Lesson 3 Defining Terms in The Study: What To Know!

MISSIONARI DELLA FEDE COMMUNITY LEARNING CENTER- COMMUNITY HIGH SCHOOL, INC.
In affettuoso ricordo di Michael Angelo Loteria Evio
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Name: Date:_____________
Grade/Strand: Teacher:Trixie SJ. Torres, LPT
Module: 6
Lesson 3 Defining Terms in the Study

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the topic, learners should be able to:
1.Define terms used in the study.
2.Discuss the two types of definition of terms; and
3.State the importance of including the unknown terms in the research paper.
WHAT TO KNOW!
To complete the research, it is imperative to unlock terms used in the paper especially if there
are jargons used. Definition of terms will help clarify the purpose and direction of the study being
conducted.
Organizing Definitions
An important part in writing a research in an academic paper is to give definitions of key
terms. There are two types of definitions:
✓ Conceptual definition – the meaning of the term is usually taken from the dictionary
✓ Operational definition – the definition based on an observed characteristics and how it is
used in the study
These are the few principles to keep in mind:
1. Make sure that in the definition, you focus on what something is, not just what its effects are or
what it is used for.
2. Extend the definition so that it exactly covers what you want the reader to understand. Never
assume that if the term appears to be quite common, everyone knows what it means. And, do
not overload your definition.
3. It is helpful to supplement a definition, where appropriate, to clarify further the meaning of the
term.
4. You are advised not to invent a definition for any term which has a clear and accepted
definition in place. However, the term should be defined as used in the study or research or
within the content being discussed.
5. Finally, once you establish a definition, so not change its meaning in the middle of the article
or the paper.
Example of Definition of Terms

From Baraceros (2017)
1. Temperature
a. Conceptual Definition: heat flowing between infinite reservoirs
b. Operational Definition: define temperature in relation to operations with gas thermometers.
2. Electric Current
a. Conceptual Definition: force between two parallel conductors
b. Operational Definition: mention the device, current balance, to measure electric current.
3. Anger
a. Conceptual Definition: Intangible; not directly measured by observation
b. Operational Definition: mention facial expressions, vocabulary, r voice tone to measure
anger.
IS YOUR BRAIN FULL? LET’S CHECK!
To check your understanding, compare and contrast the two types of definition and give an example for
each.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
YOUR BRAIN NEEDS EXERCISES. DO THIS!
Direction: Write at least 10 jargons (terms you use in your strand), and give its operational definition.
1. WORD: ________________________
Conceptual Definition: ___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Operational Definition: ___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. WORD: ________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. WORD: ________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. WORD: ________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. WORD: ________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. WORD: ________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
7. WORD: ________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8. WORD: ________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
9. WORD: ________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
10. WORD: ________________________

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
CAN YOU REMEMBER IT ALL? LET’S LOOK BACK.
Direction: Us i n g t h e v en n d i a g ra m , Compare and contrast the two ways on defining terms.
PARENTS’ SIGNATURE: ____________________________

DATE: _______________________
Lesson 4 Citing Related Literature Using Standard Styles
OBJECTIVES:
1. Cite related literature using standard style
2. Identify different citation style guide, and
3. give the importance of acknowledging the author’s
WHAT TO KNOW!
In taking down notes for your review of related literature, you should also include where you get those
details so that you can acknowledge the creator. There are different format in citing sources for the research
paper. Here are some of the most common citation styles:
✓ APA (American Psychological Association). APA is an author/date- based style. This means
emphasis is placed on the author and the date of a piece of work to uniquely identify it. (Author,
date) Author (Date)
✓ MLA (Modern Language Association). MLA is most often applied by the arts and humanities
particularly in the USA. It is probably the most used of all citation styles. (Author page), Author
(page)
✓ AMA (American Medical Association) or Vancouver. The Vancouver system is mainly used in
medical and scientific papers.
Examples:
✓ APA – (Author, Year) or Author (Year)

