Part -4 La Excellence

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Ethics Terminology Series

ఎథిక్స్ లో ముఖ్యమైన పదాలు
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49. Virtue Ethics

Virtue ethics are normative ethical theories.

It focuses on inherent character of a person rather on his action.

A virtuous person acts good/right.

A virtue is the gold mean between the extremes.

Aristotle/ Plato/ Socrates- Virtue as Justice.

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50. Deontological Ethics

These are normative ethical theories.
It is a non-consequentialist approach.
Whether an action is ethical or not is determined by the inherent quality in the
action and not in the consequences due to that action.

It believes that there are certain standards of behavior and a person is

supposed to adhere to the same.
Ex: Code of Ethics to Civil Servants
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51. Kant’s Categorical Imperative

Immanuel Kant

There are certain moral obligations that one must follow. These are derived form
pure reason. These are called categorical imperatives.
It believes that moral obligations are universal and humans are ends in
themselves and not means.
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52. Rawl’s Contractualism

Moral obligations or principles are decided by the mutual contract of everyone if
everyone were to be unbiased.
These moral obligations should be made by the people sitting behind the VEIL OF
IGNORANCE.
This helps them to keep personal self interest or class interest aside while deciding
moral obligations.
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53. Teleological Ethics

These are normative ethical theories.
It is a consequentialist approach.
It means an action is treated ethical if it leads to ethical outcomes.
It believes that there are no standards of ethical conduct or behavior. It is based on
outcomes.
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54. Utilitarianism
These are normative ethical theories.
Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill
An action that produces the greatest good to greatest number of people is
moral/ethical.
Pain of few individuals is justified, if that pain causes greatest good to greatest
number of people.
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55. Consequentialism and

Non Consequentialism
There are two broad categories of ethical theories concerning the source of value:
consequentialist and non-consequentialist.
A consequentialist theory of value judges the rightness or wrongness of an action
based on the consequences that action has. The most familiar example would be
utilitarianism--``that action is best that produces the greatest good for the greatest
number'' (Jeremy Bentham).
A non-consequentialist theory of value judges the rightness or wrongness of an
action based on properties intrinsic to the action, not on its consequences.
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56. Aristotle’s Essentialism

Essentialism is the view that every entity has a set of attributes that are necessary
to its identity and function.
In early Western thought, Plato's idealism held that all things have such an
"essence"—an "idea" or "form".
According to Aristotle, justice is the essence realization.
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57. Plato- Harmony

According to Plato, harmony Physiolog

ical
between the tripartite soul can
lead to unity. This leads to ethical
Tripartite
behavior, ultimately happiness. Nature
of Soul

Reason Psycholo
gical
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58. Dialectics
Dialectic or dialectics, also known as the dialectical method, is at base
a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a
subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned methods
of argumentation.
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59. Power and Justice

Nietzsche identifies the origin of justice in equalisation or an agreement between
forces of approximately equal powers, as well as in the compulsion of the less
powerful to agree.

Chanakya- Matsyanyaya- Role of King in protecting the weak.

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60. David Hume- Moral Sympathy

Sympathy is the basis of morality.
What is virtue is what is good for oneself/others/both
What is vice is what is bad for oneself/others/both
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61. Internationalism

Tagore believed in Internationalism.

According to him, the idea of nationalist sentiments can often be limiting like any
other divide- caste, religion, region, etc.
The theory of internationalism – ‘the world is one nest’ provides an impetus toward
overall development, economic betterment, decrease in exploitation and more
harmonious, tolerable social structuration.
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62. Hobbs- Absolutism

Thomas Hobbes believed that the only true and correct form of government was
the absolute monarchy.
Hobbes believed firmly in a monarch's absolutism, or the belief in the king's right
to wield supreme and unchecked power over his subjects.

He argued this most forcefully in his landmark work, Leviathan.

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63. Social Contact Theory

Englishmen Thomas Hobbes and John Locke and the Frenchman Jean-Jacques
Rousseau.

Social contract theory says that people live together in society in accordance with
an agreement that establishes moral and political rules of behavior
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64. Gandhiji- 7 Sins

“Seven deadly sins

Wealth without work, Pleasure without conscience, Science without humanity,
Knowledge without character, Politics without principle, Commerce without morality,
Worship without sacrifice.”
– Mahatma Gandhi
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All The Best