7o Answer
***********
EXAMPLE 10.5: DETERMINING GRAVITATIONAL FIELD STRENGTH
What is the gravitational field strength on planet Mercury, if a 0.500m pendulum
swings with a period of 2.30s?
Given Required
Time period ‘T’ = 2.3s gravitational field strength ‘g’=?
Length ‘l’ = 0.500m
Solution
The time period for simple pendulum is
T = 2ᴫ√𝒍/𝒈
Squaring T2 =[2ᴫ√𝒍/𝒈]2
Or T2 = 4ᴫ2 x 𝒍⁄𝒈
𝟐
Isolating g g = 𝟒ᴫ 𝐱 𝐥⁄ 𝟐
𝑻
𝟒(𝟑. 𝟏𝟒)𝟐 𝐱 𝟎. 𝟓𝐦
Putting the values g = ⁄
(𝟐. 𝟑𝒔)𝟐
-2
Therefore g = 3.73 ms = 3.73 N/ kg (down) Answer
The gravitational field strength of mercury is 3.73 N/ kg.
***********
ASSIGNMENT 10.5: GRAVITATIONAL FIELD STRENGTH AT MOUNT EVEREST
What is the gravitational field strength at the top of Mount Everest at an altitude of
8954 m, if a pendulum with a length of 1 m has a period of 2.01 s?
Given Required
Time period ‘T’ = 2.01s gravitational field strength ‘g’=?
Length ‘l’ = 1.00 m
Solution
The time period for simple pendulum is
T = 2ᴫ√𝒍/𝒈
Squaring T2 =[2ᴫ√𝒍/𝒈]2
Or T2 = 4ᴫ2 x 𝒍⁄𝒈
𝟐
Isolating g g = 𝟒ᴫ 𝐱 𝐥⁄ 𝟐
𝑻
𝟒(𝟑. 𝟏𝟒)𝟐 𝐱 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝐦⁄
Putting the values g =
(𝟐. 𝟎𝟏𝒔)𝟐
-2
Therefore g = 9.76 ms Answer
***********
19
EXAMPLE 10.6: WAVE SPEED

A student vibrates the end of a spring at 2.6 Hz. This produces a wave with a
wavelength of 0.37m. Calculate the speed of the wave.
Given Required
Frequency ‘f’ = 2.6 Hz speed ‘v’ = ?
Wavelength ‘ʎ’ = 0.37 m
Solution
By universal wave equation
v = fʎ
Putting the values
v = 2.6 s-1 x 0.37 m
Hence v = 0.962 m/s Answer
The answer validates; as reasonable speed for wave in a spring is about 1 m/s.
***********
ASSIGNMENT 10.6: WAVELENGTH OF SOUND
A sound wave of wavelength 1.7 x 10 -2m. Calculate the frequency of sound id its
velocity is 343.4 m/s.
Given Required
Wave speed ‘v’ = 343.4 m/s Frequency ‘f’ = ?
-2
Wavelength ‘ʎ’ = 1.7 x 10 m
Solution
By universal wave equation
v = fʎ or f = v/ʎ
Putting the values
𝟑𝟒𝟑.𝟑
f = 𝟏.𝟕×𝟏𝟎−𝟐
Hence f = 2.02 x 104 Answer
***********
20
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