✓ MLA – (Author page)
✓ AMA/Vancouver – numbering with either square [ ] or curved brackets ( ) can be used as long as it
is consistent
Aspect APA System MLA System

Last name(,) First name and
Last name(,) first name and
Writing the Author’s name middle name
middle name initials(.)
(optional)
Writing the title of the Italicized title with only the Underlined or italicized title
reading material beginning word capitalized with all content words
(exception: capital for every
capitalized
proper noun)
Written after the
Writing the copyright date Written after the author’s name
publisher’s name
When your quote is longer than 40 words,
✓ Start the quote on a new line

✓ Indent the entire quote by 5 spaces (1/2 of an inch if you use the ruler in Microsoft Word)
✓ Don’t use quotation marks
✓ Double-space the quote (just like the rest of the paper)
✓ Use brackets enclosing ellipses [ ] to represent omitted text
✓ If your quote contains a quote, use double quotation marks “ “ around the shorter quote
Referencing Sources
Remember that to write a literature review successfully, you must carefully search the sources.
You have to do this systematically and ethically. Though you will have lots of references to find and
combine, you should still use your own words and explanations. And if you will use other people’s
exact words, never forget to cite them. Citing the authors and publishers are important for these
reasons:
1. Adds authority to your work by supporting it with previous researches.
2. Demonstrates reading and understanding of relevant literature
3. Enables the reader to track down the original sources to check its quality
4. Ensures that you write in an ethical manner by giving credit to the original authors. (Prieto,
et.al., 2017)
1. WEBSITES
Source Format for APA Reference Style
Lastname, F. M. (Date published). Title of the page.
Retrieved from URL
Website with author
Kraizer, S. G. (2005). Safe child. Retrieved from http://www.safechild.org
Organization name. (Date published). Title of page.
Retrieved from URL
Website with corporate
author Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA). (February
15, 2008). Stop underage drinking. Retrieved from http://www.stopalcoholabuse.gov
Title of the page. (Date published). Retrieved from URL

Website with unknown
author Penn State Myths. (2006). Retrieved From http://www.psoedu.ur/about/myths
2. BOOKS
Book by a Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of book: Subtitle of book. Publication City, State: Publisher.
single author
Rollin, B.E. (2006). Science and ethics. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Book by two
authors
Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of book. Publication City, State: Publisher.
Sherman, C., & Prince, G. (2011). The invisible web: Uncovering information sources search
engines can’t see. Melford, NJ: Cyber Age Books.
Book by three List all the authors in order they appear in the title page
to six authors
Goodpaster, K.e., Nash, L.l., & Benites, H. (2006). Business Ethics: Policies and Person. New
York, NY: McGraw Hill.
More than 7 List all the first 6 and the last author.
authors
Author1, F.M., Author2, F. M., Author3, F. M., Author4, F. M., Author5, F. M., Author6, F.
M…Finalauthor, F. M. (Year). Title of book. Publication City, State: Publisher
Edited Editor, F. M. (Ed.). (Year). Title of book: Subtitle of book. Publication City, State: Publisher
book
Tyler, H. R. & Travis, S. J. (Eds.). (2019). The Philippines handbook of positive methodology.
Quezon, Metro Manila: Corbano University Press.
3. ARTICLES FOUND IN PRINT
With one author Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume (Issue),
pages.
Parajes, F. (2001). Toward a positive psychology of academic

motivation. Journal of Educational Research, 95(1), 24-35.
4. ARTICLES FOUND ON THE OPEN WEB

