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Princípios e Procedimentos
Exercícios
Dia 1
Classified as Internal
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This manual is the property of Maersk Training A/S (hereinafter Maersk Training) and
is only for the use for course conducted by Maersk Training.
This manual shall not affect the legal relationship or liability of Maersk Training with
or to any third party and neither shall such third party be entitled to reply upon it.
Maersk Training shall have no liability for technical or editorial errors or omissions in
this manual; nor any damage, including but not limited to direct, punitive, incidental,
or consequential damages resulting from or arising out of its use.
No part of this manual may be reproduced in any shape or form or by any means
electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the
prior permission of Maersk Training.
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Modified by JSS
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Conteúdo
Table of Contents
Stripping ····································································································· 24
Classified as Internal
Volume, capacidade e deslocamento
Exercício 1.01
Foi iniciada uma manobra de retirada em um poço com calibre de 12 ¼”. Neste
estágio, 12 seções de 5” com 92 pés cada, foram puxadas secas. Restam, ainda,
mais de 85 seções para serem retiradas. O volume no trip tank foi reduzido de 27
bbl para 19 bbl.
Exercício 1.02
Calcule o volume de fluido de perfuração que deve ser bombeado de volta pro poço
se 3 seções de commandos de 6-¾” forem retiradas do poço secas.
a) ❑ 2.1165 bbl
b) ❑ 10.0807 bbl
c) ❑ 12.1972 bbl
Classified as Internal
Exercício 1.03
Calcule a redução da pressão do fundo do poço uma vez que 520ft de drill pipe de 5”
foi retirado molhado e sem preenchimento do poço. Fluido de perfuração do mud
bucket é drenado para o tanque de lama.
a) ❑ 13 Psi
b) ❑ 31 Psi
c) ❑ 152 Psi
d) ❑ 286 Psi
Exercício 1.04
Se a bomba de trip tank parar e o sondador continuar a retirada dos tubos sem as
ações adequadas, quantas seções devem ser estaleiradas no derrick antes de se
perder o overbalance?
Classified as Internal
Qual deve ser o underbalance no poço – quando não há perda nem ganho, e o
overbalance inicial é de 95 psi – se 45 seções de drill pipe foram retiradas e
estaleiradas no derrick sem preenchimento do poço?
Qual será o volume do fluido no trip tank depois de puxadas 18 seções de drill pipe,
se o volume inicial do trip tank era de 27 bbl e o poço durante este mesmo período
estava perdendo 3 bbl para a formação?
Classified as Internal
Pressão Dinâmica
Exercício 1.05
Uma nova broca foi descida no poço e os seguintes dados foram registrados antes de
inicar a perfuração:
a) ❑ 1740 psi
b) ❑ 1115 psi
c) ❑ 870 psi
d) ❑ 435 psi
Exercício 1.06
Classified as Internal
Pressão Hidrostática
Exercício 1.07
15 bbl de um tampão pesado com densidade 2 ppg mais alta que a do fluido de
perfuração está sendo circulado no poço de 8030 ft de TVD.
Exercício 1.08
Calcule o volume de óleo necessário dentro do drill pipe, caso seja necessário 475
psi no manômetro do drill pipe:
Classified as Internal
Exercício 1.09
5700 ft
6315 ft 15 ft
Gas 400 ft
Oil 200 ft
Communication
Gás e óleo estão trapeados embaixo de uma rocha capeadora em forma de domo
com comunicação para uma formação porosa e permeável a 6315 pés de TVD. O
topo da rocha capeadora impermeável está a 5700 pés de TVD.
Classified as Internal
Densidade, Gradiente de pressão e Densidade Equivalente.
Exercício 1.10
Informações disponíveis:
Exercício 1.11
10
Classified as Internal
Resistência da Formação e MAASP
Exercício 1.12
Exercício 1.13
11
Classified as Internal
Exercício 1.14
a) 1825 psi
b) 1700 psi
c) 1900 Psi
d) 1700 psi
e) 6040 psi
f) 6891 psi
g) 16.0 ppg
h) 15.8 ppg
i) 15.9 ppg
12
Classified as Internal
Exercício 1.15 5
13
Classified as Internal
Cálculos de Tampão
Exercício 1.16
Ele quer ter 3 seções de drill pipe secas quando o tampão pesado tiver sido
deslocado e o efeito de tubo em U estiver balanceado.
14
Classified as Internal
Pressão de Pistoneio e surge
Exercício 1.17
a) Não
b) Sim
Exercício 1.18
Exercício 1.19
Durante a retirada da coluna foi notado que o volume de fluido necessário para
preencher o poço é menor que o volume calculado.
15
Classified as Internal
Exercício 1.20
Por que os valores de SICP e de SIDPP são os mesmos após um kick ser pistoneado
para o poço durante uma manobra de retirada da coluna quando a broca está acima
do kick?
16
Classified as Internal
Fechamento de poço e problemas no controle do poço
Exercício 1.21
Indique as três razões pelas quais utilizamos o SIDPP para calcular a pressão da
formação ao invés do SICP.
Exercício 1.22
a) ❑ Sim
b) ❑ Não
Como será a diferença de pressão entre uma perfuração de penetração rápida para a
situação de penetração lenta?
17
Classified as Internal
Exercício 1.23
Um poço foi fechado em kick. O manometro da coluna lê 0 psi, pois há uma Inside
Blow Out Preventer IBOP instalada na coluna.
18
Classified as Internal
Migração de gás durante o fechamento do poço e expansão de gás.
Exercício 1.24
A pressão da formação em um poço de 12500 pés é 8900 psi. Um kick de 10 bbls foi
pistoneado no fundo do poço. A densidade do fluido de perfuração é 14.0 ppg.
Calcule o volume do gás quando o topo do kick for circulado até 5000 pés.
a) 16 bbl
b) 24 bbl
c) 26 bbl
d) 25 bbl
Exercício 1.25
Em qual estágio o corte de gás no fluido de perfuração reduz a pressão de fundo mais
significantemente?
Exercício 1.26
Durante a anobra de retirada da coluna, com a broca a 3000 pés do fundo o poço
começa a fluir e é fechado. As seguintes leituras são observadas:
É impossivel fazer o stripping da coluna de volta pro fundo e o kick está migrando. Está
sendo utilizado o método volumétrico para manter a pressão no fundo do poço
constante.
Como a pressão na coluna (drill pipe) irá se comportar quando a bolha estiver
migrando em direção a broca?
19
Classified as Internal
Como a pressão na coluna (drill pipe) irá se comportar após a bolha passar da
broca?
20
Classified as Internal
Problemas no controle do poço
Exercício 1.27
Qual das sentenças abaixo é verdadeira em relação à seção de topo do poço quanto a
prevenção de influxo de gás?
