Mizan Tepi University

Department of Surveying Engineering

Course Title: Urban and Regional Planning and
Design
Course Code: SENG 5072
Credit hours: 3
Year: 5
Academic Year: 2023
Semester. II
 Introduction
Course Description and Content:
This course focuses on;
1. Chapter One:-Concept of strategic Local Development plans,
2.Chapter Two:-Initiating Local Development Plans
3. Chapter Three:-Types of local development plans:
 Redevelopment Plans
Upgrading Plan
Renewal Plan
conservation, and action areas Plan

4. Chapter Four:-Spatial and detail infrastructure design

 Plot parcellation
 Setting design guidelines for building development.
 Utilities
 Introduction …
Course objective:
 The course aims to introduce students with
 The basic urban design and planning issues,
 Approaches and methods in urban planning.

 Evaluation and Grading:

 Continuous Assessment……………………..60%
Test....................................................20%
Quiz……………………………………………….10%
Project: ………..30%
Final exam…………………………………………….40%
 Introduction …
 Urban planning is a discipline of land-use organization that
considers the physical, spatial, infrastructural, environmental,
socio-economic and governance issues of an urban centre.

 It is important tools because it helps:

• make urban centers conducive living and working spaces;
• use scarce resources efficiently;
• consider environmental issues;
• evenly distribute urban services and facilities;
• tackle socio-economic issues;
• promote balanced and healthy urban development; and
• ensure the essence of good governance.
 Introduction …
 Land use planning is a public policy exercise that designates and regulates the
use of land in order to improve a community’s physical, economic, and social
efficiency and well-being.

 By considering socioeconomic trends as well as physical and geographical features

(such as topography and ecology), planning helps identify the preferred land uses
that will support local development goals.
 A land use plan may be prepared for an urban area, a rural area, or a region
encompassing both urban and rural areas.

 Physical planning is a design exercise that uses the land use plan as a
framework to propose the optimal physical infrastructure for a
settlement or area, including infrastructure for public services,
transport, economic activities, recreation, and environmental
protection.
 Introduction …
 Regional planning deals with the efficient placement of:
• land-use activities,
• infrastructure, and
• settlement growth across a larger area of land than an individual
city or town.
 Regional planning is related to urban planning as it relates
land use practices on a broader scale
N Tasks
Neighborhood
Contents
design Description
o.
1
Introduction Description of your site, location map, Map, text
slope
 
  Vision, objectives, and strategies
2
Population and
Planning considerations
Concept Maps, Text, Tables,
Development Concept plan/map sketches, etc…
 
Demographic (Population) forecast and
land budgeting. Initial population 5000

 
Proposed Land use plan  
3
Neighbourhood Maps with
Proposed Road network plan
plan and design explanation
Design
Regulation plan
4
design paper Summarized and compiled document of Maps, Text, Tables,
(optional) your project diagram, figure etc..
 CHAPTER ONE

General concept of local development plan

 LDP is a lower level plan and detailed site plan used to
coordinate and assist better urban built form and function by
linking design to future development.
 General
 Depending on local contexts and planning systems in place,

different planning approaches are pursued in different

cities/towns. For instance, in some cities, broad development
goals are framed by long-term urban plans
 These days, in most cities of the world, three major
planning hierarchies, in a top-down hierarchy, are
distinguished:
I. a city-wide long term urban plan (master plan, development plan,
structure plan, etc),
II. a city-wide medium term strategic/integrated development plan, and
III. a local/neighborhood development plan (plan that refers to a
specific geographic location) short term.
 Long term
(20) years

Mediu
m
term(10
years)

Short
Term
(5)years
 General concept of Local development plan

 LDP is a detail development plan of a defined locality.

 LDP is a statutory instrument that zooms out the general and
broader proposals of a structure plan of an urban center.
 It serves as a transition between a structure plan and projects in the
process of implementation of urban plans.
 LDP is an element and integral part of an urban planning system of
an urban center.
 The land use policies contained within the Local Development Plan
are used when making decisions on planning applications.
 It helps us decide where to allocate land for residential use and
commercial use.
 Cont’d…..

