THE SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS OF THE HETEROSEXUALS ON THE

SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND GENDER IDENTITY AND EXPRESSION

(SOGIE) EQUALITY BILL
Lhysha Fleur M. Amores1, Charisse Kaye M. Quijano1 and Krystal Ace T. Ybanez1
College of Education State Scholars, Cebu Normal University, Cebu City, Philippines, 6000
1
lyshafleurmasong@gmail.com,1charisse.quijano88@gmail.com and 1krystalybanez@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: The Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Expression (SOGIE) Equality bill,
also known as Anti-Discrimination Bill (House Bill 4982), is a bill that was proposed to the
Legislative Body of the Philippines that was first filed last 2000. It aims to protect people on any
discriminatory acts base on their gender expression, sexual orientation, and gender identity. But
some argued that this bill is not necessary because different sexualities and gender identities are
quickly becoming more accepted in today’s society. They also believed that it is redundant
because there are already laws that protect the people from discrimination. That is why the
researchers conducted this study to know the social expectations of the heterosexuals towards the
SOGIE bill. The researchers interviewed 15 students from Cebu City, 15 students from Lapu-
lapu City, and 15 students from Bogo City. The researchers opted to interview students for
convenience and they were also chosen because of their sexual orientation. The results have
shown that majority of the respondents were negative about the implementation of the SOGIE
bill. Furthermore, the information gained by the respondents was from unreliable sources, which
could affect the respondents’ view of the topic. The findings of this study can be used to spread
awareness how improper information dissemination and fake news affect the formation of social
expectations of the people, the negative and positive social expectations of heterosexuals towards
this bill, and it can be used to call the attention of the legislators that they should create a bill that
is more encompassing.

KEYWORDS: LGBTQ+, Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, Equality, Discrimination

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introducing the Problem
Gender is an all-pervasive theme in human existence. It is in the center of our personal
lives, our social relationships, and also our culture. Gender is said to be an all-pervasive theme
because it is vividly present every time a person instantly identify an individual according to
their biological make up (Connell & Pearse, 2015). However, Beauvoir (1986), a French feminist
writer, believed that one is not born, but rather becomes, a man or a woman. Being a man or a
woman is not a pre-determined state. We should not think of womanhood or manhood as fixed
by nature. As described in the book Language and Sexuality by Cameron and Kulick (2003),
having the ‘correct’ reproductive organs does not qualify a woman to be called a woman, it is a
feat that you have to achieve.
 In the Philippines, Gretchen Diez, a Filipino transwoman was hindered from using a
comfort room intended for females. This issue has grabbed the attention of many and it paved the
way to the refiling of the Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Expression (SOGIE) Equality
Bill. One of the legislators in the country authored the current version of the bill to prevent
gender-related discriminations like what happened to Gretchen Custodio Diez. Hontiveros
(2019), the principal author of the revised bill, stated that SOGIE Bill remains the best policy
tool to protect LGBTQ+ community from harassment, unfair treatment, and even violence. The
bill acknowledges that the homosexuals are equal to the heterosexuals and it guarantees that the
rights of these LGBTQ+ members are protected (Deslate, 2016).
However, Pimentel III (2019) stated that some acts of discrimination are “already
covered” under present laws. All of the discriminatory acts mentioned in the bill are covered by
corresponding laws (Sotto, 2019) like the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, a federal law
that protects employees from unfair treatment on the basis of their sex, their race, their color,
their national origin, and their religion and the Magna Carta of Women (Republic Act No. 9710),
a women’s human rights law that eliminates discrimination against women, especially those in
marginalized sector. Capitulo (2019) argued that the SOGIE bill is not needed because Filipinos
are “innately tolerant of LGBTs”. The aforementioned laws that protect every individual is
somewhat stated in the SOGIE Bill which can be considered as redundant and not needed. Some
legislators are opposing the passing of this bill because they are concerned that the SOGIE bill
will infringe the rights of others. The details of what would constitute a discriminatory practice
are somewhat vague and it was not properly discussed in the bill so it is considered as one of the
loopholes of this bill. Nancy Binay, one of the senators in the Philippines, even posed a question
whether a Catholic school exclusive for girls are obliged to accept transgender women.