Exercício 1.28
Em uma sonda jack-up a perfuração do top hole é realizada usando o Top Drive
quando a vazão de retorno aumenta repentinamente. A perfuração é suspendida
devido ao risco de fluxo do poço.
i) ___ Remover todo pessoal não essencial do rig floor e de áreas e risco
21
Classified as Internal
Detecção de kick e procedimento de fechamento do poço
Exercício 1.29
Selecione os quarto possíveis sinais de alerta de que o poço pode estar ficando
underbalance.
Exercício 1.30
Quais são os quarto indicativos de que o poço pode estar ficando underbalance?
Exercício 1.31
a) Flow check
b) Aumentar a vazão da bomba
c) Circular um bottoms up
22
Classified as Internal
Exercício 1.32
Indique três razões pelas quais devemos fechar o poço rapidamente quando um kick é
detectado.
a) Minimizar o SICP
b) Minimizar o SIDPP
c) Minimizar o tamanho do influxo
d) Minimizar a pressão na sapata
Exercício 1.33
23
Classified as Internal
Stripping
Exercício 1.34
Se não houver migração de gás, qual das ações devem ser tomadas para manter a
pressão no fundo do poço em um valor acertavel durante o stripping da coluna de
volta pro fundo?
Exercício 1.35
MD 10000 pés
TVD 10000 pés
Pressão da formação 6700 psi
Gradiente do influxo 0,1 psi/pé
Comprimento médio por seção 91,27 pés
Comprimento do BHA 720 pés
Densidade do fluido de perfuração 13,1 ppg
Capacidade do drill pipe 0,01743 bbl/pé
Deslocamento de metal do drill pipe 0,00852 bbl/pé
Capacidade do poço aberto 0,07029 bbl/pé
Deslocamento de metal do drill collar 0,03334 bbl/pé
Capacidade do drill collar 0,00770 bbl/pé
15 seções de drill pipe foram retiradas secas e o nível do trip tank caiu de 27 bbl
para 21 bbl.
24
Classified as Internal
O sondador parou a manobra e realizou um flow check para verificar perdas ou
ganhos.
Quantas seções a mais podem ser retiradas, mantendo-se esta taxa de pistoneio, antes
do poço tornar-se underbalance?
d) ❑ 12 Seções
e) ❑ 18 Seções
f) ❑ 20 Seções
g) ❑ 22 Seções
Exercício 1.36
MD 8500 pés
TVD 6900 pés
Overbalance hidrostático inicial 35 psi
Densidade do fluido de perfuração 13,1 ppg
Comprimento médio da seção de drill pipe 94,34 pés
Capacidade do drill pipe 0,01743 bbl/pé
Deslocamento de metal do drill pipe 0,00852 bbl/pé
Comprimento médio dos comandos 30,5 pés
Número total de comandos 30
Capacidade dos comandos 0,00769 bbl/pé
Deslocamento de metal do drill collar 0,05457 bbl/pé
Riser/capacidade do revestimento 0,18061 bbl/pé
Calcule o comprimento máximo de drill pipe que pode ser retirado sem que o
overbalance seja perdido.
Calcule o número máximo de seções completas de drill pipes que podem ser
retiradas sem que o overbalance seja perdido.
25
Classified as Internal
Exercício 1.37
Foi decidido aumentar a velocidade da bomba durante o controle do poço, com BOP de
Superfície.
Como a pressão do anular (casing) deve se comportar para que a pressão no fundo do
poço (BHP) permaneça constante?
Exercício 1.38
Quais são as duas opções que explicam a importância do monitoramento dos volumes
de tanque durante a operação de matar?
26
Classified as Internal
Exercício 1.39
Com as informações abaixo, calcule o volume de fluido base óleo que deve ser
bombeado pela coluna de forma a conseguir essa redução de pressão de 875 psi. Foi
decidido, também, descer 90 ft de coluna abaixo do retrievable packer.
a) 50 bbl
b) 38 bbl
c) 35 bbl
d) 42 bbl
Com o retrievable packer localizado a 10600 ft, o teste de influxo pode ser realizado
com segurança?
a) Sim
b) Não
27
Classified as Internal
Exercício 1.40
28
Classified as Internal
Exercício 1.41
Exercício 1.42
29
Classified as Internal
Exercício 1.43
Selecione o elemento que pode fazer parte de uma barreira secundária durante uma
manobra?
Exercício 1.44
Exercício 1.45
Qual dos listados abaixo pode ser um problema alem do aprisionamento de coluna?
a) ❑ Presença de hidrocarbonetos.
b) ❑ Um poço em fluxo.
c) ❑ Swabbing.
d) ❑ Surging.
Exercício 1.46
a) ❑ Camadas de carbonatos.
b) ❑ Folhelhos sob compactados.
c) ❑ Areias depletadas.
30
Classified as Internal
Exercício 1.47
Qual das seguintes causas de kick acontecem devido a falha humana? (2 respostas)
a) ❑ Perda de circulação.
b) ❑ Lama cortada por gás.
c) ❑ Não garantir que o poço está aceitando o volume correto de fluido
durante a manobra.
d) ❑ Formações com pressão anormal.
e) ❑ Não manter o poço cheio de fluido.
Exercício 1.48
Da lista abaixo, selecione as 6 (seis) praticas que ajudam a reduzir o tamanho do influxo.
Exercício 1.49
31
Classified as Internal
Exercício 1.50
Qual dos pontos abaixo são mais susceptíveis a formação de hidratos durante o
controle de poço? (Selecione três respostas)
a) ❑ Cabeça de poço
b) ❑ Válvulas do BOP
c) ❑ Sapata
d) ❑ Choke
e) ❑ Mangueiras coflex
f) ❑ Tubo em U
g) ❑ Entrada do separador atmosférico
Exercício 1.51
a) ❑ 6,95 bbl
b) ❑ 2,32 bbl
c) ❑ 3,60 bbl
d) ❑ 0,77 bbl
Exercício 1.52
a) ❑ 6,95 bbl
b) ❑ 2,32 bbl
c) ❑ 3,60 bbl
d) ❑ 0,77 bbl
32
Classified as Internal
Exercício 1.53
Qual volume deve retornar para o tanque de manobra, por junta, se a sapata for
auto-preenchível?
a) ❑ 6,95 bbl
b) ❑ 2,32 bbl
c) ❑ 3,60 bbl
d) ❑ 0,77 bbl
Exercício 1.54
Qual é a principal razão para se instalar uma válvula float auto-preenchível na coluna
de revestimento?
Exercício 1.55
a) ❑ Quando o cimento está no período de pega, seu peso pode ser reduzido
para o do fluido.
b) ❑ Quando o cimento está no período de pega, há um alto risco de perda
devido ao alto peso de cimento na sapata.
c) ❑ Porque é nesse momento que a lama é preparada para a próxima fase.
d) ❑ De acordo com a API, este é o momento ideal para calibrar os tanques
e sensores de fluxo.
