ABSTRACT

In the present paper the author has designed and developed a system to glow the night lamp in the
evening and gives an alarm in the morning automatically using the most popular current time in the
address and data field of the the execution of the program with current time and other data are
stored in the memory locations specified for the purpose and the electronic circuit so developed is
connected to the kit, gives required result very accurately
INTRODUCTION
Detects The Daylight In The Morning, A Melodious Morning Alarm Sounds. This Circuit
Automatically Turns On A Night Lamp When Bedroom Light Is Switched Off. The Lamp Remains ‘On’
Until The Light Sensor Senses Daylight In The Morning. A Super-Bright White Led Is Used As The
Night Lamp. It Gives Bright And Cool Light In The Room. When The Sensor The Circuit Is Powered
From A Standard 0-9v Transformer. Diodes D1 Through D4 Rectify The Ac Voltage And The Resulting
Dc Voltage Is Smoothed Regulator Gives Regulated Provided To Ac Power The Circuit When Mains
Fails. When Mains Supply Is Available, The 9v Rechargeable Battery Charges Via Diode D5 And
Resistor R1 With A Reasonably Constant Current. In The Event Of Mains Failure, The Battery
Automatically Takes Up The Load Without Any Delay. Diode D5 Prevents The Battery From
Discharging Backwards Following The Mains Failure And Diode D6 Provides Current Path From The
Battery. The Circuit Utilises Light-Dependant Re Sani Theo Circuit Ideas Sistors (Ldrs) For Sensing
Darkness And Light In The Room. The Resistance Of Ldr Is Very High In Darkness, Which Reduces To
Minimum When Ldr Is Fully Illuminated. Ldr1 Detects Darkness, While Ldr2 Detects Light In The
Morning. The Circuit Is Designed Around The Popular Timer Ic Ne555 Which Is Configured As A
Monostable. Is Activated By A Low Pulse Applied To Its Trigger Pin. Once Triggered, Output Pin Of
Ic2 Goes High And Remains In That Position Until Is Triggered Again At Its Pin. When Ldr1 Is
Illuminated With Ambient Light In The Room, Its Resistance Remains Low, Which Keeps Trigger Pin
2 Of Ic2 At A Positive Potential. As A Result, Output Pin 3 Of Goes Low And The White Led Remains
Off. As The Illumination Of Ldr1’s Sensitive Window Reduces, The Resistance Of The Device
Increases. In Total Darkness, The Specified Ldr Has A Resistance In Excess Of 280 Kiloohms. When
The Resistance Of Ldr1 Increases, A Short Pulse Is Applied To Trigger Pin 2 Of Via Resistor R2 (150
Kiloohms). This Activates The Monostable And Its Output Goes High, Causing The White Led To
Glow. Low-Value Capacitor C2 Maintains The Monostable For Continuous Operation, Eliminating
The Timer Effect. By Increasing The Value Of C2, The ‘On’ Time Of The White Led Can Be Adjusted
To A Predetermined Time. Ldr2 And Associated Components Generate The Morning Alarm At
Dawn. Ldr2 Detects The Ambient Light In The Room At Sunrise And Its Resistance Gradually Falls
And Transistor T1 Starts Conducting. When T1 Conducts, Melody-Generator Dusk And Turn Off
Automatically After Dawn In The Morning. Due To The Technological Development Nowadays, Road
Lighting Can Be Categorized According To The Installation Area And Performance, For An Example,
Lighting For Traffic Routes, Lighting For Subsidiary Roads And Lighting For Urban Center And Public
Amenity Areas. The Wsn Helps In Improving The Network Sensing For Street Lighting. Meanwhile,
Street Light System Can Be Classified According To The Type Of Lamps Used Such As Incandescent
Light, Mercury Vapor Light, Metal Halide Light, High Pressure Sodium Light, Low Pressure Sodium
Light, Fluorescent Light, Compact Fluorescent Light, Induction Light And Led Light. Different Type Of
Light Technology Used In Lighting Design With Their Luminous Efficiency, Lamp Service Life And
Their Considerations. The Led Is Considered A Promising Solution To Modern Street Lighting System
Due To Its Behavior And Advantages. Apart From That, The Advantages Of Led Are Likely To Replace
The Traditional Street Lamps Such As The Incandescent Lamp, Fluorescent Lamp And High-Pressure
Sodium Lamp In Future But Led Technology Is An Extremely Difficult Process That Requires A
Combination Of Advanced Production Lines, Top Quality Materials And Highprecision
Manufacturing Process. Therefore, The Research Work Highlights The Energy Efficient System Of
The Street Lights System Using Led Lamps With Ir Sensor Interface For Controlling And Managing
This Automatic Night Lamp Circuit Turns On A Night Lamp When Bedroom Light Is
Switched Off. The Lamp Remains On Until The Light Sensor Senses Daylight In The
Morning. A Super-Bright White Led Is Used As The Night Lamp. It Gives Bright And Cool
Light In The Room. When The Sensor Detects The Daylight In The Morning, A Melodious
Morning Alarm Sound

