10/24/17

Class Announcements
• Functional vs. Structural Plasticity

Previous Lecture Review

• Chapter 6
• Retroactive vs. Proactive
Inhibition
• Encoding Specificity
Principles
• Chapter 7
• Fitts-Posner 3-stage model
• Cognitive-based
• Vereijken 3-stage model
• Dynamical Systems

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Stages of Learning

Chapter 7 – cont’

The Acquisition of Expertise in

a Motor Skill
• ‘Autonomous’ or
‘Expert’ Stage vs.
Expert/Elite
Motor Perceptual Cognitive

• Motor + Cognitive +
Perceptual
• Specificity
Motor Perceptual Cognitive

Characteristics of Motor Skills

Expert
• Pattern Recognition • Perception of essential
• Fast and accurate kinematic information
• Superior knowledge • Less effortful and
• Semantic and procedural automatic
• Structured knowledge • Consistent and
• Situational probability adaptable
knowledge • Self-monitoring skills
• Advanced planning
What is common of many
• Anticipation
of these characteristics?

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Time to Expertise?

• “10-year rule”
• Minimum ten years of
experience
• 10,000 hours
• Deliberate practice
• Effort and intensity
• Hours per day
• No immediate rewards
• Motivation = Improvement
• Perceptual and Cognitive Elements
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charl_Mattheus

Genetics and Ability in

Experts

Predicting Individual Success

Across the Stages of Learning
• Correlation
beginning vs.
late
• Low à High

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Ackerman’s Learning Effects

Across Stages of Learning
• Different abilities in each stage of learning
• Weak correlation among ability types

Ackerman’s Hypothetical Skill-

Ability Relationship

• ** Generally applies but definite exceptions!

Group Activity

As a group, come up with 1 motor skill

that:
a) You think motor ability dominates in the
late stages learning
b) You think perceptual ability dominates in
the late stages learning
c) You think cognitive ability dominates in the
late stages of learning

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