33
Classified as Internal
Exercício 1.56
Qual volume de fluido de perfuração precisa ser bombeado até que a pressão no
fundo do poço começe a aumentar?
a) ❑ 380 bbl
b) ❑ 500 bbl
c) ❑ 760 bbl
d) ❑ 640 bbl
Quantos barris de pasta pesada chegou no anular quando o plug de topo assentou
no float collar?
e) ❑ 160 bbl
f) ❑ 120 bbl
g) ❑ 100 bbl
h) ❑ 140 bbl
34
Classified as Internal
Maersk Training Brasil
35
Classified as Internal
P = MW 0.052 TVD
P1 V1 = P2 V2
2
N1
P2 = P1
N2
Princípios e Procedimentos
Exercícios
Dia 2
Classified as Internal
Well Control Manual
This manual is the property of Maersk Training A/S (hereinafter Maersk Training) and is only for the use
for course conducted by Maersk Training.
This manual shall not affect the legal relationship or liability of Maersk Training with or to any third party
and neither shall such third party be entitled to reply upon it.
Maersk Training shall have no liability for technical or editorial errors or omissions in this manual; nor any
damage, including but not limited to direct, punitive, incidental, or consequential damages resulting from
or arising out of its use.
No part of this manual may be reproduced in any shape or form or by any means electronically,
mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Maersk Training.
Prepared by JSS
Approved by JSS
E-mail: contact@maersktraining.com
Homepage www.maersktraining.com
Classified as Internal
Well Control Manual
Conteúdo
Classified as Internal
Well Control Manual
Margem de Riser
Exercício 2.01
Se o poço foi preenchido com o fluido usando a margem de riser, o que deve acontecer quando a
pressão de fratura está em função de Gsw = 0,445 psi/ft e GOverburden = 0,63 psi/pé?
Selecione a opção correta e justifique a sua escolha.
c) Circunstâncias normais.
d) Diminuição da pressão de bombeio.
e) Ruptura do Riser.
f) Fratura da Formação.
Classified as Internal
Well Control Manual
Exercício 2.02
a) Sim
b) Não
Exercício 2.03
Dados:
Profundidade do poço 2000 pés
Lâmina d’água 850 pés
Profundidade do riser 1000 pés
Densidade do Fluido de Perfuração 10,2 ppg
Densidade da água do mar 8,6 ppg
Use as informações acima para calcular a densidade necessária para deslocamento de fluido.
a) 11,8 ppg
b) 13,1 ppg
c) 14,5 ppg
d) 15,3 ppg
Exercício 2.04
Quais três opções abaixo são vantagens de perfuração da fase top-hole sem riser?
a) Controle da Poluição.
b) Evitar o colapso do riser.
c) Coletar amostras da formação durante a perfuração.
d) Fator de tempo caso haja necessidade de mudança de local.
e) Minimizar o risco de gás na sonda.
f) Monitoramento do equilíbrio da Pressão de formação.
g) Efeito de flutuabilidade em sonda de gás raso, caso seja encontrado.
Classified as Internal
Well Control Manual
Exercício 2.05
Para conhecer a perda de carga na linha de choke em um sistema de BOP submarino, é necessário
conhecer o conjunto de pressões de circulação a uma vazão reduzida, com a vazão de
amortecimento.
A forma tradicional de circular para obter a perda de carga da linha de choke é a seguinte:
1. BOP aberto. Pela coluna de perfuração, subindo pelo riser até a flowline. Leitura da pressão
de drill pipe A.
2. BOP fechado. Pela coluna de perfuração, subindo pela linha de choke. Leitura da pressão de
drill pipe B.
Leitura da pressão de drill pipe B menos leitura da pressão de drill pipe A representa a perda de
carga da linha de choke.
Qual o outro método que pode ser usado para obter a perda de carga na linha de choke?
a) BOP fechado. Bombeio pela linha de kill, através do BOP, subindo pela linha de
choke (com choke aberto). A pressão no standpipe representa a perda de
carga na linha de choke.
b) BOP aberto. Bombeio pela linha de choke, subindo pelo marine riser. A
pressão no standpipe multiplicada por dois representa a perda de carga na
linha de choke.
c) BOP fechado. Bombeio pela linha de kill, através do BOP, subindo pela linha de
choke (com a choke aberta). A pressão no standpipe dividida por dois
representa a perda de carga na linha de choke.
Exercício 2.06
Qual das opções abaixo pode reduzir a perda de carga na linha de choke?
(DUAS Respostas)
Classified as Internal
Well Control Manual
Exercício 2.07
Quais três métodos abaixo são os corretos para achar a fricção na linha de choke a ser usada
durante a retirada de um kick, em uma sonda flutuante?
Classified as Internal
Well Control Manual
Exercício 2.08
Qual é a forma correta de alterar a velocidade da bomba e ainda manter constante a pressão de
fundo do poço?
Se a alteração na vazão for realizada corretamente, qual deve ser, aproximadamente, a pressão
de revestimento registrada após a mudança?
f) 1040 psi
g) 1010 psi
h) 980 psi
i) 110 psi
j) 80 psi
Classified as Internal
Well Control Manual
Exercício 2.09
a) 50 psi
b) 100 psi
c) 150 psi
d) 800 psi
e) 950 psi
f) 1100 psi
g) 1450 psi
h) 1600 psi
i) 1870 psi
Se a pressão de choke foi mantida a 1070 psi com uma vazão de bomba de 40 SPM, qual é a
leitura da pressão de drill pipe a 40 SPM?
j) 1200 psi
k) 1600 psi
l) 1700 psi
m) 1770 psi
Classified as Internal
Well Control Manual
Exercício 2.10
Um poço recebeu um kick e este foi fechado. A sonda está operando em uma lâmina d’água de
8100 ft.
Exercício 2.11
Em uma sonda flutuante, um poço está sendo amortecido pelo Método do Sondador. Uma haste do
pistão da bomba sofreu um wash out durante a primeira circulação.
Qual dos seguintes procedimentos deve ser usado quando a bomba é parada e a pressão de fundo
é mantida constante?
Classified as Internal
Well Control Manual
Exercício 2.12
Um poço recebeu um kick. O fluido do kick foi removido e a lama de matar foi circulada pela
choke.
Calcule a redução na pressão de fundo de poço se o BOP for aberto neste estágio.
a) Reduzida em 48 psi
b) Reduzida em 40 psi
c) Reduzida em 350 psi
Se 1 bbl de gás é trapeado abaixo do BOP que, agora, está aberto, o gás vai expandir enquanto
migra pelo riser.
d) 27,0 bbl
e) 48,2 bbl
f) 380,0 bbl
Classified as Internal
Well Control Manual
Exercício 2.13
O revestimento de 13 3/8” é descido para o poço. Uma válvula float é instalada na junta da
sapata. A bomba de mistura, usada para encher o revestimento, parou de funcionar por 40
minutos. No entanto, o sondador continuou a descer 14 juntas para o poço sem preencher o
interior revestimento.