circuit is powered from a standard 0-9V transformer. Diodes D1 through D4 rectify the
AC voltage and the resulting DC voltage is smoothed by C1. Regulator IC 7806 gives
regulated 6V DC to the circuit. A battery backup is provided to power the circuit when
mains fails. When mains supply is available, the 9V rechargeable battery charges via
diode D5 and resistor R1 with a reasonably constant current. In the event of mains
failure, the battery automatically takes up the load without any delay. Diode D5
prevents the battery from discharging backwards following the mains failure and diode
D6 provides current path from the battery.
AUTOMATIC NIGHT LAMP CIRCUIT

The circuit utilises light-dependant resistors (LDRs) for sensing darkness and light in

the room. The resistance of LDR is very high in darkness, which reduces to minimum

when LDR is fully illuminated. LDR1 detects darkness, while LDR2 detects light in the

morning.

The circuit is designed around the popular timer IC NE555 (IC2), which is configured as

a monostable. IC2 is activated by a low pulse applied to its trigger pin 2. Once

triggered, output pin

3 of IC2 goes high and remains in that position until IC2 is triggered again at its pin 2.

When LDR1 is illuminated with ambient light in the room, its resistance remains low,

which keeps trigger pin 2 of IC2 at a positive potential. As a result, output pin

3 of IC2 goes low and the white LED remains off. As the illumination of LDR 1’s

sensitive window reduces, the resistance of the device increases

Circuit Operation

In total darkness, the specified LDR has a resistance in excess of 280 kilo-ohms. When

the resistance of LDR1 increases, a short pulse is applied to trigger pin 2 of IC2 via

resistor R2 (150 kilo-ohms). This activates the monostable and its output goes high,

causing the white LED to glow.

