CONCEPT MATRIX 1 – LITERATURE REVIEW
Title of the
research paper/ The Impact Of Social Media
journal/news articles On University Of Ilorin
Undergraduates’ Level Of
Political Participation In The
2019 Nigeria General
Elections
Author/s of this
paper as in-text Rufai (2019)
citation
Author/s of this
paper as in Rufai, I. K. (2019, July). The
Reference List Impact Of Social Media On
University Of Ilorin
Undergraduates’ Level Of
Political Participation In The
2019 Nigeria General
Elections. Nigeria.
What is/are the
objective/s of the The objective of the study is to
research? assess the impact of social
media on youth political
participation and evaluate the
Nigerian's youths' perceptions
of Nigerian politicians' social
media images.
What is the
hypothesis, if any. The purpose of the study is to
Rationale/Purpose of determine the source
conducting the study credibility level of political
news Nigerian youths read on
social media, and to ascertain
the level of credibility Nigerian
youths attach to political
University and Political
Awareness among Students:
A Study in the
Role of University in
Promoting Political
Awareness
Al-Khaza’leh & Lahiani
(2021)
Al-Khaza’leh, M. S., &
Lahiani, H. (2021, March).
University and Political
Awareness among Students:
A Study in the. Abu Dhabi,
UAE.
This research aims to
determine the level of
political awareness to
compare levels among Al
Ain University students and
to determine the university's
role in enhancing it.
The purpose of the study
stems from the problem at
hand, which is to ascertain
pupils' level of political
awareness, the primary pillar
around which the social and
political systems are built.
The effects of social media
use
and political communication
networks on the Filipino
youth’s
political participation
Bunquin (2019)
Bunquin, J. B. (2020). The
Effects of Social Media Use
and Political Communication
Networks on the Filipino
Youth Political Participation.
Philippines.
The objective of the study
aims to the examine the link
between social media use
and political participation.
The purpose of the study is to
identify the effects of social
media use and the mediating
effect of political
communication
networks on the political
participation of the Filipino
What is the Role of Social
Media in Presidential Election
Cycles
Guse (n.d)
Guse, M. C. (n.d). What is the
Role of Social Media in
Presidential Election Cycles.
Retrieved from
https://www.usf.edu/business/d
ocuments/undergraduate/hono
rs/thesis-guse-morgan.pdf
Through a review of previous
studies and the development
of new research, this research
study intends to highlight the
significant impact of social
media in political campaigns
specifically presidential
candidates.
Its goal is to establish a strong
brand through social media in
its creative content creation on
the political campaigns' use of
social media and how it affects
the voting public's impressions
of voters and candidates
Does Social Media Usage
Influence
Youth’s Interest In
Politics?
Bilandžić (2018)
Bilandzic, K. (2018). Does
Social Media Usage
Influence Youth's Interest
in Politics. Retrieved from
Research Gate:
https://www.researchgate.
net/publication/323726441
_Does_social_media_usa
ge_influence_youth's_inte
rest_in_politics
This research aims to
examine the connection
between social networks
and political interest since
Political interest has been
found to increase political
engagement.
The purpose of this study
is to establish how
engaged young people
are in politics and how
their use of Facebook and
Twitter for political
conversation affects their
 messages on social. youth engagement.

Methodology
- Survey It is a descriptive research that It used a descriptive survey
- Interview uses survey method in method and relied on the
- Respondents collecting datas and random questionnaire and interview
- No. of sampling is used. as research tools, as well as
respondents an intentional sample of 10
teaching team members
who were interviewed to
answer the third question,
and a random sample of 980
students (males and
females) who were given the
questionnaire to answer the
first and second questions.
An ego network survey
research design was utilized
to collect data from 400
randomly selected
respondents (15–24 years
old) in Metro Manila, and
structural equation modeling
was employed to investigate
the theorised correlations
among the variables.
A customized survey was
created utilizing the Qualtrics
software offered by the
University of South Florida and
delivered via direct messaging.
The respondents that comprise
the millennial generation were
all born between 1980 and
1999, which is the age group
category into which the
majority of my survey
participants fell. There were
precisely 334 responses to the
distribution.
The study is based on an
online survey conducted
in 2017 with a suitable
sample of 220 young
adults aged 15 to 29. The
data collected were
analyzed using SPSS
version 21.0 statistical
software. Researchers
employed univariate
analysis (frequency
distribution, measures of
central tendency) and
multivariate analysis
(reliability analysis, linear
regression) statistical
approaches.