The Local Development Plan also;

 guides development within the region, local
 sets out the long term future for the area of the town or city
 outlines how we'll ensure that growth is delivered in the right
places
 guides how the growth will take into account the needs of our
local communities
 Cont’d….

LDPs have two major objectives:

I. To guide a long term development of a locality by providing
tools such as building permit procedures; design guidelines;
II. To facilitate efficient and effective implementation of
projects such as city center business development, UURP,
real estate projects, etc. (by providing detailed land use and
urban design proposals).
 Strategic Local Development Plan

 Strategic Local Development Plan is a type of LDP

which focus on specific plan for instance, housing,

transportation, recreation or public park.
 Key Principles of LDP

I. Integrated Plan infrastructure networks or development projects in a

specific LDP area need to be integrated with citywide networks or
development programs.
II. Participatory Planning
III. Plan for Performance (more than a statutory plan. It is expected to
bring the overall development goals and strategies)
IV. Sustainability(LDPs are supposed to respond both to future and
current development needs of a locality must fit national, regional and local
level)
V. Accommodative Plan(Proposals of LDPs should accommodate needs
and interests of local communities as well as the existing local urban
functions and characters.)
 The Key LDP Development Frames
 Local development influenced by both external and
internal factors.
 Situation of national and regional economies,
 existing legislatives,
 policies,
 population dynamics,
 economic profile of local communities as well as
 competence of government agencies operating in a given locality
are important factors that form its development context.
 General Provisions and Considerations
 provisions are general guides that can be considered
and adopted in LDP planning & implementation
processes.
 Depending on location and specific character of an LDP
site, different approaches can be followed in different
project sites or urban areas, hence
 Detail of an LDP study can go deep into the level of
detail implementation plan in expansion areas or where
the LDP is prepared for implementation projects.
 In this situation the LDP would proceed directly into
implementation process with no need for further detail study.
 Cont’d

 Since specific projects and detail plans are required for

implementation of LDPs in inner city areas, block level
LDPs suit in built up inner city areas.
 For Small Towns, the LDP and the SP may coincide.
There may not be need to prepare separate SP and
LDP.
 Implementation of LDPs should be minimized as much as
possible

 LDP Area Coverage

 Administrative Boundary
 Physical Barriers
 General Land use Considerations
 Basic Urban Design Elements:
 Aesthetics
 Building blocks
 The space between buildings
 The function and use of space
 Facades, skyline and silhouette/shape
 Street pattern, road design and parking
 CONT’D…..
 Public Participation: include key stakeholders
 Scope of LDP Study: The scope of an LDP study needs to cover both
the ‘Planning Area and Action Area’, with different levels of details.
 Planning Area: The major physical, social, economic and
environmental links that exist between the LDP ‘action area’ and its
surrounding influence areas should be scanned and analyzed in general
terms.
 Action area:- This is the area where concrete LDP implementation is
supposed to occur. Both the study and ensuing proposals need to be detail
and specific as much as possible.
 Integration of LDPs with other Development Programs:
 Sector Plans: sector department examples EEPCO, WSA,ETC).
 Structure Plan: The major development frameworks and goals provided
in a city structure plan have to be well taken in LDPs;
 CONT’D…
 Urban Development Strategies:
 One of the main purposes of detail plans, such as LDPs, is to
translate national, regional and citywide Urban Development
Strategies into reality.
 Accordingly, proposals of LDPs should adequately capture
government development agendas relevant to the city/town in
which the LDPs are prepared.
 Revising LDPs: LDPs are more close to a development
process as compared to other citywide plans, such as a
structure plan.
 CONT’D…

LDP revision is mandatory when some of the following

conditions are apparent:
 If the major assumptions of LDP have changed;
 If the proposed land uses are no longer relevant due to too
much changes on the ground;
 If a wide gap prevails between proposals and existing reality
 If there are lots of questions from the public.
 Urban Level Classifications