SMART LAMP LIGHTING
lights are doing more than ever in today’s smart cities. With digital networks and embedded
sensors, they collect and transmit information that help cities monitor and respond to any
circumstance, from traffic and air quality to crowds and noise. They can detect traffic congestion
and track available parking spaces. Those very same networks can remotely control LED lights to
turn on and off, flash, dim and more, offering cities a chance to maximize low-energy lighting
benefits while also improving pedestrian and bicyclist safety. With street lights creating a network
canopy, those networks of data can be used by more than just lighting departments, empowering
even schools and businesses via a lighting infrastructure that brightens the future of the digital city.
Smart lighting helps cities save energy, lower costs, reduce maintenance—all while better serving
citizens and reducing energy use and CO2 emissions. Automation and networked control can
further increase your energy savings and reduce maintenance spending. Networked street lighting
built on a scalable platform can reduce crime up to 10% and make roadways safer through
improved visibility. Leveraging intelligent control systems can rapidly increase lighting efficiencies
and traffic management.
Light Dependant Resistor Circuit
LDRs or Light Dependent Resistors are very useful especially in light/dark sensor circuits. Normally
the resistance of an LDR is very high, sometimes as high as 1000000 ohms, but when they are
illuminated with light resistance drops dramatically. Electronic onto sensors are the devices that
alter their electrical characteristics, in the presences of visible or invisible light. The best-known
devices of this type are the light dependent resistor (LDR), the photo diode and the
phototransistors. Light dependent resistor as the name suggests depends on light for the variation
of resistance. LDR are made by depositing a film of cadmium sulphide or cadmium selenide on a
substrate of ceramic containing no or very few free electrons when not illuminated .The longer the
strip the more the value of resistance. When light falls on the strip, the resistance decreases. In the
absence of light the resistance can be in the order of 10K ohm to 15K ohm and is called the dark
resistance. Depending on the exposure of light the resistance can fall down to value of 500 ohms.
The power ratings are usually smaller and are in the range 50mw to .5w. Though very sensitive to
light, the switching time is very high and hence cannot be used for high frequency applications.
They are used in chopper amplifiers. Light dependent resistors are available as discs 0.5cm to
2.5cm. The resistance rises to several Mega ohms under dark conditions. The device consists of a
pair of metal film contacts separated by a snakelike track of cadmium sulphide film, designed to
provide the maximum possible contact area with the two metal films. The structure is housed in a
clear plastic or resin case, to provide free access to external light. Practical LDRs are available in
variety of sizes and packages styles, the most popular size having a face diameter of roughly 10mm.
When an LDR is brought from a certain illuminating level into total darkness, the resistance does
not increase immediately to the dark value. The recovery rate is specified in k ohm/second and for
current LDR types it is more than 200k ohm/second. The recovery rate is much greater in the
reverse direction, e.g. going from darkness to illumination level of 300 lux, it takes less than 10ms
to reach a resistance which corresponds with a light level of 400 lux. A LDR may be connected
either way round and no special precautions are required during the time of soldering. Darkness:
Maximum resistance
LIGHTBULB SOCKET

Light bulb socket, light socket, lamp socket or lampholder is a device which mechanically

supports and provides electrical connections for a compatible electric lamp.[1] Sockets allow
lamps to be safely and conveniently replaced (re-lamping). There are many different standards
for lampholders, including early de facto standards and later standards created by
various standards bodies. Many of the later standards conform to a general coding system in
which a socket type is designated by a letter or abbreviation followed by a number.[
The most common type of sockets for mains electricity are Edison screws, used in continental
Europe and North America, while bayonet mounts dominate in the Commonwealth countries,
except Canada, and in the automotive industry. Fluorescent lamps typically require a two-pin,
unthreaded socket.
Not all lamps require a socket. For example, some miniature lamps have wire leads suitable for
direct connection to screw terminals or other wires, and some reflector lamps provide screw
terminals for electrical connections.
INCANDESCENT LIGHT BULB

An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric

light with a wire filament heated until it glows. The filament is enclosed in a glass bulb with a
vacuum or inert gas to protect the filament from oxidation. Current is supplied to the filament by
terminals or wires embedded in the glass. A bulb socket provides mechanical support and
electrical connections.
Incandescent bulbs are manufactured in a wide range of sizes, light output, and voltage ratings,
from 1.5 volts to about 300 volts. They require no external regulating equipment, have
low manufacturing costs, and work equally well on either alternating current or direct current. As
a result, the incandescent bulb became widely used in household and commercial lighting, for
portable lighting such as table lamps, car headlamps, and flashlights, and for decorative and
advertising lighting.
Incandescent bulbs are much less efficient than other types of electric lighting, converting less
than 5% of the energy they use into visible light. The remaining energy is lost as heat.
The luminous efficacy of a typical incandescent bulb for 120 V operation is 16 lumens per watt,
Some applications use the heat generated by the filament. Heat lamps are made for uses such
as incubators, lava lamps, and the Easy-Bake Oven toy. Quartz tube halogen infrared
heaters are used for industrial processes such as paint curing or for space heating.
Incandescent bulbs typically have short lifetimes compared with other types of lighting; around
1,000 hours for home light bulbs versus typically 10,000 hours for compact fluorescents and
20,000–30,000 hours for lighting LEDs. Incandescent bulbs can be replaced by fluorescent
lamps, high-intensity discharge lamps, and light-emitting diode lamps (LED). Some areas have
implemented phasing out the use of incandescent light bulbs to reduce energy consumption
NINE-VOLT BATTERY