Calcule a redução na pressão de fundo causada pelo mau funcionamento da float valve.
a) ❑ 15 psi
b) ❑ 156 psi
c) ❑ 183 psi
d) ❑ 401 psi
Exercício 2.14
Como a pressão no drill pipe deve reagir para que isso seja possível?
a) Deve Aumentar
b) Deve Permanecer constante
c) Deve Diminuir
Exercício 2.15
O método do sondador está sendo utilizado para controlar o poço. A pressão no standpipe nesse
momento é 1070 psi com a bomba ligada a 35 SPM. A pressão no separador atmosférico está
aumentando e é decidido diminuir a velocidade da bomba.
O que acontece com a pressão no fundo do poço (BHP) se mantivermos 1070 psi no standpipe
enquanto a velocidade da bomba é reduzida para 30 SPM?
a) Aumenta
b) Permanece constante
c) Diminui
10
Classified as Internal
Well Control Manual
Exercício 2.16
O poço foi fechado em um kick. A linha de choke está preenchida com glicol e água e o restante
do sistema está preenchido com fluido de perfuração.
Use as informações acima para calcular a pressão do anular máxima de superfície que pode ser
fechada antes que a formação frature.
a) 1100 psi
b) 1150 psi
c) 1180 psi
d) 1200 psi
Exercício 2.17
Uma sonda flutuante está perfurando um poço de 26” abaixo do revestimento condutor de 30”.
Um riser está instalado conduzindo o retorno de volta a sonda.
Qual é o máximo peso de lama que podemos ter no poço sem fratura-lo?
a) 12.6 ppg
b) 9.8 ppg
c) 9.5 ppg
d) 9.2 ppg
11
Classified as Internal
Well Control Manual
Exercício 2.18
Um kick de gás é circulado para fora de um poço vertical usando o método do engenheiro.
Após 900 strokes as seguintes leituras são vistas no painel de choke remoto
Como o valor da MAASP deve se comportar, quando o kick se localiza entre a sapata e o BOP?
Como o valor da MAASP se comportará durante a circulação do kick que está abaixo do BOP
através do choke?
12
Classified as Internal
Well Control Manual
Exercício 2.19
O poço é fechado devido a um kick em uma sonda flutuante. A pressão de drill pipe é 400 psi e a
pressão da linha de choke é 600 psi. A pressão da linha de kill, porém, é de 700 psi.
Quais duas opções nos dão as possíveis razões para a diferença de leitura nos manômetros da
linha de kill e da linha de choke?
Exercício 2.20
Dados:
Lâmina d’água 1000 Pés
Profundidade do riser 1100 Pés
Densidade da lama de matar no poço e na linha de choke 16.2 ppg
Original mud density in the riser 12.2 ppg
Densidade da água do mar 8.6 ppg
Pressão atmosférica 14.6 psi
Use as informações acima para calcular a pressão manométrica estimada no gás trapeado no BOP,
abaixo da gaveta de tubo fechada?
a) 230 psi
b) 700 psi
c) 940 psi
d) 930 psi
Exercício 2.21
Um kick de gás foi circulado para fora, em uma sonda flutuante, aplicando o Método do
Engenheiro.
Em qual dos seguintes momentos a pressão de circulação no choke vai mudar rapidamente?
13
Classified as Internal
Well Control Manual
Exercício 2.22
Após o amortecimento de um poço, encontramos lama de matar chegando pela choke e sem
registro de pressão no revestimento.
Exercício 2.23
Em um poço horizontal com um kick de gás, foi usado o método de fechamento Hard. A pressão
de drill pipe e a pressão de revestimento foram observadas. Assumiu-se que o kick recebido foi
na altura da broca e carreado como uma única bolha.
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Pressão de revestimento é 300 psi durante o bombeio de lama de matar – preencha os valores
com as setas:
Revestimento
Circulação do
Pressão na
Ciculação do
Pressão de
Pressão de
Sapata
Problemas
drill pipe
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Exercício 2.24
Qual dos seguintes tópicos vai afetar o aumento da pressão hidrostática no fundo de poço?
Exercício 2.25
Indique a prática que aumentará a pressão de fundo quando um poço está sendo amortecido.
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Exercício 2.26
Quais três das circunstâncias abaixo, em uma sonda flutuante e em operações normais, podem
influenciar na acurácia de leituras do volume de fluido de perfuração e nas leituras do fluxo de
fluido de perfuração quando monitorando um poço aberto?
a) Número de geradores.
b) Movimentos de pitch e roll da sonda.
c) Operações com o guindaste.
d) Lâmina d’água.
e) Tensão do Riser.
f) Heave na sonda.
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Exercício 2.27
Qual opção fornece a melhor descrição de um Fechamento Hard, incluindo hang-off durante uma
perfuração em uma sonda flutuante com compensador de coluna, de acordo com a API (RP59)?
Opção Descrição
a) Pare a perfuração e posicione a tool joint livre da interferência das gavetas.
Pare as bombas de lama.
Abra a linha de choke.
Feche o BOP.
Feche a choke.
Ajuste a pressão de fechamento hidráulico do anular para permitir o stripping
das tool joints.
Posicione a tool joint acima da gaveta de hang-off, permitindo baixar a kelly
cock logo acima da mesa rotativa quando houver o heave e maré máxima
esperada.
Feche as gavetas de hang-off.
Desça e posicione a coluna de perfuração na gaveta de hang-off.
Aumente a pressão no compensador de coluna de forma que mantenha o
ponto neutro da coluna acima do BOP.
Registre as pressões.
b) Pare a perfuração e posicione a tool joint livre da interferência das gavetas.
Pare as bombas de lama.
Feche o BOP.
Abra a linha de choke on the BOP with the choke closed.
Ajuste a pressão de fechamento hidráulico do anular para permitir o stripping
das tool joints.
Posicione a tool joint acima da gaveta de hang-off, permitindo baixar a kelly
cock logo acima da mesa rotativa quando houver o heave e maré máxima
esperada.
Feche as gavetas de hang-off.
Desça e posicione a coluna de perfuração na gaveta de hang-off.
Reduza a pressão do compensador para suportar aproximadamente metade
do peso da coluna de perfuração.
Registre as pressões.
c) Pare a perfuração e posicione a tool joint livre da interferência das gavetas
Pare as bombas de lama.
Feche o BOP.
Feche a choke.
Ajuste a pressão de fechamento hidráulico do anular para permitir o stripping
das tool joints.
Posicione a tool joint acima da gaveta de hang-off, permitindo baixar a kelly
cock logo acima da mesa rotativa quando houver o heave e maré máxima
esperada.
Feche as gavetas de hang-off.
Desça e posicione a coluna de perfuração na gaveta de hang-off.
Reduza a pressão do compensador para sustentar apenas o peso da coluna de
perfuração acima do BOP.