 Level of LDP details, type of urban planning standards to be

applied as well as type and contents of urban data to be
collected vary among different levels of urban centers.
 Accordingly, to facilitate this process, five levels of urban
centers are distinguished based on population size as follows.
1. Small Towns ---------- with population from 2001 to 20,000
2. Medium Towns --------- With population of 20,001-50,000
3. Large Towns ---------- with population 50,001 – 100,000
4. Cities ----------- with population 100,001 – 1,000,000
5. Metropolitans ----------- with population over one million
 Urban Level Classifications….
In small towns, LDPs need to be prepared in a way that can
be implemented directly.
 Thus, LDP studies in these urban centers should be
detailed enough. That means,
Socio-economic and property data should be collected and
analyzed in a way that would serve as basis for subsequent
practical measures such as compensation, resettlement, etc.
Spatial plans should be detail enough to guide specific
development activities in the area of land and infrastructure
development
Data Collection and Analysis Considerations

The Need for Data Collection: LDPs are plans that

translate broader goals and strategies of a structure plan into
localized and concrete development proposals, hence data is a basic
input to propose and implement real plan on the ground like social
service.
Data Types and Sources:
Minimum Institutional Requirement: effectiveness
and sustainability of LDPs call for the existence of specific
government agency responsible for issues of urban planning in
a given urban center;
 CHAPTER TWO
Initiating Local Development Plan
 Initiating LDP
 The first initiative of undertaking LDP for a specific urban area
may
 come from municipal government,
 a private developer or from local community.
Ideally, the plan formulation process, including
 formulation of the objective and it should come from the people
involved, with assistance as needed from government agencies at
various levels, NGOs or private firms.
 In the case of community land use planning woreda authorities
will play an important role.
 The woredas themselves will need stimulation and assistance from
regional government to engage in land use planning activities.
 Cont’d…
To initiate the local development plan it needs/follows
the following phases/tasks.
1. Selection process
2. Pre- feasibility study
3. TOR preparation
4. Pre-requisites
 1. Selection process

The Structure Plan of the city, which foresees and sets out
the major framework of the city’s development direction,
needs priority interventions and actions,
immediate actions in the short and medium term period,
The selection of these areas and other new ones in the
future considers certain criteria the would-be LDP sites
present at that moment.
Selection criteria: The major points of consideration that
would trigger the selection and thus the preparation of a
LDP for a certain site revolve around the following issues:
 Cont’d….
 Problem pressure- socio-economic and physical deterioration,
community request
 Development pressure sites- investments requests, ongoing
works, attractive offers
 Complimentarily and multiplier effect of project enactment-
aftereffect at area level and city level
 Conducive environment- investment potential, availability of
infrastructure, ease of implementation, political will,
community support
 Institutional capacity- with regards to the load verses the
expertise needed for the work any concerned body could initiate
a LDP project based on issues of concern in a given locality.
 2. Pre- feasibility study

Accordingly, a rapid assessment of the project should be made by the

planning body to evaluate:
 "cost benefit" or the worthiness of the project,
 how best it could be handled, how costly, how demanding it will be
(financially, technically, institutionally, socially)
 during the plan preparation and implementation process. What are
the major shortcomings? Major opportunities?
In this respect, the rapid assessment will consider:
 Physical conditions
 Socio- economic conditions
 Level and nature of user/stakeholder support
 Major problems
 Major opportunities
 Major limitations
 3. TOR preparation

Once a LDP site has been selected, a Term of Reference (TOR) has
to be prepared to launch the preparation process.
The TOR should consist of the following key points:
i. Problem statement- what instigate the selection of the site
ii. Objective- what is expected from the project, in broad terms
iii. Methodology- how work will be done
iv. Major topics that shall be elaborated
v. Expected output- maps, diagrams, reports
vi. Time schedule- action plan for the preparation process
vii.Budget: source of financing
 The logistics and manpower needed for the study have to be
identified at this stage.
 4. Pre-requisites