(MCQs)
1. A transverse wave on a string has amplitude A. A tiny spot on the string is colored.
As one cycle of the wave passes by, what is the total distance traveled by the red
spot?
𝟏
A. A B. 2A C. 𝟐A D. 4A
2. Which of the following does not affect the period of the mass-spring system?
A. mass B. spring constant
C. amplitude of vibration
D. All of the above affect the period
3. An object of mass m oscillates on the end of spring. To double the period, replace
the object with one of mass:
A. 2m B. m/2 C. 4m D. m/4
4. A car mounted on a shock absorber is like a mass on spring. If we ignore damping,
how will the frequency of the oscillations change if passengers (or a heavy load)
are added to the cat? The frequency will
A. increase B. decrease C. stay same D. be zero
5. If the pendulum completes exactly 12 cycles in 2.0 min, what is the frequency of
the pendulum?
A. 0.10 Hz B. 0.17 Hz C. 6.0 Hz D. 10 Hz
6. A certain pendulum has an iron bob. When the iron bob is replaced with lead bob
of the same size, its time period will
A. stays the same B. decrease
C. increase D. be zero
7. A wave transports
A. energy but not matter
B. matter but not energy
C. both energy and matter
D. air
8. The bending of waves around the edges of obstacle is
A. reflection B. refraction
C. diffraction D. damping
***********
21
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
1. A mass hung from a spring vibrates 15 times in 12 s. Calculate (a) the frequency (b)
the period of the vibration.
Given
Number of vibrations ‘N’= 15
Time = 12 sec
Required
a. Frequency ‘f’ =?
b. Time period ‘T’ =?
Solution
a) To find frequency
We know that,
𝑵
f=
𝒕
𝟏𝟓
f= 𝟏𝟐
f = 1.2 Hz Answer
b) To find time period
We know that,
𝟏
T=𝐟
𝟏
T = 𝟏.𝟐
T = 0.8 sec. Answer
***********
2. A spring requires a force of 100 N to compress it to a displacement of 4 cm. What is
the spring constant?
Given
Force ‘F’ = 100N
Displacement ‘x’ = - 4 cm = - 0.04m (negative sign shows compression)
Required
Spring constant ‘k’ =?
Solution
We know that,
F=-kx
𝑭
K = −𝑿
𝟏𝟎𝟎
K= −
−𝟎.𝟎𝟒
K = 2500 N/m
K = 2.5 x 103 N/m Answer
***********
22
3. A second pendulum is a pendulum with period of 2.0 s. How long must a second
pendulum be on Earth (g = 9.8 m/s2) and Moon (where g=1.62m/s2) What is the
frequency of second pendulum at earth and on moon?
Given
Time period of second pendulum ‘T’ = 2 sec
Acceleration due to gravity on earth ‘ge’ = 9.8 m/s2
Acceleration due to gravity on earth ‘gm’ = 1.62 m/s2
Required
(i) Length of pendulum on earth ‘le’=?
(ii) Length of pendulum on moon lm=?
(iii) Frequency at earth ‘fe’ =?
(iv) Frequency on moon ‘fm’ =?
Solution
i) To find length on earth (le)
We know that,
𝒍
T = 2𝝅√𝒈 ……… (1)
𝒆
Squaring both sides, we get
𝒍𝒆
T2 = 4𝝅𝟐
𝒈𝒆
𝑻𝟐 𝒈
le = 𝟒𝝅𝟐𝒆……… (2)
Putting values in eq (2) we get,
𝟐𝟐 𝐱 𝟗.𝟖
le= 𝟒(𝟑.𝟏𝟒)𝟐
𝟑𝟗.𝟐
le=𝟑𝟗.𝟒𝟑𝟖𝟒
le = 0.99m Answer
(ii)To find length on moon
We know that,
𝑻𝟐 𝒈
lm= 𝟒𝝅𝟐𝒎 ……… (3)
Putting values in eq (3) we get,
𝟐𝟐 𝑿 𝟏.𝟔𝟐
lm =
𝟒(𝟑.𝟏𝟒)𝟐
𝟔.𝟒𝟖
lm = 𝟑𝟗.𝟒𝟑𝟖𝟒
lm = 0.16m Answer
(iii) Frequency on earth:
We know that,
𝟏 𝒈
fe = 𝟐𝝅 √ 𝒍 𝒆
𝒆
𝟏 𝟗.𝟖
fe = √
𝟐 𝑿 𝟑.𝟏𝟒 𝟎.𝟗𝟗
𝟏
fe = 𝟔.𝟐𝟖
√𝟗. 𝟗
23
𝟏
fe = x 3.146
𝟔.𝟐𝟖
𝟑.𝟏𝟒𝟔
fe = 𝟔.𝟐𝟖
fe = 0.5 Hz Answer
(vi) Frequency on moon:
We know that,
𝟏 𝒈
fm = 𝟐𝝅 √ 𝒍 𝒎
𝒎
𝟏 𝟏.𝟔𝟐
fm= 𝟐 𝐗 𝟑.𝟏𝟒 √𝟎.𝟏𝟔
𝟏
fm =
𝟔.𝟐𝟖
√𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓
𝟏
fm = 𝟔.𝟐𝟖 x 3.18
𝟑.𝟏𝟖
fm =
𝟔.𝟐𝟖
fm = 0.5 Hz Answer
***********
4. Calculate the period and frequency of a propeller on a plane if it completes 250
cycles in 5.0 s.
Given
Number of cycles ‘N’= 250 cycles
Time for 250 cycles = 5 sec
Required
i) Frequency ‘f’ =?
ii) Time period ‘T’ =?
Solution
To find frequency
We know that,
𝑵
f=
𝒕
𝟐𝟓𝟎
f= 𝟓
f = 50 Hz
To find Time period
We know that,
𝟏
T=𝒇
𝟏
T = 𝟓𝟎
T = 0.02 sec Answer
***********
5. Water waves with wavelength 2.8 m, produced in a ripple tank, travel with a speed
of 3.80 m/s. What is the frequency of the straight vibrator that produced them?
Given
Wavelength of water waves ‘𝝀’ = 2.8m
24
Speed of waves ‘v’ = 3.80m/s