1.2 Objectives of the Study
This study determines the Social Expectations of the Heterosexuals on the Sexual
Orientation and Gender Identity and Expression (SOGIE) Equality Bill. It seeks to answer the
following objectives (1) aid the heterosexual to be more aware of what the SOGIE Bill entails
and (2) analyze the short-term and long-term effects of the SOGIE Bill to the Filipinos.
1.3 Exploring the Importance of the Problem
The SOGIE Bill, just in case it would become a law, would definitely grant too much
freedom to people who are neither male nor female while at the same time limits the freedom of
others. While the researchers appreciate the intention of the propagator of the SOGIE Bill, the
researchers believe that if the bill passes it will infringe the rights of the majority. How about
religious freedom? How about freedom of speech? What are the legal ramifications? How will it
affect our morality? This study will answer some of these questions by investigating the different
social expectations of the heterosexuals on the SOGIE Bill. The researchers are all for LGBTQ+
rights but this movement is getting out of hand. The researchers hope that people will not drift
away from what they are really fighting for- equity not superiority.
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Social Expectation
In the advent of the SOGIE bill, the government has focused its attention on the demand
of these homosexuals. The concern now is what will be the effect of this bill to the non-member
of the LGBT community and what are their social expectations regarding this bill. According to
the American Psychological Association (2016), social expectations influence individual’s
behavior that is why people use social expectation as a guide to navigate this complex world. For
example, when using the comfort rooms, people are expected to follow their biological makeup.
Clay et al. (2016) also mentioned in their study that people use different social rules as their
guide to act accordingly. That is why people cannot easily accept same sex couples or same sex
marriage because they are accustomed to people making love or marrying their opposite sex.
People also expect couples to reproduce and this cannot be done by couples with the same sex. In
the Philippines, which is a predominant Catholic country, Filipinos still based their beliefs on
what their religion had taught them that is why biases and prejudices are still prevalent in this
country. Thus, it is normal for the Filipinos to be not open to new ideologies like same sex
marriage because of their religion. Scarpino (2017) indicated in his written article that religion is
a relevant aspect in the lives of an individual so people perceive and act according to the rules set
by their religion.
Various studies also point out that social expectation has an impact on the progress of the
society. Through the formation of ‘social expectation’ towards civil society in Japan, the 1998
NPO Law was passed (Hasegawa et al., 2007). Basing on the study of Hasegawa et al. (2007),
the social expectation of the heterosexuals in the Philippines can be the key for the SOGIE bill to
be a law or it can also be used to abolish the bill. Social Expectation is also similar to Habermas’
(1989) idea of a venue wherein public opinion are formed through agreement and discussion. In
recent time, the place where public opinion are formed is the social media. The naturally born
men and women and some LGBTQ+ members have used the social media to voice out their
sentiments regarding the bill. Therefore, social expectation is developed if people practice
sharing of opinion and cooperation to make action (Bellah et al., 1991). The people who are
opposing the bill have presented various articles that point out that “gay rights” can infringe the
right of others like in 2012, a baker in the United States were sued by a gay couple because he
refused to make a wedding cake for them. The people who disagree with the bill believed that a
similar case may arise in the Philippines. Binay (2019), one of the senators in the Philippines,
stated that when it comes to discrimination, the discussion should be more universal, and it
should be more encompassing.
2.2 Sexual Orientation
One of the reasons why a lot of people are against the SOGIE bill is because it only gives
emphasis to the sexual orientation and expression of the LGBT+ members. According to
Capitulo (2019) not everyone is in agreement as to the concepts of sexual orientation, gender
identity, gender expression, transgenderism, gender fluidity, gender as social construct, etc.
Frankowski et al. (2004) stated that until now it is still vague how certain sexual orientation
progresses, but literatures and experts in the field believe that humans cannot choose their sexual
orientation. According to the American Psychological Association (2013), people can grasp their
sense of identity basing from who they are attracted to, how they behave, and what community
share those same feelings and attraction. Sexual orientation can be divided into three: one who is
attracted to opposite sex, one who is attracted to same sex, and one who is attracted to both sexes
(Sharma, 2011).