Registre as pressões.
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Exercício 2.28
O que acontece com a pressão de fundo de poço quando o topo do kick de gás entra na linha de
choke e até que este gás alcance a choke, se esta choke não estiver ajustada?
Exercício 2.29
Durante uma operação para matar o poço, mantém-se observando a pressão de drill pipe e a
pressão de revestimento. Diversos fatos podem ocorrer e podem afetar essas pressões.
Selecione o efeito imediato nas pressões causado pelos problemas citados abaixo, usando:
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Exercício 2.30
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Exercício 2.31
O que acontece com a pressão e volume durante a primeira circulação do Método do Sondador?
O gás é soprado através da linha vent na torre quando este chega a superfície.
Problema
revestimento
circulação no
circulação no
bolha de gás
bolha de gás
Pressão na
Pressão de
Pressão de
Pressão de
Pressão da
Volume de
Volume da
drill pipe
Tanque
Sapata
MAASP
fundo
a) O kick de gás é
deslocado no poço
aberto entre os
commandos e a sapata.
b) O kick de gás é
deslocado e passa pela
sapata.
d) O kick de gás é
bombeado para fora
do poço através da
choke.
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Exercício 2.32
Método do Sondador – Segunda circulação – Após retirada do kick do poço e bombeio da lama
de matar, misturando ao sistema ativo.
circulação no
Pressão na
Pressão de
Pressão de
Pressão de
Volume de
drill pipe
tanque
MAASP
sapata
fundo
Problema
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Well Control Manual
Exercício 2.33
Use as informações das kill sheets já preenchidas (R 16) para responder cada uma das questões
sobre processo de amortecimento de um poço. Você precisa, apenas, indicar a primeira ação que
deve ser tomada.
Dois minutos após o início do bombeio da lama de matar, as seguintes leituras são obtidas no
painel remoto do choke:
32
2.000 2.000
PUMP RATE SPM
psi 3.000 psi 3.000
60
1.000 1.000
TOTAL STROKES
4.000 RESET STROKES 4.000
0 0
895 psi
960 psi 650 psi
700 psi
OFF OPEN CLOSE
1/ 2
1/4 3/ 4
ON
OPEN C LOSED
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120
1.000 1.000
TOTAL STROKES
4.000 RESET STROKES 4.000
0 0
872 psi
875 psi 703 psi
OFF OPEN CLOSE
1/2
1/4 3/4
ON
OPEN CLOSED
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Após 8 minutos de circulação, a seguinte situação é observada após o último ajuste no choke
remoto:
30
2.000 2.000
PUMP RATE SPM
psi 3.000 psi 3.000
240
1.000 1.000
TOTAL STROKES
4.000 RESET STROKES 4.000
0 0
845
850 psi
psi 630 psi
OFF OPEN CLOSE
1 /2
1/ 4 3 /4
ON
OPEN C LOSED
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Após 1400 strokes terem sido bombeados, as seguintes leituras são obtidas:
1400
1.000 1.000
TOTAL STROKES
4.000 RESET STROKES 4.000
0 0
1/4 3/4
ON
OPEN CLOSED
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1400
1560
1.000 1.000
TOTAL STROKES
4.000 RESET STROKES 4.000
0 0
680psi
649 psi 720
670 psi
800psi
psi
OFF OPEN CLOSE
1/2
1/4 3/4
ON
OPEN CLOSED
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Após a circulação de 2200, o poço é fechado para flow check e as seguintes leituras são obtidas no
painel do choke:
2200
1.000 1.000
TOTAL STROKES
4.000 RESET STROKES 4.000
0 0
ON
OPEN C LOSED
Após o flow check, retorna-se ao procedimento de amortecimento do poço. O que deve ser feito?
aa) Tudo ok. Continue o amortecimento com 40 SPM e a mesma Pressão Final
de Circulação.
bb) A pressão de revestimento é menor que a SICP inicial por conta da alta
densidade da lama de matar. Mantenha todo o procedimento para matar o
poço usando uma densidade de lama adequada para esta diferença de
pressão.
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Após circulados 5500 strokes, as seguintes leituras são observadas no painel do choke:
5500
1.000 1.000
TOTAL STROKES
4.000 RESET STROKES 4.000
0 0
ON
OPEN CLOSED
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8600
1.000 1.000
TOTAL STROKES
4.000 RESET STROKES 4.000
0 0
ON
OPEN CLOSED
A choke está, agora, em abertura plena e não há mais contra pressão no revestimento.
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Exercício 2.34
Indique a prática que aumentará a pressão de fundo quando um poço está sendo controlado.
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Well Control Manual
Exercício 2.35
Use a Kill Sheet fornecida com o IWCF BOP Submarino (Poço Vertical) para auxiliar nas
questões:
Dados do poço:
Diâmetro do poço 8 1/2 Pol
Profundidade do poço (TVD/MD) 11850 Pés
Profundidade da sapata (9-5/8 in x 47#) (TVD/MD) 8880 Pés
Capacidades interna:
Drill pipe de 5 pol (S-135-NC50) 0,0172 bbl/pé
Heavy weight pipe de 5 pol comprimento 837 pés 0,0088 bbl/pé
Drill collars de 6-1/2 pol x 2-13/16 pol comprimento 1116 pés 0,0077 bbl/pé
Linha de choke de 2-1/2 pol ID comprimento 553 pés 0,0061 bbl/pé
Marine riser comprimento 540 pés 0,3892 bbl/pé
Dados de Kick:
O poço recebeu um kick a TVD 11850 pés
Ganho de tanque registrado 15 bbl
Densidade do Fluido de Perfuração registrada no poço 10,0 ppg
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Quando a pressão estabilizou após 12 minutos a painel remoto do choke fica conforme
ilustração abaixo:
DRILLPIPE CASING
PRESSURE PRESSURE
TOTAL STROKES
RESET STROKES
ON
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Well Control Manual
Exercício 2.36
Durante a definição do envelope de barreira dois ou mais elementos de barreiras devem ser
considerados e testados. Da lista abaixo selecione os elementos requeridos para formar o
envelope de barreira secundária em um poço subsea durante a perfuração. Um revestimento
intermediário foi descido e a sonda está furando um poço de 12 1/4”. A laminha d’água é de
5000 pés.
a) Cabeça do poço
b) Riser
c) Linhas de Choke e kill
d) BOP
e) FIT/LOT do Revestimento
f) Condutor
g) Fluido de Perfuração
h) Selos do Casing hanger
i) Cimento ao redor do revestimento
j) Revestimento
k) Cimento ao redor do revestimento condutor
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Well Control Manual
Exercício 2.37
a) Sim
b) Nâo
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Variados
Exercício 2.38
Temos uma perfuração em uma sonda flutuante, em águas profundas, com riser e diverter
instalados. É encontrado indício de shallow gas e, então, acionado o diverter.
a) Ruptura do riser.
b) Colapso do riser.
c) Excesso de torsão no riser.