With one author Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume if available (issue if
available), pages if available. Doi: OR Retrieved from URL
Swedin, E. G. (2006). Designing babies: A eugenics race with China. The
Futurist, 6(7). Retrieved from
http://www.thefuturist.com/designingbabiesCHINA/
With two authors Norem, J. K., & Chang, E. C. (2012). The positive and negative gram bacteria. Journal
of Medicine and Genetics, 58(2), 993-1001. doi: 10.1002/jclp.10094
With 3 Author1, F.M., Author2, F. M., Author3, F. M., Author4, F. M., Author5, F. M.,
to 6 Author6, F. M. (2018). Chemistry is Life. Journal of the Scientist, 51(17), 29-30.
authors
With more than 7 List all the first 6 and the last author.
authors
Author1, F.M., Author2, F. M., Author3, F. M., Author4, F. M., Author5, F. M.,
Author6, F. M…Finalauthor, F. M. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume
(issue), pages
5. ELECTRONIC BOOK
Electronic Book Mc Kernan, B. (2001). Digital cinema: the revolution in cinematography,

postproduction distribution. New York, NY: Mc- Graw Hill. Retrieved from
www.netlibrary.com
Post, E. (1923). Etiquette in society, in business, in politics and at home. New York, NY:
Funk & Wagnalls. Retrieved from http://www.books.google.com/books
6. IMAGES
With Creator, F. M. (Date created). Title of image [Description of image]. Retrieved [date] from
creator URL
listed
Swanbrow, D. (2008, July 23). A happiness ranking of 97 nations [table]. Retrieved January 21,
2010 from http://www.ur.emich.edu/0708/july14_08/23.php
With no Title of image [Description of image]. (Date created). Retrieved [date] from URL
creator listed
Laying out your Reference Section
Once you are done with the literature review, the last thing to do is to collate all the references
you’ve used and make a reference list. Reference list lists only the sources you refer to in your writing. It is
important to note that listing all your evidences allow your sources to be found by your reader and of course
for them to be acknowledged. All references cited in the text must appear in the reference list, except for
personal communications (such as conversations or emails) which cannot be retrieved.
(https://aut.ac.nz.libguides.com/APA6th/referencelist).
To check your understanding on the different styles guides, define each and give two (2) examples.
APA: _______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
MLA: _______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Direction: Below are literatures taken from different sources and all are related to the topic, “Introduction
of Learning Commons as a New Face of Traditional Library”. Paraphrase and use the APA in-text
citation for each literature.
The literatures:
1. School libraries should support the changes in the K-12 schooling that are needed for schools to be
the center of 21st century learning. (Michael Oberg, September 2015)
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. A learning common is more than a website or a room. A learning common is about changing the
school culture and transforming the way of teaching and learning to be better. (Loertscher, Roechlin
and Rosefield, no date)
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Two reasons why libraries are changing are the shift to digital technology and the changing student
population. (Gardner and Peterson, 2005)
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Direction: Arrange the following references according the to the correct APA reference style format.
1. Chicago, Jonathan, Through the flower homepage. Retrieved from http://www.judychicago.com. No

specific date given.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. University of New South Wales, College of Fine Arts. Adaptability. Sydney, Australia: McGraw Hill,
Inc.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Van Fenema, Jayson. A critical look at Malaysian art. In S.Jones. (Ed.), Southeast Asian art today. (pp 62–
118). Roseville, New South Wales, Australia: Roeder Publications. 1996
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

DATE: _______________________
Lesson 5 Following Ethical Standards in Writing Related Literature
OBJECTIVES:
1. Follow ethical standards in writing related literature.
2. List the basic principles of ethical practice, and
3. Discuss the importance of following the ethics in writing related literature.
WHAT TO KNOW!
By definition, ethics is moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an
activity. We don’t only follow ethics in conducting a research but in almost every task we are doing.
However, it is mostly important to be strict in following ethics in writing any paper because it is easier
for some to plagiarize than to be original.
In this lesson, we will discuss the ethics in writing a research paper, and presents the principles
of research.
Understanding Ethics in Research