Once the decision is made to undertake the project, the following

pre-requisites need to be fulfilled in order to undertake the
detailed study of the LDP.
1. Planning team formation: Planning touches upon
diversified but interlinked issues that concern a wide range of
actors and beneficiaries.
 This makes it a multi-disciplinary work- calling for urban
planners and socio-economic experts to study the physical and
spatial aspect
 The team should work in an integrated and coordinated
manner. It should hold frequent discussions, debates and
produce an integrated proposal, reaching a consensus on the
priorities, the best-fit strategies.
 4. Pre-requisites……
2. Action area and planning area delineation:
The LDP site needs to be clearly defined to launch the
study.
 There could be a minimal deviation on the area delineation
along the process, especially when the current situation is
assessed and analyzed in a more elaborated way during the
following stage.
 This may be due either to major physical barriers or existing
administrative boundaries or associations limits that could
better define and ease both the planning and
implementation processes.
 4. Pre-requisites……
Two major levels of area definition will be used during the
study of a LDP- action area and planning area.
– Action area- the action area is the specific site on which
planning intervention will actually take place.
– The size of the action area could vary depending on the
nature of the LDP.
– For instance, the area for a LDP site will in general be
smaller in inner city redevelopments rather than open land
development in the outskirt of the city
– since the limitations, obstacles on the inner city sites will be
much more emphasized due to existing settlements,
relocation issues, and clearance work among others.
 4. Pre-requisites……
 The current practice determines a spatial size range of 20-
100 hectares.
 According to the city’s planning regulation, 10 hectares has
been set as the minimum area for a LDP site.
 If lesser, the study can be taken as a project and be
handled by the Land Administration Authority itself.
 4. Pre-requisites……
– Planning area- this is a wider spatial sphere
encompassing the specific intervention site-
– i.e. the action area- and also the surrounding sites consisting
of activities, functions that are mutually affected by this
project(social, economic, administrative and environment).
– The nature of the LDP will influence the extent or the spatial
coverage of the planning area.
– Issues considered here will focus on integration,
connectivity, compatibility of functions, direct impact on
one another positively or negatively.
 4. Pre-requisites……
3. Working environment:
The working environment is a detail worth stressing due to the
complexity of the planning process itself.
– It calls upon, as mentioned earlier on, different expertise and
also a great deal of participation from the public.
– The coherence needed amongst these different expertise the
integrated work that is needed throughout the process calls for
a good working environment.
– Adding to that, necessary considerations and provisions
should be made to create a more conducive environment for
stakeholders’ participation.
– The working environment should be easily accessible with
space for group meetings, public presentations and comments.
 4. Pre-requisites……
4. Notification and contact establishing:
Once the decision is made to undertake the plan preparation process,
notifying all concerned bodies about the matter,
– what is expected from each of them during the preparation period,
– forwarding important information already at hand, concerns on
their behalf that should be given attention,
– area of focus from their point of view, and so on.
– This notification and contact establishing would concern different
stakeholders:
 Local authorities- active participant in the preparation,
 Local community/residents
 Already identifiable stakeholders
 Implementing institutions- weighing project against their plan in the near
future, their capacities
 CHAPTER THREE
Types of Local Development Plan
 Types of Local Development Plan…
– Urban redevelopment
 Urban Upgrading
 Urban renewal
– Development planning
– Conservation areas plan
– Action Plan
 Types of Local Development Plan…
1. Urban Renewal
 The process of demolishing and reconstructing central urban
slums for economic and urban image aims thereby creating
better environment.
 It implies demolishing and relocating the previous settlers to a
different area outside their neighborhoods.
 The displacement of an existing low-income population, creating
space for more profitable office, commercial and luxury
residential development or the provision of transport facilities.
 Renew – to recover; to revive, restore to a former state, make
new or as if new again.
 Urban renewal is an attempt to give back to the city what age and
obsolescence have taken away.
 Types of Local Development Plan…