Exercício 2.39
Quais cinco ações devem ser consideradas antes da abertura de um BOP submarino após a
circulação de um gás de kick, para reduzir o risco tanto para o pessoal quanto para a equipe?
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Exercício 2.40
Dados:
Profundidade do poço TVD 10657 Pés
Air gap 60 Pés
Lâmina d’água 2150 Pés
Gradiente de pressão da água do mar 0,445 psi/pé
Densidade do Fluido de Perfuração 13,3 Ppg
a) 1.3 ppg
b) 2.4 ppg
c) 5.1 ppg
d) 13.3 ppg
Um teste de BOP foi realizado e o poço foi fechado usando o anular superior. A linha de choke é
preenchida om água do mar e a válvula de saída lateral da linha de choke no BOP está aberta.
e) 60 psi
f) 250 psi
g) 545 psi
h) 1000 psi
i) 350 psi
j) 480 psi
k) 500 psi
l) 571 psi
m) 500 pés
n) 999 pés
o) 1123 pés
p) 1183 pés
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Equipamentos
Exercícios
Dia 3
Classified as Internal
Manual Standard Clause
This manual is the property of Maersk Training A/S (hereinafter Maersk Training) and
is only for the use for course conducted by Maersk Training.
This manual shall not affect the legal relationship or liability of Maersk Training with or
to any third party and neither shall such third party be entitled to reply upon it.
Maersk Training shall have no liability for technical or editorial errors or omissions in
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or consequential damages resulting from or arising out of its use.
No part of this manual may be reproduced in any shape or form or by any means
electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the
prior permission of Maersk Training.
Modified by NLN
Approved by JSS
E-mail: contact@maersktraining.com
Homepage www.maersktraining.com
3
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Conteúdo
4
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Configurações do BOP stack
a) ❑ Sim
b) ❑ Não
c) ❑ Sim
d) ❑ Não
e) ❑ Sim
f) ❑ Não
g) ❑ Sim
h) ❑ Não
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Exercício 3.02
O BOP é composto, a partir da cabeça do poço para
cima, de gaveta de tubo fixa #1, spool com válvulas nas
linhas de choke e kill, gaveta de tubo fixa #2, gaveta
cega/cisalhante e preventor anular
a) ❑ Sim
b) ❑ Não
c) ❑ Sim
d) ❑ Não
e) ❑ Sim
f) ❑ Não
g) ❑ Sim
h) ❑ Não
Exercício 3.03
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Sistema do Diverter
Exercício 3.04
Exercício 3.05
a) ❑ 3000 psi.
b) ❑ 1500 psi.
c) ❑ 1200 psi.
d) ❑ 1000 psi.
Exercício 3.06
DIVERTER PACKER
A ilustração mostra um sistema OPEN CLOSED
VALVE A
de diverter típico instalado em
OPEN CLOSED OPEN CLOSED
uma plataforma durante a VALVE B VALVE C
perfuração de um poço.
A direção do vento é de
bombordo (port side) a boreste PORT SIDE VENT STARBOARD SIDE VENT
(Starboard).
FLOWLINE SEALS
PRESS VENT
O sistema não sequencia a VALVE D
VALVE F
PRESS VENT
OVERSHOT PACKER
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Exercício 3.07
Quais são as duas razões mais comuns para a existência de shallow gas (gás raso)?
Exercício 3.08
Sim
Não
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Exercício 3.09
Sim
Não
Exercício 3.10
DIVERTER PACKER
OPEN CLOSED
VALVE A
A ilustração mostra um
sistema diverter típico
PORT SIDE VENT STARBOARD SIDE VENT instalado em uma plataforma
enquanto perfura um poço
FLOWLINE SEALS
superficial.
PRESS VENT
VALVE D
SHALE SHAKERS A direção do vento é
OPEN CLOSED proveniente de boreste
VALVE E
(starboard).
VALVE F
PRESS VENT O sistema só está funcionando
apenas em operação manual.
OVERSHOT PACKER
Selecione a sequência corretada de atuação das válvulas, caso o poço comece a fluir.
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Preventores Tipo Gavetas
Exercício 3.11
Quais são as duas razões para a inclusão de um orifício de dreno (weep-hole) nos BOPs
tipo gaveta?
Exercício 3.12
Quando as gavetas cisalhantes devem ser usadas para controle imediato do poço? (Duas
respostas)
Exercício 3.13
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Exercício 3.14
Exercício 3.15
Calcule a pressão hidráulica de fechamento mínima exigida para a gaveta do BOP caso a
pressão do poço de 11000 psi esteja contida no BOP.
a) ❑ 11 psi
b) ❑ 1050 psi
c) ❑ 1500 psi
d) ❑ 1099 psi
Exercício 3.16
De acordo com o padrão API 53, os testes de pressão iniciais de superfície dos sistemas
de BOP são definidos como os testes que serão realizados no local, antes do
equipamento entrar em serviço operacional.
Qual deve ser o teste de alta pressão inicial para os preventores de gavetas?
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Exercício 3.17
De acordo com o padrão API 53, os sistemas de superfície devem ser testados depois de
colocados em serviço operacional. Estes testes são denominados testes subsequentes.
Qual deve ser o teste de alta pressão subsequente para preventores de gaveta?
Exercício 3.18
As placas anti-extrusão têm, entre outras, duas funções principais. Indique as duas
principais funções entre as opções abaixo:
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Preventores anulares
Exercício 3.19
Os gráficos dão as
pressões hidráulicas de
fechamento
recomendadas para
diferentes BOPs anulares
Shaffer.
Qual é a pressão
hidráulica de fechamento
recomendada para um
BOP de 13-5/8” e 5000
psi RWP, quando drill
pipes de 5” estão em
seu interior?
a) ______ psi
b) ___________ psi
c) __________ psi
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Exercício 3.20
Exercício 3.21
Para BOPs anulares, o teste periódico do BOP (teste subsequente), de acordo com a API
(RP 53) deve ser realizado:
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Válvulas e Conexões Laterais. Conectores e Anéis de vedação
Exercício 3.22
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Exercício 3.23
1 BX
2 159
3 S316-4
4 13-5/8
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Válvulas de coluna, flutuantes e dardos
Exercício 3.24
Exercício 3.25
Existe uma float valve fechada próxima à broca e o Sondador está se preparando para
descer a coluna no poço.
Indique os efeitos causados pela instalação de uma float valve (duas opções).
Exercício 3.26
Selecione na lista abaixo quais são os dois crossovers que deverão estar disponíveis
na plataforma antes de se iniciar a manobra de retirada de coluna.
Exercício 3.27
De acordo com o padrão API 53, as Válvulas de Segurança (DPSV,IBOP e TDS IBOP)
devem ser testadas com pressão em uma dada frequência.