The nine-volt battery, or 9-volt battery, is a common size of battery that was introduced for
early transistor radios. It has a rectangular prism shape with rounded edges and a polarized
snap connector at the top. This type is commonly used in smoke detectors, gas
detectors, clocks, walkie-talkies, electric guitars and effects units.
The nine-volt battery format is commonly available in primary carbon-zinc and alkaline
chemistry, in primary lithium iron disulfide, and in rechargeable form in nickel-cadmium, nickel-
metal hydride and lithium-ion. Mercury-oxide batteries of this format, once common, have not
been manufactured in many years due to their mercury content. Designations for this format
include NEDA 1604 and IEC 6F22 (for zinc-carbon) or MN1604 6LR61 (for alkaline). The size,
regardless of chemistry, is commonly designated PP3—a designation originally reserved solely
for carbon-zinc, or in some countries, E or E-block
Most nine-volt alkaline batteries are constructed of six individual 1.5 V LR61 cells enclosed in a
wrapper.[2] These cells are slightly smaller than LR8D425 AAAA cells and can be used in their
place for some devices, even though they are 3.5 mm shorter. Carbon-zinc types are made with
six flat cells in a stack, enclosed in a moisture-resistant wrapper to prevent drying. Primary
lithium types are made with three cells in series.[3]
9-volt batteries accounted for 4% of alkaline primary battery sales in the United States in 2007,
and 2% of primary battery sales and 2% of secondary battery (rechargeable) sales in
Switzerland In 2008.
CONNECTORS
he battery has both terminals in a snap connector on one end. The smaller circular (male)
terminal is positive, and the larger hexagonal or octagonal (female) terminal is the negative
contact. The connectors on the battery are the same as on the load device; the smaller one
connects to the larger one and vice versa.[2] The same snap-style connector is used on other
battery types in the Power Pack (PP) series. Battery polarization is normally obvious, since
mechanical connection is usually only possible in one configuration.
A problem with this style of connector is that it is very easy to connect two batteries together in
a short circuit, which quickly discharges both batteries, generating heat and possibly a fire.
[8]
 Because of this hazard, nine-volt batteries should be kept in the original packaging until they
are going to be used
LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light when current flows

through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing energy in
the form of photons. The color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photons) is
determined by the energy required for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor.
[5]
 White light is obtained by using multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphor
on the semiconductor device.[6]
Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low-
intensity infrared (IR) light.[7] Infrared LEDs are used in remote-control circuits, such as those
used with a wide variety of consumer electronics. The first visible-light LEDs were of low
intensity and limited to red. Modern LEDs are available in visible, ultraviolet (UV), and infrared
wavelengths, with high, low, or intermediate light output.Early LEDs were often used as
indicator lamps, replacing small incandescent bulbs, and in seven-segment displays. Recent
developments have produced high-output white light LEDs suitable for room and outdoor area
lighting. LEDs have given rise to new types of displays and sensors, while their high switching
rates are useful in advanced communications technology.LEDs are used in applications as
diverse as aviation lighting, fairy lights, automotive headlamps, advertising, general
lighting, traffic signals, camera flashes, lighted wallpaper, horticultural grow lights, and medical
devices.LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources, including lower power
consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching.
In exchange for these generally favorable attributes, disadvantages of LEDs include electrical
limitations to low voltage and generally to DC (not AC) power, inability to provide steady
illumination from a pulsing DC or an AC electrical supply source, and lesser maximum operating
temperature and storage temperature. (In contrast to LEDs, incandescent lamps can be made
to intrinsically run at virtually any supply voltage, can utilize either AC or DC current
interchangeably, and will provide steady illumination (due to thermal inertia) when powered by
AC or pulsing DC even at a frequency as low as 50 Hz. LEDs usually need electronic support
components to function, while an incandescent bulb can and usually does operate directly from
an unregulated DC or AC power source. The fast switching of LEDs is unfavorable when a
steady, unfluctuating source of light is desired, but it can be overcome by providing to them a
very steady regulated DC electrical supply, at the expense of high-quality DC regulator
electronics.) As in nearly all engineering matters, whether the advantages or disadvantages of
LEDs are more significant depends on the application. For some applications, such as high-
speed data signalling (as in IR remote controls and fiber-optic communications) or information
display or indication in small battery-powered devices, LEDs are nearly ideal while incandescent
lamps are completely inadequate. For other applications, such as oven interior lighting or light
sources operating directly from unstable voltage sources or flexible electrical power sources that
may switch between AC and DC, incandescent lamps are ideal and LEDs are inferior or wholly
inappropriate. For the specific application of lamps for general illumination, LEDs are much
more energy-efficient and long-lasting than any comparable incandescent lamp, but added
electronics are required to adapt the LED elements themselves to operate from the 110+ volt