Sexual orientation is how you label yourself, either homosexual or heterosexual, it
describes how you feel and only you knows what it is like to be you. People usually judge an
individual base from the external factors or what they perceive. LGBTQ+ members are also one
of those who fall under many stereotypes. Most individual think they can guess if a person is
homosexual based on a person’s choice of clothing, look and even their behavior. These
stereotypes can be inaccurate or distressing (Planned Parenthood, 2016). American
Psychological Association (2010) stated that a child can shape his/her sexual orientation at an
early age. The child’s interaction to his/her environment plays a big role in shaping his/her
orientation or genetic factors can also mold his/her sexual orientation. No one can still establish
what causes homosexuality and there is still no evidence found that can support the opinions that
are mentioned above. However, experts in this field and different researchers agree that
biological and social factors greatly affect a person’s sexual orientation (Stuart, 2014). But,
according to Braun et al. (2016) just like how our appearances change over time so as our sexual
orientation. A lot of changes may occur throughout a lifetime it maybe one’s sexual orientation,
or it may be one’s gender identity.
Sexual orientation is about who you want to be with and who you want to have a
connection with (Planned Parenthood, 2019). The sexual orientation theory, theorized by some
developmental psychologists and advocated by many social advocates and partisans, stated that a
person’s sexual preferences are inalterable and should therefore be accepted by society. To fully
understand the wide scope of sexual orientation, one can use the Heterosexual-Homosexual
rating scale also called the Kinsey scale developed by Kinsey, Pomeroy and Martin (1948) it is a
machine that is used in research to narrate a person’s sexual orientation based on one’s
involvement or response at a given time.
2.3 Gender Identity
Another aspect that the SOGIE gives emphasis is the gender identity. People were more
aggravated because a SOGIE bill advocate says that sex should not be assigned at birth. Sex is
different from gender identity. Gender is subjective, thus, gender should not be assigned from
birth. However, sex is objective and, thus, should be assigned from birth. The common view was
that gender identity lies within the person, although recent studies question this assumption by
arguing that gender identity is dependent on experiences, social structures and cultural
expectations (Deaux & LaFrance, 1998).
Gender identity does not only dwell in an individual. Gender identity is seen as a
continuum of values and feelings, rather than the traditional sense of male and female dichotomy
(Eagly, 2013). Sánchez-López & Limiñana-Gras (2017) stated that gender identity evolves
depending on the social context in most cases, which defines the gender expression equivalent to
biological sex. Gender identity causes gender-specific sexual desire, behaviors, and actions to be
developed, a learning cycle that goes on throughout adulthood. Nevertheless, gender identity
does not seem to be established by itself (McClintock, 2015). Ghosh & Windle (2015) supports
the above-mentioned gender identity as a result of a combination of inherent and extrinsic or
environmental factors, in almost all cases, being self-identified.
An individual up bringing that starts during childhood and the social environment that
they are exposed affects the development of gender identity. The definition of gender identity is
a phenomenon that is multidimensional, changing, and accessible, in permanent construction.
Gender identity refers to the sense of being a man or a woman in a person. It is socially adaptive,
and environment plays a huge factor in gender identity. The stereotype roles of men and women
who are the norm of society can have a negative impact on those individuals who are not
comfortable with their sexual identity.
3. METHOD
This study used a qualitative method to determine the social expectations of the
heterosexuals on the Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity and Expression (SOGIE) Equality
Bill. As stated by McEwan & McEwan (2003), qualitative research provides observations,
anecdotes, conversations and descriptions of the problem being studied. The researchers used the
phenomenological method because it provides an in-depth answer to the research problem.
Researchers who use qualitative method can have diverse explanation to the data that they have
gathered. The advantage of qualitative method is its quality which comes from the deepness and
boundary of the observations and interviews.
3.1 Research Design
A phenomenological study was conducted to meet the objective of the study which is to
determine the Social Expectations of the Heterosexuals on the Sexual Orientation and Gender
Identity and Expression (SOGIE) Equality Bill. The independent variable is social expectation;
the dependent variables are sexual orientation and gender identity. Other variables were not
indicated in this study.