Dempster and Hannah as cited in Prieto, et.al., (2017) emphasized that research ethics are
standardized rules that guide the design and conduct of research. When you are writing or doing your
research paper, you must always think “what is right” so you will be guided in doing the correct
procedures.
Literature review is sometimes the center of plagiarism especially on the lower school levels
as the students are not fond of searching the correct articles and reading the whole literature. Students
nowadays are more tempted to copy everything from the internet (with no citation) and submit it to the
teacher. These principles in writing would help the students to realize how important it is to give
credits and to be original.
According to the Merriam-Webster online dictionary, to "plagiarize"
means:
✓ to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own
✓ to use (another's production) without crediting the source
✓ to commit literary theft
✓ to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source
***Remember that if there is a word-for-word copying beyond a short phrase of someone else’s text, that selection
should be enclosed in quotation marks and referenced at the location of the article.***
Ethics in Literature Review

Ethics is important in the literature review because as mentioned, it is the foundation of your
research; it is where the readers will get information about the background and same concepts of the current
study. If the researcher will ‘copy/cut and paste’ all the related literature, then it won’t make a budge. It will
definitely not be considered and will just be a waste of time. But, following ethics is not just be exercised in
literature review but also in every chapter or part of the paper. The study should be free from plagiarism and
must be an original creation of the researcher.
When you are doing a literature review, consider the following key ethics questions:
1. How will you ensure you treat the work of existing researchers accurately and fairly?
2. Does the research you are reviewing raise ethical questions that you need to address?
Protecting the Intellectual Property of the Philippines

Philippine copyright law is enshrined in the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines, officially
known as Republic Act No. 8293. Under this law, original intellectual creations in the literary and artistic
domain are copyrightable. These include books, pamphlets, articles and other writings, etc.
Using your own words, define plagiarism and give an example scenario of when plagiarism is usually committed.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

Direction: Write a story for each picture. Include “what happened” and “what should be done”.
Define these terms based on how they were discussed during the class lecture and their importance in
research writing.
PLAGIARISM
RESEARCH
ETHICS
PRINCIPLES

DATE: _______________________

Lesson 3 Defining Terms in The Study: What To Know!

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lesson 3 Defining Terms in The Study: What To Know!

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MISSIONARI DELLA FEDE COMMUNITY LEARNING CENTER- COMMUNITY HIGH SCHOOL, INC.

In affettuoso ricordo di Michael Angelo Loteria Evio

Lesson 3 Defining Terms in the Study

These are the few principles to keep in mind:

Example of Definition of Terms

IS YOUR BRAIN FULL? LET’S CHECK!

YOUR BRAIN NEEDS EXERCISES. DO THIS!

10. WORD: ________________________

CAN YOU REMEMBER IT ALL? LET’S LOOK BACK.

Direction: Us i n g t h e v en n d i a g ra m , Compare and contrast the two ways on defining terms.

PARENTS’ SIGNATURE: ____________________________

✓ APA – (Author, Year) or Author (Year)

Aspect APA System MLA System

When your quote is longer than 40 words,

✓ Start the quote on a new line

Title of the page. (Date published). Retrieved from URL

Parajes, F. (2001). Toward a positive psychology of academic

4. ARTICLES FOUND ON THE OPEN WEB

Electronic Book Mc Kernan, B. (2001). Digital cinema: the revolution in cinematography,

IS YOUR BRAIN FULL? LET’S CHECK!

YOUR BRAIN NEEDS EXERCISES. DO THIS!

CAN YOU REMEMBER IT ALL? LET’S LOOK BACK.

1. Chicago, Jonathan, Through the flower homepage. Retrieved from http://www.judychicago.com. No

PARENTS’ SIGNATURE: ____________________________

Understanding Ethics in Research

Ethics in Literature Review

Protecting the Intellectual Property of the Philippines

IS YOUR BRAIN FULL? LET’S CHECK!

YOUR BRAIN NEEDS EXERCISES. DO THIS!

PARENTS’ SIGNATURE: ____________________________

You might also like