LED
line current conventionally used to power incandescent general lighting. Those electronics
greatly increase the complexity and purchase price of general illumination LED "light bulbs", and
the cheap electronics included in low-cost LED "bulbs" may cause the LED light to flicker
(similarly to fluorescent lamps) at a low or high frequency, while the electronics also may pose
an increased fire risk when the electronics fail catastrophically, which necessarily will occur
occasionally given that the design of the electronic circuitry has been stripped down to minimize
its manufacturing cost. Unlike a laser, the light emitted from an LED is neither
spectrally coherent nor even highly monochromatic. However, its spectrum is sufficiently narrow
that it appears to the human eye as a pure (saturated) color Also unlike most lasers, its radiation
is not spatially coherent, so it cannot approach the very high brightnesses characteristic
of lasers.
RELAY

relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of input terminals for a single or

multiple control signals, and a set of operating contact terminals. The switch may have any
number of contacts in multiple contact forms, such as make contacts, break contacts, or
combinations thereof.
Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by an independent low-power signal,
or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. Relays were first used in long-
distance telegraph circuits as signal repeaters: they refresh the signal coming in from one circuit
by transmitting it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and
early computers to perform logical operations.
The traditional form of a relay uses an electromagnet to close or open the contacts, but other
operating principles have been invented, such as in solid-state relays which
use semiconductor properties for control without relying on moving parts. Relays with calibrated
operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical
circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed
by digital instruments still called protective relays.
Latching relays require only a single pulse of control power to operate the switch persistently.
Another pulse applied to a second set of control terminals, or a pulse with opposite polarity,
resets the switch, while repeated pulses of the same kind have no effects. Magnetic latching
relays are useful in applications when interrupted power should not affect the circuits that the
relay is controlling.

TRANSISTOR

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals

and electrical power. Transistors are one of the basic building blocks of modern electronics.[1] It
is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for connection to an
external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals controls the
current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher
than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are
packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.
Austro-Hungarian physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld proposed the concept of a field-effect
transistor in 1926, but it was not possible to actually construct a working device at that time.
[2]
 The first working device to be built was a point-contact transistor invented in 1947 by
American physicists John Bardeen and Walter Brattain while working under William
Shockley at Bell Labs. The three shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their achievement.
[3]
 The most widely used type of transistor is the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect
transistor (MOSFET), which was invented by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in
1959.[4][5][6] Transistors revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and
cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other things.
Most transistors are made from very pure silicon, and some from germanium, but certain other
semiconductor materials are sometimes used. A transistor may have only one kind of charge
carrier, in a field-effect transistor, or may have two kinds of charge carriers in bipolar junction
transistor devices. Compared with the vacuum tube, transistors are generally smaller and
require less power to operate. Certain vacuum tubes have advantages over transistors at very
high operating frequencies or high operating voltages. Many types of transistors are made to
standardized specifications by multiple manufacturers.

RESISTOR

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical

resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow,
adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines,
among other uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as
heat, may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads
for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time
or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume
control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical
activity.
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous
in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be composed of various
compounds and forms. Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits.
The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial resistors
are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. The nominal value of the
resistance falls within the manufacturing tolerance, indicated on the component.
PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD (PCB)

is a laminated sandwich structure of conductive and insulating layers. PCBs have two
complementary functions. The first is to affix electronic components in designated locations on
the outer layers by means of soldering. The second is to provide reliable electrical connections
(and also reliable open circuits) between the component's terminals in a controlled manner often
referred to as PCB design.  Each of the conductive layers is designed with an artwork pattern
of conductors (similar to wires on a flat surface) that provides electrical connections on that
conductive layer, while another manufacturing process adds  small and precisely located holes
that are drilled through the laminate and then plated with copper. The vias are the electrical
interconnection between layers that are otherwise insulated in the laminate structure and this
allows a third dimension of connection between conductive layers in a controlled manner that is
both reliable and cost-effective for mass production of electronic products.
PCB of a DVD player. Typical PCBs are green, but they may also be made in other colorsPart of a
1984 Sinclair ZX Spectrum computer board, a PCB, showing the conductive traces, vias (the through-hole
paths to the other surface), and some electronic components mounted using through-hole mounting.