3.2 Participants (Subject) Characteristics
This study was conducted utilizing 45 students who are heterosexuals. The participants
within this study participated on a volunteer basis. The first category of participants was 15
students who are heterosexuals from Cebu City. The second category of participants was 15
students who are heterosexuals from Lapu-lapu City. The third category of participants was 15
students who are heterosexuals from Bogo, Cebu. The researchers opted to interview students for
convenience and they were also chosen because of their sexual orientation. Only the heterosexual
students that are sure of their gender preference and who are in the age bracket of 18 to 21 were
chosen. Students whose age are below 18 and above 21 and students who are still confused with
their gender identity were excluded from this study. To maintain confidentiality, all interviewed
participants were recorded by pseudonym.
3.3 Sampling Procedures
The convenience sampling method was used to identify the research participants of this
study. The researchers opted to use the convenience sampling method because the researchers
wanted to know the social expectations of heterosexuals so the researchers decided to interview
students who are heterosexuals because these participants are easy to contact and easy to reach
(Saunders et al., 2012).
3.4 Research Instrument

In this study, the researchers interviewed the participants. The researchers did a face-to-
face interview. The researchers employed an approach to collect and interpret data. Data for the
study were gathered through the conducting personal interviews with the students. Face to face
oral interviews were utilized for this study. The 45 participants were asked fourteen questions
regarding the research problem. Open ended questions were used.
3.5 Data Processing and Analysis
Content analysis was utilized to analyze the data collected. The researchers organized and
grouped the responses into common themes and analyzed the gathered data assisted by the
research objectives.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Theme 1: Wrong Social Expectations are formed because of Increasing Amount of Fake
News and Lack of Proper Information Dissemination
Erroneous social expectations are formed because of the increasing amount of fake news.
In the recent hearing of SOGIE bill, one of the most famous social platform, Facebook has been
used as an avenue to spread fake news. According to Lauder (2016), an anthropologist, fake
news is harmful because just by a tap of a finger this information can be accessed and spread and
in this time and age, information can travel far and wide. Aside from the wide spread of fake
news, one of the main reasons why Filipinos are susceptible to erroneous expectations is the lack
of information dissemination. When the researchers asked the forty five informants if they have
any knowledge regarding SOGIE bill, majority of them answered yes. The informants know or
have heard about SOGIE bill but they do not know what the bill entails. Three informants shared
that:
(1) Yes, I have knowledge regarding the SOGIE bill. Sa akong nahibaw-an
ang SOGIE Bill kay para man sa mga LGBTQ+ diba? (From what I
know, SOGIE bill is for LGBTQ+ members, right?) Respondent- 16 (2)
Oh kabaw ko ana pero akong na basahan nga ang kana na bill kay para
sa mga bayot, tomboy, and etc. (Yes, I know that bill but from what I
have read, this bill is for the gays, lesbians, and etc.) Respondent- 20 (3)
Yes, for me SOGIE bill is somewhat an anti-discrimination bill for the
LGBTQ members. Respondent- 3
The informants are not totally wrong but this bill was created not only for the LGBTQ+
members but for all genders. It is stipulated in the section two of the bill. The informants tend to
think that this bill is only exclusive for homosexuals because this bill was refiled due to the
unfortunate accident that happened to Gretchen Diez, a transwoman. The researchers also asked
the informants where did they get the information and majority of them answered they got their
information from social media. According to the statistics from We Are Social and Hootsuite
(2019), social platforms are dominated by Filipinos. Filipinos spend most of their time on their
mobile phones or any gadget. The "Digital 2019: Global Digital Overview" showed Filipinos
spend an average of 10 hours, 2 minutes on the internet via any device. Filipinos increasing
reliance on technology and internet can be a good thing but this also means that Filipinos are
more vulnerable to fake news. Social media, like Facebook, is used to spread lies and to brain
wash people. Rob Reich (2018), a political science professor at Stanford University, stated that
our physical, mental, social, emotional and political well-being is being threatened by our digital
life. One of the examples of this threat is while the legislators and Filipinos are debating whether
this bill should become a law, fake information has been spread by people who are against this
bill. One of the examples is making others believe that the SOGIE bill is a same-sex marriage
bill. When asked if the informants think if their information is credible, four informants disclosed
that:
 (1) I think so because it is from trusted companies but I did not do fact checking
so I am not really sure. Respondent- 16 (2) No, there can be a lot of media
hype about that particular issue and the information might be bias.
