TOWN PLANNING

NAME- NAZEEHA NAZNEEN

ROLL NO. - 20
5TH YEAR C

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 TYPES OF PLAN & ITS HIERARCHY
PLANNING
There are number of plans available to direct the development in an urban or rural areas.
The levels at which they operate is different & similarly the nature and details provided in
each type is different. Hierarchy and Types of Plans are explained below
Master plan :
A coordinated act of planning proposals, for the physical development of a city, via the
purposeful transformation of its socio-economic, natural and built environment, taking
into consideration the existing requirements and the future needs, with population as the
basic parameter.
Contents of the master plan
 extent of planning area
 immediate surrounding area and its effects
 broad delineation of the land use
 major circulation pattern of the city
 major work centers
 delineation of high and low population density zones
 zone and sub zone divisions
 development codes and norms
 allocation o land for various use zones
 policies and proposals for development

Main functions of the plan :

 to develop the town or city as a combined unit and maintain a balance b/w
the spatial allocations for the distribution of facilities
 formulation of policies for the development of the town/city, aiming at the
decentralization of city center
 presenting broad circulation links, for inter-city & intra-city traffic and a multi
modal mass transport system
 Preservation of the natural features of the city
 division of the city in sub-divisions or zones.

Zonal development plans :

The master plan divides the city into sub-divisions or zones
Criteria’s followed are :
1. physical & historical growth
2. character of land
 3. intensity of land – use
4. Circulation pattern (railways, major arteries etc.)
5. municipal boundaries , election & census wards

Contents of a zonal plan

 land use plan confirming to the master plan
 location and extent of land uses
 more detailed circulation pattern
 special objectives of the zone if any
 allocation of use zones into further use premises

Functions of a zonal plan

 A zonal development plan details out and elaborates the policies of the
master plan
 Acts as a link between the master plan and the layout plans
 Contains a land-use plan for the development of the zone and show the
approximate locations and extents of land-uses proposed in the zone
 The schemes and layout plans indicating use premises should confirm to the
master plan

Local area plan :

A local area plan (lap) sets out a strategy for the proper planning and sustainable
development of a specific area within a local authority and for a timescale as specified by
the authority.
Contents of a local area plan
1. Land use zoning & density
2. Public open space
3. Private open space
4. Car parking
5. Provision of infrastructure
6. Conservation of built heritage
7. Conservation of natural environment
8. Provision of traveler accommodation
9. Community facilities
 10. Design & development standards.

Functions of Local area plan

 a local area plans gives plot level detail
 it is also used to check if the master plan is confirming with land.

SECTOR PLAN :
A sector plan consists of a group of neighborhoods where it is possible to provide higher
order facilities for larger population
Contents of a sector plan
 it is a detailed site plan with broad identification of residential clusters
 Allocation of commercial areas and other facilities based on access
requirement
 Formation of a boundary depending on circulation pattern and administrative
setup
 Social and physical infrastructure to be allocated based on development
control norms laid down in master plan
 Traffic links to be identified between arterials and collector roads
Functions of a sector plan
 Each sector plan has to identify the various neighborhoods with population
ranging from 3500-15000
 It is the lowest level plan for the implementation of the various levels of
planning proposals extensively detailed out

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HIERARCHICAL LEVELS OF PLANNING REGIONS
In multi-level planning there is certain hierarchy of regions. WE can classify it in many ways
depending on chosen criterion/criteria. One such classification on size criterion is here.

Macro Regions :
Macro region is naturally bigger. Macro region can be a state of even a group of states, if
the states of a country are not big enough. A Macro-major region can be a zone in a
country, which may comprise of a few States.

For example, in India there are East, West, North, South and Central Zones and ‘Zonal
Councils’ of which function is mutual Consultation, developing cooperation and mutual
counseling.

In a sense macro regions are second in hierarchy, next to the national level. It is also
possible that a physical macro region may comprise parts of different states of a country
or project planning purposes. (e.g., big river valley projects, an electric grid of different
states, and, for the purpose of a particular activity (facility) planning) the macro region will
be parts of different states. State boundaries are not respected in the sense that the
macro region may transcend or cut-across administrative boundaries of the states of a
country.

A macro region may not be uniform or homogeneous in all respects. It may ave
homogeneity in one respect (physical complimentary) and may have heterogeneity n
other respect (administrative boundaries).

A macro region should have a common resource base and specialization in that resource
base, so that production activities can develop on the principle of comparative advantage
based on territorial division of labor.(India has been divided into 11 to 20 macro regions-
agro-climate or resource regions).

The planning Commission of India would have just 5 zonal councils-Eastern, Northern,
Central, Western and Southern comprising of certain states but beyond this there is no
macro-regionalization in India. These so-called macro regions of India have to have
interstate cooperation in the matter of utilization of river water and electricity grids etc.

Meso Regions :
Meso region can be identified with a ‘division’ of a state. Chhattisgarh Region,
Bundelkhand Region, Baghelkahand Region, Mahakoshal region is usually a sub-division of
a state, comprising of several districts.

There should be some identifiable affinity in the area which may even facilitate planning. It
can be cultural or administrative region and it will be even better if it is a homogeneous
physical region

Micro Regions :
In multi-level planning, district is the micro region. It becomes the lowest territorial unit of
planning in the hierarchy of planning regions.

The most important reason why district the most viable micro region for planning is the
existence of database and compact administration. This is the area, which is viable for plan
formulation with administration for plan implementation and monitoring.

A metropolitan area can be one micro region and the area of influence can be
another micro region. A nodal point is also a micro region, though in many cases micro
regions are basically rural areas, which may have a number of minor nodes without any
organizational hierarchy influencing the entire area.

The basic characteristic of a microregion is its smallness. There can be some specific micro
regions such as belts of extraction of mineral or a reclaimed area, or a not-so-big
command area of an irrigational project.

Micro – Minor Region:

This is the region which is associated with, what is called, the grass-root planning. A micro-
minor region can be a block for which also data exists now and for which there may be a
plan.

The block level plan is integrated with the national plan, through the district and state
level plans. A block level plan is not surgically cut portion of the district plan, which has its
own logic and linkage.
 At block level, most of the officers will be more concerned with the implementation of the
plans than formulating the plans. At block level, the main exercise will be to take into
account of the physical and human resources and to find out the prime moving activities
which will enable the block people to make best use of the development potential of
the block to meet the basic needs of the people. Minimum needs can be satisfied with the
production of basic goods with the help of low entropy local resources.

Yet it cannot be said that ‘external help’ will not be necessary. Infrastructure support has
to come from the developed regions. In fact, planning of the development of the
transport, communication, banking, education, medical and many service facilities has got
to be done at the national level. At the panchayat level, basic goods and services can be
arranged through the efforts of the local people.

Many activities can be so planned that they improve the socio-economic conditions of the
people without being the part of the national plan. Several activities can be undertaken
with the cooperation of the local people, with minimum of financial and real resource
support from outside e.g., development of dairying, animal husbandry, pisciculture,
poultry, soil conservation measures, optimization of the cropping pattern,

The most important test of micro-minor planning is that the people need not look towards
the center for it. Now days, a lot of importance is given to ‘water harvesting’. Water is
proxy for the use of modern inputs in agriculture. Much of the run-off water goes waste
and the infiltration rate is also low.

If this water can be harvested, not only the run-off water can be stored, but sub-soil
water reserves can also become rich. Micro-minor watershed development program
probably will be the most important program for a country like India. The optimum land
use planning can start from the micro-minor area only