PCBs mechanically support electronic components using conductive pads in the shape

designed to accept the component's terminals, and also electrically connect them using traces,
planes and other features etched from one or more sheet layers of copper laminated onto
and/or between sheet layers of a non-conductive substrate.[1] Components are
generally soldered onto the PCB to both electrically connect and mechanically fasten them to it.
Printed circuit boards are used in nearly all electronic products and in some electrical products,
such as passive switch boxes.
Alternatives to PCBs include wire wrap and point-to-point construction, both once popular but
now rarely used. PCBs require additional design effort to lay out the circuit, but manufacturing
and assembly can be automated. Electronic computer-aided design software is available to do
much of the work of layout. Mass-producing circuits with PCBs is cheaper and faster than with
other wiring methods, as components are mounted and wired in one operation. Large numbers
of PCBs can be fabricated at the same time, and the layout only has to be done once. PCBs
can also be made manually in small quantities, with reduced benefits.[2]
PCBs can be single-sided (one copper layer), double-sided (two copper layers on both sides of
one substrate layer), or multi-layer (outer and inner layers of copper, alternating with layers of
substrate). Multi-layer PCBs allow for much higher component density, because circuit traces on
the inner layers would otherwise take up surface space between components. The rise in
popularity of multilayer PCBs with more than two, and especially with more than four, copper
planes was concurrent with the adoption of surface mount technology. However, multilayer
PCBs make repair, analysis, and field modification of circuits much more difficult and usually
impractical. The world market for bare PCBs exceeded $60.2 billion in 2014[ and is estimated to
reach $79 billion by 2024

VERY BRIGHT LIGHT: MINIMUM

Resistance about 100 ohm. The LDR is a variable resistor whose resistance decreases with the
increase in light intensity. Two cadmium photoconductive cells with spectral response are very
similar to that of the human eye. The cell resistance falls with increasing light intensity. Some of its
features: 1) High reliability. 2) Light weight. 3) Wide spectral response
LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is p-n junction diode that
emits light when activated. The long terminal is positive and the short terminal is negative. When a
suitable current is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within
the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and
the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band
gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are typically small (less than 1 mm2 ) and integrated optical
components may be used to shape the radiation pattern. LEDs are versatile semiconductor with a
number of attributes which make them perfect for most applications. Their features include:

 Long Life: LEDs can last over 100,000 hours (10+ years) if used at rated current

 No annoying flicker as we experience with fluorescent lamps.

 LEDs are impervious to heat, cold, shock and vibration.

 LEDs do not contain breakable glass.  Solid-State, high shock and vibration resistant

 Extremely fast turn on/off times

 Low power consumption puts less load on the electrical systems increasing battery life. Here we

have used the most common 5mm white light. White LEDs are perfect for replacing inefficient
incandescent bulbs in night lights and path lights

SPECIFICATION:

Intensity: 28,500mcd

Color Freq: x=31 y=32

Viewing Angle: 48º Lens:

Water Clear Voltage: 3.0v-3.3v T

ypical: 3.1v

Current: 20mA

WORKING PROCEDURE
The working procedure of the Smart street light using IR sensors is explained below. The following
are the different steps included in building a Smart street light.
 1. Output of the LDR pin is connected to A0 (analog) port of

2. Connect all output of the IR sensors to port numbers A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5 respectively (analog)
which is the input signal to the.