Results &
Discussion: The study's findings indicated The findings revealed that The findings indicate that Political activity on social The findings indicate that
What was the result that social media positively university students have a respondents make substantial media frequently coincides utilizing Facebook to
of the study? impacts young people's high level of political use of social media and have with poll results after a political discuss politics has a
What did they find participation in political and knowledge. This degree a low level of political election cycle. This is because considerable beneficial
out from the survey? electoral processes, changed depending on the engagement. Meanwhile, the voters have the option of effect on political interest.
Any factors for…? particularly the 2019 Nigeria variable of college, which ego network research allowing commercials and The more politically
Implications? general elections. benefited humanities suggests that adolescents do other campaign activity to engaged young people
students, the variable of not engage in political influence their vote during a are on Facebook, the
gender, which benefited discourse. According to political election cycle. One greater their political
men, and the variable of statistical tests, the influence hundred thirty-four interest. Twitter had no
academic level, which of social media use on young respondents stated they would substantial effect on
benefited fourth-year political participation was allow political action to political interest in this
students. mediated by their political influence their vote, 124 said case, but because Twitter
communication networks. they would not, and 43 said is not as widely used in
they would. Croatia as it is in some
other countries, its effects
cannot be generalized.

Social media influenced The researchers highlight This indicates that, while Through the use of numerous It is critical to encourage
adolescents' political candidate the importance of the Filipino youth have an social media channels, political young people to be more
What do they and party choices. Still, it did subject of this study that the advantage in terms of candidates can directly engaged on social media
conclude from the not guarantee that youths
study? would vote for a politician
Did the study simply because they had a
support the social media account. Youths
hypothesis? also view social media as a
What credible channel for political
recommendations/su dialogue, with the majority
ggestions did claiming that it has influenced
the authors provide? them to become more
politically involved.
Synthesis
Rufai (2019) cited in his study
entitled " The Impact Of Social
Media On University Of Ilorin
Undergraduates’ Level Of
Political Participation In The
2019 Nigeria General
Elections" that in measuring
the impact of social media on
youth political participation and
evaluating Nigerian youths'
perceptions of Nigerian
politicians' social media
images is important to
ascertain the source credibility
degree of political news read
on social media by Nigerian
youths. Thus findings indicated
that social media positively
impacts young people's
participation in political and
electoral processes,
particularly the 2019 Nigeria
general elections.
fundamental pillar on which
the political and social
system is founded is
awareness. The study
examines political
awareness among Al Ain
University students and the
university's role in its
development, concluding
that universities should
create adequate space for
students' cultural programs
and activities to understand
and comprehend the official
political culture's vocabulary
.
In the study of Al-Khaza'leh
& Lahiani (2021) titled
"University and Political
Awareness among Students:
A Study in the role of
University in Promoting
Political Awareness"
determines the level of
political awareness and its
role in enhancing it. They
believed that the
fundamental pillar on which
the political and social
system is founded on
awareness. Thus, it is
revealed that the students at
Al Ain University have a high
political knowledge level
through the university's role
in enhancing it.
accessing and utilizing social
resources, their low level of
political participation is largely
due to a lack of connection
with others. The authors offer
courses of action and policies
to maximize the effectiveness
of social media in engaging
young in politics and to foster
the establishment of political
communication networks.
Bunquin (2019) revealed in
his study that the link
between social media use
and political participation in
the selected respondents
ages between 15–24 years
old in Metro Manila has make
substantial use of social
media but have a low level of
political engagement.
communicate with and
influence the voting public.
Voters struggle to identify a
common ground that supports
true human communication
while mobilizing the media in
today's technologically
centered environment.
According to Guse (n.d.),
social media has a
considerable impact on
political campaigns. Their use
of social media influences the
voting public's perceptions of
voters and candidates. It
revealed that 134 respondents
said they would enable political
action to influence their vote,
the majority of the 334
respondents.
in a political context and to
cultivate their political
interests, since they will
influence the future of
politics and hence the
destiny of the entire
country.
Bilandžić (2018) indicated
in his research that youth
have a low level of
political interest.
Additionally, it has low
average scores, meaning
that young people are
disinterested in politics.
Lack of interest fosters
political apathy and
reduces political
involvement. However,
through social media,
such as utilizing Facebook
to discuss politics, has a
considerable beneficial
effect on political interest
on.