Respondent- 14 (3) I am not sure because I only read from Facebook and
fake news are rampant nowadays. There is a time that I believed in an article
about SOGIE but it is fake news. Respondent- 27 (4) Yes, because the
magazine, where I got the information, is well known. Respondent- 21
Theme 2: Negative Social Expectations of Heterosexuals towards SOGIE Bill
The informants of the study had a lot of misconceptions about the bill. The bill is
intended to prevent various economic and public administration-related acts of discrimination
against people based on their sexual orientation, gender identity and expression. The intention of
the bill and the perspective of the informants do not collide. The informants believed that the bill
will only threaten the rights of the non LGBTQ+ member. According to Deslate (2016), the main
purpose of the SOGIE bill is to follow through what is stated in Article 3 of the 1987
Constitution, which seeks to give equal opportunity to everyone. The researchers asked the
informants about what they think the negative effects of the SOGIE Bill to them and to others,
they mostly respond that the bill will invade their privacy and the LGBTQ+ member will think
they have the power and received special treatment from the rest. Six informants shared that:
(1) It would violate my rights as an individual who do not belong to the LGBT
community and it will give ‘special rights’ to the LGBTQ+ community.
Respondent- 20 (2) Just like what the news was, there will be chaos among
these heterosexuals and homosexuals fighting for their own right. They may
be abusing the rights given to them. Respondent- 1 (3) The LGBTQ
community will abuse the extreme recognition given to them by the
heterosexual. Respondent- 37 (4) Growing up in an all-girls family, I think I
will feel uncomfortable if I share a comfort room with a person with a penis.
Respondent- 26 (5) If this bill turn into a law then it would be disastrous for
me, due to the fact that gays and bisexual individual has a different mindset.
They will be more boastful because they are protected by the SOGIE bill. This
will lead them to be more powerful than us heterosexual individual.
Respondent- 5 (6) I am not comfortable that the opposite sex can use the
female comfort room and wala nay privacy (there will be no more privacy). I
consider it as a waste of time and waste of resources. Respondent- 23
Theme 3: Positive Social Expectations of the Heterosexuals towards SOGIE Bill
We cannot deny that there are still LGBT people and others, around the world, who are
voicing out to defend equality, who are only expressing their views regarding the matter, who are
proudly flaunting their identities or who are marching the streets to protect their rights who
experience harassment and abuse. (IFEX, 2014). The respondents have similar views on what
will be the positive outcome if the SOGIE bill will become a law. Most of them said that it will
give the LGBTQ+ community a chance to practice their rights and freedom that they deserved
and to experience to be respected by heterosexuals. One respondent shared that he will gain
knowledge and will be open in understanding regarding their gender.
 (1) “I think I can gain a lot of knowledge about different gender and I will be able
to be open and understand about other people’s feelings regarding their
gender. LGBTQ+ will also be given a chance to express their selves truly.
They can stand up for their selves despite all the criticisms.” Respondent- 16
Another respondent mentioned that the LGBTQ+ members want to be treated like a
normal person in order to live by expressing themselves.
(1) “There are some parts of the LGBTQ+ community which wants the same
treatment with how a normal person gets treated. They all wanted to live
freely by expressing themselves so might as well as a big step for them to set
out to the world knowing they are supported and given such rights.”
Respondent- 1
LGBTQ+ community experience issues like employment, housing, and access to services
Some of the respondents shared the same view that the SOGIE bill will benefit the LGBTQ+
members in terms of work and services.
(1) “It will benefit the LGBTQ++ community of course, every gender will have
equal rights like in the workplace, services etc.” Respondent- 21 (2) “The bill
can somewhat protect me because this bill is considered as Anti-
Discrimination. It can also give equal access to LGBTQ+ community to basic
rights and services.” Respondent- 2
The attitude towards accepting the LGBTQ+ has been improving. But they still have a
long way to go to reach real equality. One way to increase the positive attitude towards LGBT
members is by being more welcoming, accepting, loving, and providing heterosexuals the
opportunity to connect to homosexuals (Deese & Dawson, 2013).