3. The output signals from LED are connected to port number 5, 6, 9, 10 and 11 respectively.

4. Again connect all the negative terminals of LED’s to GND port. 6. Power is passed to the (7-12V)

The is the circuit diagram of the Automatic alarm using the light sensor. It works in accordance with
the varying sunlight. Whenever there is sufficient sunlight in surroundings, LDR exhibits high
resistance and acts as an insulator, while in darkness this LDR behaves as low resistance path and
allows the flows of electricity, this LDR’s operates with the help of ldr sensors, these sensors are
activated under low illumination conditions and these are every basic electronic circuit will operate
under regulated 5v DC. When any object comes in the range of IR sensors, as IR LED emits the
radiations and reflected back to IR photodiode by the object. Hence, object is detected. The heart
of circuit is the low power, high is programmed by embedded assembly implementing these tasks;
this program is stored and operated by means of storage device EPROM. The intensity of LED’s is
remained at low initially (when no object is detected, at no natural light condition) by technique
where analog signal is converted to digital signal, ON-OFF process of LEDs take place so rapidly in
such a way, the LEDs seem to glow dimly when seen by naked eye. Hence, intensity of LEDs are
controlled by varying duty cycle. While coming to the functional block i.e. LDR, LEDs, IR sensors,
these components are in expensive, smaller in size, less complexity, highly reliable, low power
applications, minimum risk with greater accuracy. The project is successfully implemented in many
areas based on the experimental verification proving that it can save the electrical power to greater
extent removing the manual work completely; the system became the origin for upcoming
advanced intelligent systems in saving both human and electrical power. The switching of the LEDs
are operated through coding applied in.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this section, the setup of the whole research work is depicted in a step by step manner. Sample
screenshots are displayed once the components are fixed and connected to each other. All the
components are connected to each other and thus completes the system setup which helps one to
understand the steps in a simple and easy way. With these steps, even when a person who is trying
to implement the same, it makes it simple, clear and easy. The following are the screenshots in an
orderly way
The depicts the initial setup of the hardware. All the components are in accordance to every other
component. The five IR sensors are placed next to each other. The is about to be mounted and
connected to the external power supply for the flow of current. All the five IR sensors are going to
be connected to the All the wirings with the breadboard are installed

APPLICATION AND ADVANTAGES

 The street light control circuit can be used in normal roads, highways, express ways etc.

 The project can also be used in parking areas of malls, hotels, industrial lighting, etc.

 If the lighting system implements all LED lights, the cost of the maintenance can be reduced as the
life span and durability of LEDs is higher than Neon based lights which are normally used as street
lights.
 As the lights are automatically turned ON or OFF, huge amount of energy can be saved.

 This system less costly, less installation and maintenance cost and more efficient as compared to
the others system

LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE WORK

 This system can be used for only one way. A highway might be covered by this system on dual
system installation on both side.

 The system does not have any automatic Lamp.

 Pole damage detection with the addition of suitable sensor can be implemented.
CONCLUSION
By using Lamp light, one can save surplus amount of energy which is done by replacing sodium
vapor lamps by LED and adding an additional feature for security purposes. It prevents unnecessary
wastage of electricity, caused due to manual switching of streetlights when it’s not required. It
provides an efficient and smart automatic streetlight control system with the help of IR sensors. It
can reduce the energy consumption and maintains the cost. The system is versatile, extendable and
totally adjustable to user needs.
 The system is now used only for One way traffic in highways.

 Continuous uses of LDR and IR sensors even in day time.

 Not switched on before the sunset. The Smart light system can be further extended to make the
current system in twoway , making the system more flexible in case of rainy days and introduction
of ways to control the lights through

REFERENCES
1. International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering (An
ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization) Website: www.ijircce.com Vol. 5, Issue 3, March 2017 Smart
2. S. Suganya, R. Sinduja, T. Sowmiya& S. Senthilkumar, Street light glow on detecting vehicle
movement using sensor 3. K.Santha Sheela,S.Padmadevi, Survey on Street Lighting System Based
On Vehicle Movements 4. Srikanth M, Sudhakar K N,ZigBee Based Remote Control Automatic Street
Light System 5. M.Abhishek, Syed ajram shah, K.Chetan, K,Arun Kumar, Design and implementation
of flow based street light control system with effective utilization of solar energy, International
journal of Science Engineering and Advance Technology, IJSEAT, Vol 3, Issue