Summary
The study was conducted
following the 2019 Nigerian
general elections in March
2019. The study's objectives
were to ascertain the impact of
social media on youths'
political participation in the
2019 Nigerian general
elections, using
undergraduates from the
University of Ilorin as a case
study. It evaluate Nigerian
youths' perceptions of Nigerian
politicians' social media
images; and to ascertain the
level of belief in political news
that Nigerian youths read. It
relied heavily on the survey
approach, with questionnaires
serving as the primary
instrument for data gathering.
The study's findings then
demonstrated that social
media did have a favorable
effect on youth engagement in
the political and electoral
processes, particularly the
2019 Nigeria general elections.
What is the Social media offers everyone the awareness and interest in terms of politics but there is an impact depending how you use it.
unifying
theme of
the five
researchers
?
The study employed a
descriptive survey to assess
student political awareness
and its involvement in
raising it. The third question
was addressed by a random
sample of 980 students
using a questionnaire and
interviews. The data
analysis procedure
generates that college
students knew a lot about
politics. Students' political
awareness varied by faculty,
with humanities students
having the most. The
discrepancies also favored
male students and 4th-year
students when the variable
was gender.
The survey also discovered
that the university played 15
crucial roles in growing
political consciousness, as
agreed upon by the sample,
with rates below 50% being
ignored.
Youth can access social
resources like political
information via social media,
but social media and political
participation require more
research. This study explores
social media use and the
mediating effect of political
communication networks on
Filipino youth political
participation. An ego network
survey study design was
used to identify and define
the youth's political
communication networks. The
results show heavy use of
social media and little political
participation. Moreover, the
ego network research shows
that the youth do not discuss
political concerns. These
findings suggest that social
media use moderated the
influence of political
communication networks on
young engagement.
Technology and online
communication are used for
both corporate operations and
personal fun in today's culture.
Political election cycles have
been increasingly reliant on
social media marketing for
campaigning during the
previous decade. The purpose
of this research is to determine
the effect of social media on
presidential election cycles.
Additionally, how voter
impressions are harmed when
they observe fellow voters' and
presidential candidates'
internet political behavior are
also revealed in this research.
Lastly, candidates' online
activity translates into voter
response. In conclusion, voters
are demanding a more tolerant
and positive environment to
express their opinions online
openly, which cannot be
accomplished without the
cohesion of voters and
candidates.
As the Internet's power
and influence grew, so did
the world's habits,
behavior, and
communication.
Hence, Interest in
politics has been
demonstrated to be an
influential factor for
political engagement. This
study's goal was to
determine how social
media affected young
people's interest in
politics. The analysis was
performed online among
young individuals aged 15
to 29. Thus, using
Facebook for political
conversation has
significantly increased
young people's interest in
politics.
 Concept matrix 2- Literature review
Title of the research paper/
Journal/news articles
Author/s of this paper as in-
text citation
Author/s of this paper as in
Reference List
What is/are the
Objective/s of the
Research?
The Influence Of Media On
Political Knowledge Amongst
Undergraduate Students In
Ibadan, Nigeria
Oluwatosin, Olusola, et. al,
(2020)
OLUWATOSIN, O., S., O.
O., OLUSOLA, A., & A., P.
O. (2020). The Influence Of
Media On Political Knowledge
Amongst Undergraduate
Students In Ibadan, Nigeria
The research aims to identify
the extent and influence of
media and social media
access among the students of
The Polytechnic, Ibadan, on
how knowledgeable they are
in politics.
Effects of Traditional Voters’ involvement, Political persuasion on social Use of Social Media for
and Social Media on attitude, and confidence in media: Tracing direct and Political Participation by
Political Trust the era of new media indirect effects of news use Youths in Oyo State, Nigeria
and social interaction
Echeverría, & Mani Lee (2020) Diehl, Weeks, & Zúñiga (2015) Omotayo, & Folorunso (2020)
(2020)
Echeverría, M. & Diehl, T., Weeks, B. E., &
Mani, E. (2020). Lee, H. (2020). Voters’ Zúñiga, H. G. (2015). Political Omotayo, F. O., & Folorunso,
Effects of Traditional involvement, attitude, and persuasion on social media: M. B. (2020). Use of Social
and Social Media on confidence. Retrieved from Tracing direct and indirect Media for Political Participation
Political Trust. https://doi.org/10.1057/s415 effects of news use and social by Youths in Oyo State,
Communication & 99-019-0368-9 interaction Nigeria.