Required
Frequency of waves ‘f’ =?
Solution
We know that,
v = f𝝀
𝐯
Or f =𝛌
𝟑.𝟖𝟎
f = 𝟐.𝟖
Hence, f = 1.36 Hz Answer
***********
6. The distance between successive crests in a series of water waves is 4.0 m, and the
crests travel 9.0 m in 4.5 s. What is the frequency of the waves?
Given
Distance between successive crests =Wavelength 𝝀 =4m
Distance covered ‘S’ = 9m
Time taken ‘t’ = 4.5s
Required
Frequency ‘f’ =?
Solution
We know that,
v = f𝝀
𝐯
f =𝛌 ………… (1)
First we find the value of v:
We know that,
𝒔
v=
𝒕
𝟗
v = 𝟒.𝟓
v = 2 m/s
Putting the values of ‘v’ and λ in eq (i)
𝐯
f=
𝛌
𝟐
f=𝟒
Therefore, f = 0.5 Hz Answer
***********
7. A station broadcasts an AM radio waves whose frequency is 1230 x 10 3 Hz. And an
FM radio waves whose frequency is 91.9 x 106 Hz. Find the distance between adjacent
crest in each wave
Given
Frequency of AM radio waves ‘fAM’= 1230 x 103 Hz
Frequency of AM radio waves ‘fFM’= 91.9 x 106 Hz
25
Speed of radio waves = v =c 3 x 108 m/s

Required
Distance between adjacent crests in each case is
(i) Wave length of AM radio waves ‘𝑨𝑴 ’=?
(ii) Wave length of FM radio waves ‘𝑭𝑴 ′=?
Solution
Wavelength for AM waves
We know that,
v = f
or c = 𝒇𝑨𝑴 𝑨𝑴
𝒄
𝑨𝑴=𝒇
𝑨𝑴
𝟑 𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝑨𝑴= 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟎 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟑
𝑨𝑴= 2.44 x 102m
λAM= 244m Answer
Wavelength for FM waves
𝒄
𝑭𝑴= 𝒇
𝑭𝑴
𝟑 𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝑭𝑴= 𝟗𝟏.𝟗 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝑭𝑴= 0.0326 x 102m
λFM= 3.26m Answer
***********
End Chapter 1
26

UNIT # 10 Simple Harmonic Motion & Waves

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UNIT # 10 Simple Harmonic Motion & Waves

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Genius Physics 10th Simple Harmonic Motion & Waves

Q.2 What is Simple Harmonic Motion?

fixed at a firm support as shown in figurer. The whole system is placed on a

Taking square root on both sides we get,

Now from ΔOAB

Taking square root on both sides we get,

Q.9: What is wave motion? How waves can be categorized.

The distance between two consecutive compressions or rarefactions is called

EXAMPLES AND ASSIGNMENTS

Fres= ̶ KX Putting values

ASSIGNMENT 10.3:THE PERIOD OF MASS SPRING CONSTANT

EXAMPLE 10.6: WAVE SPEED

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Speed of waves ‘v’ = 3.80m/s

Speed of radio waves = v =c 3 x 108 m/s

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