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Exercício 3.28
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Exercício 3.29
a) ____ Haste de
liberação
b) ____ Corpo da
ferramenta de
liberação.
d) ____ Assento da
válvula
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Sistema de controle do BOP e componentes
Exercício 3.30
a) ❑ 1000 psi
b) ❑ 1200 psi
c) ❑ 1500 psi
d) ❑ 3000 psi
Exercício 3.31
Exercício 3.32
a) ❑ Sim.
b) ❑ Não.
Exercício 3.33
a) ❑ Todas abertas.
b) ❑ Todas fechadas.
c) ❑ Algumas abertas e algumas fechadas.
Exercício 3.34
Em qual a pressão o swich hidro pneumático de pressão inicia a operação das bombas
hidráulicas operadas a ar?
a) ❑ 2900 psi
b) ❑ 2800 psi
c) ❑ 2700 psi
Exercício 3.35
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Exercício 3.36
Calcule o volume de fluido necessário para fechar, abrir e depois fechar todas as
funções do BOP Stack
a) ❑ 106.8 Gal
b) ❑ 124.3 Gal
c) ❑ 130.3 Gal
d) ❑ 153.8 Gal
Exercício 3.37
a) ❑ 8.33 Gal
b) ❑ 5.00 Gal
c) ❑ 3.33 Gal
d) ❑ 2.22 Gal
a) ❑ 8.33 Gal
b) ❑ 5.00 Gal
c) ❑ 3.33 Gal
d) ❑ 2.22 Gal
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Painéis Remotos de Controle
Exercício 3.38
Quando a operação de uma gaveta ou um BOP anular ocorre a partir do painel elétrico
remoto do sondador, a instrumentação irá confirmar se a operação foi realizada com
sucesso ou não.
Combinar a razão para as observações feitas depois que uma função para fechar a
gaveta foi acionada.
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Exercício 3.39
Exercício 3.40
Será que a mudança de luz é suficiente para confirmar que a choke válvula agora está
aberta?
a) ❑ Sim.
b) ❑ Não.
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Linhas do BOP e manifolds
Exercício 3.41
Exercício 3.42
Exercício 3.44
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Exercício 3.45
DERRICK
VENT PIPE ID O separador atmosférico (poorboy-desgasser) é
DERRICK
VENT PIPE HEIGHT
identificado pelas suas dimensões estruturais, como
visto na figura.
PRESSURE
GAUGE
Quais as duas das dimensões indicadas são
determinantes para o crescimento da pressão
HOT MUD MUD/GAS
INLET LINE ID
dentro do separador e seus limites operacionais?
INLET
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Exercício 3.46
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Exercício 3.47
Com base no diagrama abaixo, indique as válvulas que devem ser abertas caso um
teste de integridade da formação seja executado.
Dentre as opções, escolher a resposta que identifica as válvulas que devem estar
abertas. Todas as outras válvulas estarão fechadas.
a) 1-5-8-9-10-13
b) 2-4-5-8-9-10-12
c) 1-4-3-6-7-8-9-10-12
d) 1-4-5-8-9-10-12
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Procedimentos
Exercício 3.48
Durante a circulação de um kick para fora do poço uma válvula de segurança (pop-
off) abre na bomba.
a) ❑ Fechar o poço.
b) ❑ Ativar o diverter.
c) ❑ Mandar o mecânico reparar a bomba o mais rápido possível.
d) ❑ Troque o alinhamento para a bomba 2.
Exercício 3.49
a) ❑ Pare a bomba. Feche o IBOP superior no top drive. Depois feche o choke.
b) ❑ Feche o choke
c) ❑ Feche o poço na gaveta cisalhante (localizada logo abaixo do preventor
anular).
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Instrumentação
Exercício 3.50
Em qual combinação de dois medidores que você espera observar uma reação durante
a realização de stripping de um tool joint através de um BOP anular?
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Simulados
Exercício 3.51
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Equipamentos Variados
Exercício 3.52
a) ❑ Gaveta de tubos.
b) ❑ Anel Totco
c) ❑ Preventor anular.
d) ❑ Float valve interna.
Exercício 3.53
Um teste plugue tipo copo é usado em drill pipes de 5”. O diâmetro interno do
revestimento é 8.825”.
Calcule a força de tensão criada no drill pipe acima do teste plugue tipo copo quando
5.000 psi de pressão de teste são aplicados.
a) ❑ 316100 lbs
b) ❑ 207700 lbs
c) ❑ 20700 lbs
d) ❑ 31600 lbs
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Testes de Pressão em BOPs e Manifolds
Exercício 3.54
O BOP Stack foi conectado pela primeira vez na cabeça de poço de um dado poço.
Qual das opções abaixo mostra a pressão de teste que deve ser usada para as
gavetas do BOP de acordo com o padrão API 53?
Exercício 3.55
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Recomendações e Especificações API
Exercício 3.56
a) ❑ Menos de 15 sec
b) ❑ Menos de 30 sec
c) ❑ Menos de 45 sec
d) ❑ Menos de 60 sec
Exercício 3.57
a) ❑ Menos de 15 sec
b) ❑ Menos de 30 sec
c) ❑ Menos de 45 sec
d) ❑ Menos de 60 sec
Exercício 3.58
a) ❑ Menos de 15 sec
b) ❑ Menos de 30 sec
c) ❑ Menos de 45 sec
d) ❑ Menos de 60 sec
Exercício 3.59
No caso em que os BOPs são testados utilizando um teste plugue tipo cabide (hanger
type) – qual é a razão mais importante para a abertura da válvula de saída lateral na
cabeça do poço ou no spool?
Exercício 3.60
Antes que um novo BOP saia da fábrica, um teste de aceitação é executado para
assegurar que o BOP passará sem fugas de acordo com a norma API RP 16A.
Para qual a pressão mínima um BOP de 13-5 / 8”e 15000 psi de pressão nominal de
trabalho deverá ser testado?
a) ❑ 15000 psi
b) ❑ 20000 psi
c) ❑ 22500 psi
d) ❑ 30000 psi
34
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Exercicios de manômetros
Exercício 3.61
Use os dados fornecidos e as kill sheets já preenchidas para responder cada uma das
seguintes questões.
Você deve indicar, apenas, qual deve ser a primeira ação a ser tomada.
Dados:
Profundidade da sapata 7880 Pés
Densidade do Fluido de Perfuração no teste de fratura 10,0 Ppg
MAASP inicial com peso de fluido de 10,0 ppg 1950 Psi
Densidade do Fluido de Perfuração 10,0 Ppg
Pressão a vazão reduzida a 45 SPM pelo riser 870 Psi
Pressão a vazão reduzida a 45 SPM pela linha de choke 1000 Psi
Deslocamento da bomba (eficiência volumétrica de 98%) 0,12 bbl/stroke
O poço recebeu um kick a 9850 ft (TVD). Quando a pressão foi estabilizada após 10
minutos o painel do choke apresentava-se da seguinte forma:
DRILLPIPE CASING
PRESSURE PRESSURE
TOTAL STROKES
RESET STROKES
ON
35
Classified as Internal
Algumas kill sheets foram preenchidas de acordo com as informações registradas e
devem ser usadas para amortecer o poço.
