Project Risk

Management

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 Lecture:1

Hazard, Accident &

Safety

by
Dr. Sajjad Mubin
 BOOKS & PUBLICATION

1. Project Risk Management Guidelines: Managing Risk in Large

Projects and Complex Procurements by Dale F. Cooper, Stephen
Grey, Geoffrey Raymond and Phil Walker, Broadleaf Capital
International, John Wiley and Sons (2005)

2. Fundamental of Risk Analysis and Management, Molak Vlasta,

Lewis Publishers

3. Risk Analysis: Assessing uncertainties beyond Expected Values and

uncertainties by Terje Aven, Wiley Series (2008)

4. Quantitative Risk Analysis: Theory and Model, joão Luís Santos

(2008)

5. http://www.uet.edu.pk/export/sites/UETWebPortal/research/researchinfo/jour
nal/volume2/4.pdf

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HAZARD

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What is Hazard?
 Hazard is a real or potential condition that, when
activated, can transform into a series of interrelated
events that result in damage to equipment or property
and or injury to people.
 By hazard we mean any physical activity, situation or
condition with the potential to cause harm, like:
 Human injury or death
 Damage to the environment
 Damage to physical assets
 Loss of production
 In MIL-STD 882C (US Military Standard), hazard is
defined as “a condition that is a prerequisite to a mishap”
(an accident)
 The words “threat” and “danger” are sometimes used
with a similar meaning as hazard.
 Hazard Classification

Hazards may generally be classified as:

 Natural hazards (e.g., flooding, earthquake, storm,
lightning)
 Technological hazards (e.g., industrial facilities,
structures, technical equipment, transportation
systems, consumer products, pesticides, herbicides,
pharmaceuticals)
 Societal hazards (e.g., assault, war, terrorism,
sabotage, communicable disease)
Hazard Identification

 A Hazard Identification study is the process of

identifying hazards in order to plan for, avoid, or
mitigate their impacts. Hazard identification is an
important step in risk assessment and risk
management. The tool can be used to determine the
adverse effects of any industry or process or activity in
a project or day to day life.
Identifying and reporting hazards
There are several ways to identify hazards in
the workplace, including:

• Inspections and audits

• Hazard reports
• Job analysis
• Health monitoring data
• Material safety data sheets
• Workplace environment monitoring data
Industrial Hazard Identification Studies

 HAZID
The Hazard Identification Study (HazID) is a process that
breaks a project down into component parts for detailed
analysis. This analysis helps identify hazards that could cause
injury to personnel, asset damage or loss, environmental
damage, loss of production, or liability/litigation.
 HAZOP
Hazard and Operability HAZOP analysis method for identifying
safety and operational issues related to the design, operation
and maintenance of a process, system or project. HAZOP helps
identify and evaluate problems that may represent risks to
personnel, equipment or project efficiency. Multi-disciplinary
teams focus on specific elements (or nodes) of the project
design during a series of workshops.
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Sr. No. Work type Risk/ hazard
1 Foundation
1.1 Land sliding resulting the property damage

Falling down of the worker and the common people

Excavation
Dust and noise pollution
1.2 Pile Work Sound pollution in case of pre-cast driven piles

1.2 Laying of Foundation Injury during ballasting of brickwork for foundation

2 Building envelope
2.1 Brickwork, plastering or Falling due to gravitational pull and air pressure
concreting at height
2.2 Physical injury due to passing/lifting of Bricks /RCC

Material application on
walls and roof
2.3 Transportation / shifting of
material at location
2.4 Shifting of material at higher
location
2.5 Concreting
Falling of material from higher floors damaging
human or material
Steel bars and pre-cast concrete can cause damage
while transportation can collide
Brick fall on laborers
Falling of shuttering/ during concreting
Sr. No. Work type
2 Building envelope
2.6 Lifting of the material
2.7 Preparation of the mortar /
use of grinder
2.8 Grinder and cutting of steel
2.9 Compaction of Concrete
2.1o Removing of shuttering
Risk/ hazard
Weak lifts can make material fall upon other
workers resulting injuries, breaking of lift
Creates noise /environmental pollution
Cut during grinding or injury
Injury of worker during compacting due to pullout
of cable
Falling of shuttering
THREAT