Theme 4: The Opinion of the Heterosexuals regarding the Passing of the Bill into a Law
Even though the informants believed that there are numerous positive effects that the
SOGIE bill can bring, they think that this bill is only beneficial to the LGBTQ+ community. The
respondents of this study also believed that the negative effects outweigh the positive effects. So
when the researchers asked if the bill should become a law, five of them answered:
(1) No, I think they already have those rights that they want. Respondent- 10 (2)
No, I think it is not fair for me as a heterosexual its giving special rights so it
does not help in promoting equality. Respondent- 6 (3) No, I think some will
abuse their power if it happens. Respondent- 32 (4) I am not really in favor
because it shows redundancy to other laws implemented over the country.
Respondent- 18 (5) No, because this bill seeks to prevent and penalize
discriminatory acts against a person’s sexual orientation. But, this would only
become successful if and only if, the people, especially the ones who are part
of the LGBTQ+ community will not abuse the power of this proposed bill,
which is somewhat impossible. There are already anti-discrimination laws that
are applicable to all. Respondent- 20
Most of the respondents answered no to the question because they believed that this bill
will only cause chaos, confusion, and LGBTQ+ members will be more hated by the people.
Villanueva (2019), the house speaker for good governance and moral transformation in the
Philippines, claimed that the bill will threaten our religion, the role of the parents, freedom of
speech and academic freedom. Any deemed discriminatory acts to the LGBTQ+ community will
be penalized. Lawyer Lyndon Caña (2019) of the Coalition of Concerned Families of the
Philippines added that the SOGIE Equality Bill is one-sided. The bill is not good enough to
become a law, one of the respondents said. One of the respondents even added:

(1) I could imagine that there would be facilities exclusive for this group of
people, but as farther this gets it would also lead to more discrimination and
misconstrued to other non LGBT community people as to a violation to their
human rights and also the relationship gap of this two groups would be
divided. I vote for an additional toilet for the group of people and to not be
discriminated, all of us experience discrimination and the protection for our
human rights should not only work for only a group of people but for all.
Respondent- 11
The respondents call for an alternative bill, an anti-discrimination bill for everyone. A bill
that will penalize discriminatory acts based on their gender, color, physical appearance, religion,
social status, and etc. There are different kinds of people who face discrimination everyday not
only the LGBTQ+ members. And according to Buendia (2018), “If the framers of the bill only
seek protection for people who are discriminated upon, then pass a law that will protect all
people from discrimination and not only a group of people.” The informants hope that the
legislators will review the terms of the bill and see to it that everyone, not only the LGBTQ+
members, can benefit from the bill.
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
The purpose of this study is to know the social expectation of the heterosexuals on
SOGIE bill. This study drawn out conclusions that (1) wrong social expectations are formed
because of lack of information dissemination and the wide spread of fake news. The interviewed
students were not that knowledgeable about the bill and some even does not know what bill is all
about. Students are more susceptible to this wrong information because they are dependent on
their cellphones and they also depend on social media, where they read news or get information,
which sometimes contains wrong or misleading information. (2) The interviewed students
believed that this bill will bear more negative outcomes than positive ones. For them, the bill is
not necessary and there are already present laws that will protect everyone from unfair treatment,
harassment, and violence like the revised penal code, the labor code, the anti-bullying act, anti-
sexual harassment law, and the bill of rights. They are also concerned because this bill will allow
these biological males who identify themselves as females to use comfort rooms and locker
rooms that are intended for females and they can also enroll in an all-girls school. This bill will
also allow these biological males who identify themselves as females to be part of female only
events like women’s sports, pageants, women’s organization, and even into women’s religious
orders. (3) The respondents are against its implementation and they do not want this bill to
become a law. The bill may not be a good idea at this time. It is trying to change the structure of
our society in a snap. There will always be pushback so the researchers hope that the legislators
of this country will first take baby steps regarding this matter.
5.2 Recommendation
The study recommends to the future researchers that will be constructing another research
related to this study, is to choose a knowledgeable and expert in the field respondents. To avoid
misconceptions and wrong information shared to the public. As based on the interview gathered
by the researchers some of the respondents do not have a deeper understanding about what the
bill implies, which lead to misconceptions and error. The researchers would also like to
recommend a program that gives enough information for the heterosexuals, homosexuals and
any type of gender that talks about what the SOGIE bill is all about and who are part of it.
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