Society, 33(2), 119-
135.
The study's objective The paper aimed to provides a The study determine how social The study's objective aims to
aims to know the effect framework to explain the interaction and news-seeking explain the factors influencing
of the campaigns impact of social network sites behaviors on social media lead the use of social media for
between the traditional usage on voters’ attitudes and to diverse networks, exposure political participation among the
and social media on confidence. to dissenting political opinion, youths in Oyo State, Nigeria.
measurements of trust, and ultimately reconsidering
at three moments: and changing one’s political
before, during, and views
after the campaigns;
and evaluate the
weight of the
campaigns on measures

What is the The purpose of the study is to
evaluate that if media like
Hypothesis, if any. Radio, television, newspaper
and social media access by
Rationale/Purpose of the students will have a
conducting the study significant relationship with
their independent influence
on political knowledge.
 Descriptive survey
Methodology desi
 Questionnaire
- Survey  300 consented full-
time and part-time
- Interview students of The
Polytechnic Ibadan,
- Respondents Nigeria
- No. Of
Respondents
Results & Discussion: This study found that Nigerian
pupils have a high level of
What was the result of the political understanding. It was
study? discovered that listening to
the radio had a considerable
What did they find out from impact on political
the survey? comprehension, whereas
social media, television, and
Any factors for…?
of trust.
The purpose of the The purpose of the study is to The purpose of the study is to The purpose of the research is
study is to know if evaluate if Social network site know if social media use for news there is a significant difference
Citizens’ attention to usage determinants influence will be positively associated with between the gender of the
traditional and social voters’ confident involvement political persuasion both directly youths and the use of social
media during the with politics. and indirectly through network media for political participation.
campaign, diminishes heterogeneity and discussion
trust in institutions. disagreement.
 Analytical
survey  Online survey  A two-wave national  Survey research design
 Survey platform panel survey  Questionnaire
Sampling  Survey  Online survey tool,  377 Students were
International questionnaire Qualtrics chosen to represent
 701  400 respondents  200,00 participants by the Nigerian youths
Participants voluntarily the media-
who were participated measurement ·
adults (≥ 18 company, Nielsen
years old) and ·
registered in
the census as
voters in the
Nation
·
Theoretically and The need to belong, perceived The possibility of political According to this study,
empirically, news media ease of use, and perceived persuasion occurring in digital Facebook, Whatsapp, Instagram,
has been established usefulness of social networking media contexts is critical in Twitter, Yahoo Messenger,
that it have a significant sites have beneficial effects on influencing the nature of political YouTube, and Google+ were the
influence on political voters' involvement in politics, debate in a contemporary most frequently utilized social
trust. However, the which in turn improves voters' democratic society. Social media media platforms for youth
literature has not attitudes toward voting and significantly broadens our pool of political participation.
considered social confidence in their decisions. prospective debate participants, Additionally, the youths used
media, where the These findings has added to provides an alternate method of social media to engage in a
Implications? newspapers have little effect. dissemination of false the growing body of research consuming news and learning variety of political activities,
or misleading on social media and political about politics, and breaks the line including political advocacy,
information and participation and also help between private and public social political campaigning,
propaganda may have a marketers, politicians, and interactions. The statistics communicating with politicians,
negative effect on candidates understand the indicate that social media for political discussions, monitoring
political trust, to be impact of social media on information has the most and reporting electoral
relevant channels of elections. significant impact on political malpractices, public
news consumption.. persuasion on social media, consultations, joining lobbying
implying that the ability to be interest groups, blogging about
convinced on social media is political issues, and writing
highly dependent on one's ability letters to elected officials. Given
to stay current on current events youths' propensity for social
via their preferred social media use, it's natural for them
networking website. to use it to engage in political
activities as well..

What do they
Radio stations and other The decisive conclusion These findings strongly The tendency for users to build This study adds to how and why
Conclude from the traditional media should is that at the very least support the argument that and maintain friend networks social media use functions in
utilize social media since it is during electoral users’ need to belong, creates a potential deliberative persuading citizens to engage in
Study? where young people are campaigns, the so- perceived ease of use, and space for political persuasion to political activities. The study adds
active and social media is the called hybrid media perceived usefulness for take place. Consistent with prior to the current research by
Did the study support the using social network sites
future of media. system has a modest literature, news use leads to demonstrating how Nigerian
hypothesis? facilitate their involvement
but favorable effect on political persuasion. More young use social media to
with politics and further
What institutional trust, interestingly, apolitical but participate in political processes.
improve their attitude
particularly for political interactive social benefits of The youths in Oyo State use
towards voting and
Recommendations/suggesti parties and politicians social media also lead to political social media to participate in
confidence in their decisions
ons did the authors provide? in general. and emphasizes the critical influence. These relationships are politics because of PU, PEOU,
role of social network sites in partially mediated through SNs, and CSE. Thus, these
current political elections. network and discussion variables could be considered
attributes. while encouraging youth to
utilize social media.