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 Threat

 A foreign or domestic entity possessing both the

capability and the intention to make damage to a system.
 A threat may be an individual, an organization, or a
nation
Threat Agent
A person, organization, thing or entity that desires to or is
able to trigger an event which can compromise the
security of an asset or information

Threat Event
An event or occurrence that has the potential to
compromise the security of an asset or information
(synonymous to ‘attack’)
 Accident

 A sudden, not intended, event that causes loss of human

life, personal injury, damage to the environment, and/or
loss of assets and financial interests.
 It is not possible to accurately predict when an accident
will occur
 An accident may be caused by:
– Random events, and/or
– Deliberate actions
 Negative consequences caused by continuous influence
(e.g., asbestos, toxic materials, radiation) will not be
considered as accidents in this context.
Comments:
 In MIL-STD 882C an accident is called a mishap
Example

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Accidental Event

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Accident

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Risk

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 What is Risk
 Risk is a word with various implications. Some people
define risk differently from others. This disagreement
causes serious confusion in the field of risk assessment
and management.
 The Webster Dictionary, for instance, defines risk as the
chance of loss, the degree of probability of loss, the
amount of possible loss, the type of loss that an
insurance policy covers, and so forth. Dictionary
definitions such as these are not sufficiently precise for
risk assessment and management.
 Definition of Risk cont…
Therefore, so far there is no agreed definition of risk. Risk is
understood as an uncertainty and / or outcome of the event.

1. Risk is the probability of an adverse outcome (Graham and

Weiner 1995).

2. Risk equals the expected loss (Willis 2007).

3. Risk is a measure of the probability and severity of adverse

effects (Lowrance 1976).

4. Risk is the combination of probability of an event and its

consequences (ISO 2002).

5. Risk is defined as a set of scenarios, each of which has a

probability and a consequence (Kaplan and Garrick 1981,
Kaplan 1991).

6. Risk is equal to the combination of events/consequences and

associated uncertainties (Aven 2007).
 Definition of Risk cont…

7. Risk refers to uncertainty of outcome, of actions and events

(Mehr, 2002).

8. Risk is a situation or event where something of human value

(including humans themselves) is at stake and where the
outcome is uncertain (Rosa 1998, 2003).

9. Risk is uncertainty about and severity of the consequences of

an activity, with respect to something that humans value
(Aven and Renn 2008).

10. Risk refers to situations with known probabilities for the

randomness the decision-maker is faced with (Knight 1921,
Douglas 1983).

11. Risk is an unwanted and improbable event, if occurs,

influences organizational or project objective. (S. Mubin,
Garyainov 2008)

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 Common Aspects of Risk
 An expectation of loss
◦ Always an element of uncertainty
◦ Always refers to future
◦ Usually covers both severity and likelihood of a loss
◦ Usually refers to unwanted consequences
Mitigation Measure

A mitigation measure is an engineering or procedural

control measure designed to reduce the severity of the
consequences of an accidental event / incident.

Safety
The expectation that a system does not, under defined
conditions, lead to a state in which human life is
endangered
– DEF-STAN 00-56
Freedom from those conditions that can cause death,
injury, occupational illness or damage to or loss of
equipment or property, or damage to environment.
– MIL-STD 882C

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Safety

The expectation that a system does not, under defined

conditions, lead to a state in which human life is endangered
– DEF-STAN 00-56
Freedom from those conditions that can cause death, injury,
occupational illness or damage to or loss of equipment or
property, or damage to environment.
– MIL-STD 882C
SAFETY AT WORK
Window Clearing
Routine Maintenance Work
Repairing During Flying
The delivery man
The grinder
The Mason
The welder
The luggage handlers
The painters
The shipyard mechanics
The air conditioner installer
The construction site worker
The expert in biological weapons
The WMD warehouse manager
The Car Mechanic
The electrician
The Erection Team
The Power Cable Installers
Excavator at Work
The City Council maintenance team !
The shooting gallery assistant
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