1. Urban Renewal
 Urban Renewal programs are generally undertaken by public
authorities or by local governments.
 The residential parts of the inner city and in the central business
district are common to renew and public acceptability should be
mandatory.
Indicators for residential parts of inner cities are:
Inadequate housing,
Environmental degradation,
Presence of non-conforming uses.
Indicators for central business district are:
traffic problems,
congestion,
Dilapidated buildings
 Types of Local Development Plan…
Importance of Urban Renewal
Urban Renewal is of growing importance because of:
Urban renewal created major opportunities for large-scale
intervention in the city planning and building process.
Urban areas are becoming larger and older, so more and
more renewal of urban fabric has to take place.
Constant expansion of urban areas into agricultural
hinterland, while large quantities of urban land and
buildings are uncontrolled and left dilapidated.
 Types of Local Development Plan…
Additional Conditions for Urban Renewal
Over-crowding
Poverty
Crime
More than 50% households had no fixed baths & hot water
many shared an outside toilet
 High unemployment
very poor standards of healthcare and education
derelict land and pollution
 Types of Local Development Plan…
2.Urban Upgrading
 Intervention in slum areas by the introduction of economic,
social, and physical services and infrastructure and
 the improvement of the housing physical conditions thereby
creating better environment.
 It is also conceived as an incremental process of achieving
urban redevelopment objectives if properly planned and
managed.
 Urban administrations ought to plan how residents could
improve their environments by providing incentives and
mechanisms for the maintenance of infrastructure and
dwellings and the improvement of overall incomes.
 Upgrading should not be a means to freeze urban areas and
aspirations of the community.
 Types of Local Development Plan…
3. Urban Redevelopment
 In redevelopment planning the main issue is how to balance
what an urban area could gain in total with the loss that
individual members of society may incur as a result of
redevelopment.
 The assessment should include all possible costs and benefits
at individual and urban level.
 Development should be community-oriented; the major
criticism of traditional redevelopment of inner city areas is the
relocation of masses of people to the periphery areas.
 In redevelopment planning due consideration must be given to
compensation and rehabilitation of former land users.
 Types of Local Development Plan…

3. Urban Redevelopment
Urban redevelopment planning should consider at least the following
Criteria.
1. The potential of the area is higher than its current use (rent gap theory),
2. An area is blighted, i.e. buildings are unsafe and/or unsanitary to occupy;
inadequate or overcrowded condition, lacking proper ventilation, open
space, access roads, making the area uneconomical or socially undesirable,
3. The level of blight is beyond repair; that keeping the existing situation
would further depreciate property value and the social and economic
wellbeing of inhabitants,
4. There is serious lack of public facilities, housing or other public functions
at particular areas and there is no land for the development of such
functions at appropriate locations,
5. The redevelopment could be carried out with minimum relocation of
current inhabitants.
 Types of Local Development Plan…
4. Development planning
 A broad framework (structure) or a very specific site
development program (local development).
 It indicates where physical development is to be located. And
also it shows the way a specific area is to be developed.
5. Conservation areas plan
 A conservation plan deals with those areas that have
architectural or environmental quality worth conserving
based on their historical significances.
 The planning of such areas may involve listing of objects and sites
for conservation, strategies for maintenance and adaptive reuse.
 The administrations should work together with that ministry of
tourism and heritage in the identification of conservation areas
and incorporate it with the local development plan of the area.
Photo heritage
 Types of Local Development Plan…
6. Action Plans
 are understood to mean plans for immediate application;
they maybe project plans that are more detailed than higher
level plans.
In the international literature there is no assumption that
Action Plans do not emanate from structure plans.
However, the understanding in Ethiopian planning practice
up to now is that Action Plans are temporary actions just to
relieve municipalities of their immediate concerns.
This means Action Plans could be prepared (and have been
prepared) without the existence of higher level plans.
 General Principles and Land sub-division Guidelines

Land use plans

contain assessment of land resource and allocation of land budget to
main functional units either exclusively or in a mixed-use provision.
The main procedures used to fix land uses are:
1. Carryout inventory of land resources
2. Identify activities that require land in the local context (the usual
land use classes are housing, commerce, business,
administration, industrial, recreation and restricted or
environmental sensitive areas)
3. Project land requirement for each land use class and allocate land in
relation to the available land resource
4. Carryout compatibility analysis (tolerance level of land use class
5. Define the relative proximity of different land use classes.
6. Prepare zoning and subdivision regulation
Thank You!