Synthesis Oluwatosin, Olusola, et al.
(2020) cited in their study
that the evaluation on how
knowledgeable they are in
politics on the students of The
Polytechnic, Ibadan, have a
high level of political
understanding through
listening to the radio that had
a considerable impact on
political comprehension. In
contrast to social media,
television and newspapers
have little effect.
Summary The findings reveal that
social media is most
frequently used mass
media by Nigerian students
followed by radio and
television. The study also
found that 86% of the
respondents correctly
answered more than 3 of
the questions about
political knowledge of
current affairs in Nigeria.
The results demonstrated
that 71% of them are well-
informed about political
Echeverría & Mani The study of Lee (2020)
(2020) believed that the wherein it explains the impact
effect of the campaigns of social network sites usage
between the attention on voters' attitudes and
given towards confidence that the need to
traditional and social belong, perceived ease of use,
media on and perceived usefulness of
measurements of trust social networking sites have
established on news beneficial effects on voters'
media theoretically and involvement in politics, which
empirically has a in turn improves voters'
significant influence on attitudes toward voting and
political belief and may confidence in their decisions.
have a negative effect These findings strongly support
on political trust since the argument that this
dissemination of false facilitates their involvement
or misleading with politics and improves
information and their attitude towards voting
propaganda are and confidence in their
relevant channels of choices.
news consumption.
. The findings indicate This research extends the
that the election concept of previous
campaign had a research and aims to
positive effect on examine the relationship
institutional trust, between the determinants of
growing as the social network site usage,
campaign developed, voters’ involvement with
and that there was a politics, voters’ attitude
positive influence toward voting, and their
from social media, confidence of voting
followed by television. decision. The research show
that the three determinants
of social network site usage
have positive impact on
voters’ involvement with
Diehl, Weeks, & Zúñiga (2015)
stated that social media
significantly broadens our pool of
prospective debate participants;
thus statistics indicate that social
media for information has the
most significant impact on
political persuasion on social
media, implying that the ability to
be convinced on social media is
highly dependent on one's ability
to stay current on current events
via their preferred social
networking website.
Direct effects of social media
news use on persuasion might
also be explained by the
degree to which one selects
information according to their
political views. However,
recent work in this area
suggests that though
individuals often select news
stories with proattitudinal
content, they rarely avoid
counter-attitudinal information.
Strength of partisanship was
included in the model, but no
statistically significant
Omotayo, & Folorunso (2020)
revealed that facebook,
Whatsapp, Instagram, Twitter,
Yahoo Messenger, YouTube, and
Google+ were the most
frequently utilized social media
platforms for youth political
participation. Youths used social
media to engage in a variety of
political activities, including
political advocacy, political
campaigning, communicating
with politicians, political
discussions, monitoring and
reporting electoral malpractices,
public consultations, joining
lobbying interest groups,
blogging about political issues,
and writing letters to elected
official thus this study social
media functions have used in
persuading citizens to engage in
political activities.
The youths used social media
to participate in political
advocacy, political campaigns,
communicating with politicians,
political discussions,
monitoring and reporting
electoral malpractices, public
consultations, joining interest
groups that engage in
lobbying, blogging about
political issues, and writing
letters to public officials
respectively. Perceived
usefulness, perceived ease of
use, subjective norms, and
 events in the country as politics, which further affects relationship was observed on computer self-efficacy
they got more than 80% of voters’ attitude toward voting the dependent variable. significantly influence the use
the questions correctly, and their confidence of of social media for political
which shows high level of decisions. More specifically, participation.
political knowledge. social network site users’
‘need to belong’ and their
‘perceived ease of use’
towards the sites
significantly increase their
involvement with politics and
further enhance their attitude
toward voting and their
confidence of voting
decisions.

What is the unifying

theme of the five It discusses that social media platform has influenced the voting confidence of the netizens and also prone to political persuasion.
researches?