DRILLPIPE CASING
PRESSURE PRESSURE
45
6900
TOTAL STROKES
RESET STROKES
ON
36
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Em um estágio mais avançado, foi observado:
DRILLPIPE CASING
PRESSURE PRESSURE
45
8770
TOTAL STROKES
RESET STROKES
ON
37
Classified as Internal
O contador de stroke foi resetado a zero.
DRILLPIPE CASING
PRESSURE PRESSURE
45
50
TOTAL STROKES
RESET STROKES
ON
38
Classified as Internal
39
Classified as Internal
40
Classified as Internal
Exercício 3.62
a) O aumento da pressão pode permitir que o gás saia pela linha de vent no
topo da torre.
b) O aumento da pressão pode permitir que o gás saia nas peneiras.
c) O aumento da pressão irá afetar o ajuste do choke.
d) O aumento da pressão irá diminuir o risco de perda de circulação.
Exercício 3.63
Exercício 3.64
Exercício 3.65
O que acontece com a pressão na sapata e abaixo quando a lama de matar está subindo
dentro do revestimento durante a circulação de um kick com o método do sondador?
a) Permanece Constante
b) Aumenta
c) Diminui
41
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Maersk Training Brasil
42
Classified as Internal
Equipamentos
Exercícios
Dia 4
Classified as Internal
Manual standard clause
This manual shall not affect the legal relationship or liability of Maersk Training
with or to any third party and neither shall such third party be entitled to reply
upon it.
Modified by JSS
Approved by KLA
E-mail: contact@maersktraining.com
Homepage www.maersktraining.com
Classified as Internal
Well Control Manual
Conteúdo
1
Classified as Internal
Well Control Manual
Exercício 4.01
2
Classified as Internal
Well Control Manual
Exercício 4.02
Qual opção mostra a justificativa correta para a instalação de uma válvula fill-up entre
as juntas de riser marinho em uma operação submarina?
Exercício 4.03
A ilustração mostra um conector hidráulico Cameron Iron Works tipo HC para BOP
Stack Submarino.
3
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Well Control Manual
Exercício 4.04
a) ___ Anular(s)
4
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Well Control Manual
Exercício 4.05
5
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Well Control Manual
Exercício 4.06
O BOP de gavetas em questão é um Hydril Modelo MPL 13-5 /8” 15K psi e tem uma razão
de fechamento de 7,74.
Qual opção mostra a pressão hidráulica de fechamento mínima necessária para fechar a
gaveta quando 15.000 psi estão contidos no BOP?
a) 3000 psi
b) 2200 psi
c) 2000 psi
d) 1500 psi
e) 1200 psi
f) 1000 psi
Exercício 4.07
Exercício 4.08
Exercício 4.09
a) 500 psi
b) 1000 psi
c) 1100 psi
d) 1200 psi
e) 1500 psi
6
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Well Control Manual
Exercício 4.10
Exercício 4.11
g) _____ Bonnet.
7
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Well Control Manual
Preventores anulares
Exercício 4.12
8
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Well Control Manual
Exercício 4.13
20
Sphericals: 21-1/4 in 2000 psi
18-5/8
11-3/4
10-3/4
9-5/8
8-5/8
7 7-5/8
1000
1200
1500
300
100
200
400
500
600
700
800
3-½ 5
500
500
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Qual é a pressão hidráulica recomendada para fechar um BOP anular de 13-5/8” 5000
psi RWP durante a perfuração com drill pipes de 5”?
a) ______________ psi
9
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Well Control Manual
Exercício 4.14
A ilustração mostra um corte, bem como a visão de cima de um flange API tipo 6BX.
a) Dimensão número 1.
b) Dimensão número 2.
c) Dimensão número 3.
d) Dimensão número 4.
10
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Well Control Manual
Exercício 4.15
Exercício 4.16
11
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Well Control Manual
Exercício 4.17
Exercício 4.18
12
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Well Control Manual
Exercício 4.19
Selecione a opção que explica o que acontece com as válvulas SPM quando uma função é
ativada na superfície para operar o BOP anular ou as gavetas?
Exercício 4.20
a) Certo
b) Errado
Exercício 4.21
a) Ar
b) Hidrogênio
c) Nitrogênio
d) Água
e) Gás de ácido sulfídrico
f) Gás acetileno
Exercício 4.22
De acordo com a API (RP 16D), quais são os requisitos mínimos de volume para um
sistema de controle de BOP onde os retornos são levados de volta para o reservatório?
13
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Well Control Manual
Exercício 4.23
a) 970 psi
b) 1170 psi
c) 1270 psi
d) 1370 psi
Exercício 4.24
Em um pod submarino, dois reguladores são usados para reduzir a pressão de fluido
hidráulico de 3000 psi para pressões mais baixas. Uma delas regula a pressão do fluido
para os preventores anulares. A outra regula a pressão do fluido para o manifold
regulador.
Selecione os três itens do BOP Stack que são alimentados pelo fluido do manifold
regulador.
Exercício 4.25
As válvulas de controle (válvulas SPM) nos PODs submarinos são operadas pela
pressão do fluido piloto fornecido através de pequenas mangueiras individuais. Estas
mangueiras conectam as válvulas SPM ao manifold de controle hidráulico na superfície.
Qual opção mostra a pressão normalmente necessária para operar as válvulas SPM?
a) 3000 psi
b) 1500 psi
c) 1200 psi
d) 1000 psi
14
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Well Control Manual
Exercício 4.26
a) Sim.
b) Não.
Exercício 4.27
É verdade que o fluido de controle estará disponível apenas para o POD ativo?
a) Sim.
b) Não.
Exercício 4.28
O que acontece quando uma função das gavetas é ativada a partir do painel do
sondador?
Exercício 4.29
Quais são as duas afirmações verdadeiras a respeito dos reguladores submarinos dos
PODs?
a) Eles são usados para reduzir a pressão mais elevada, que é fornecida,
para um valor inferior pré-definido.
b) Eles são usados para aumentar a pressão mais baixa, que é fornecida,
para um valor superior pré-definido.
c) Eles são utilizados para manter ou regular a pressão de pré-definida
contra as forças externas que agem para aumentar ou diminuir as
pressões.
15
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Well Control Manual
Exercício 4.30
1. 7.
2. 8.
3. 9.
4. 10.
5. 11.
6. 1 12.
1
.
16
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Well Control Manual
Exercício 4.31
O painel elétrico principal do BOP, bem como mini painéis elétricos para o acionamento
de algumas funções em um BOP submarino são realizados via uma "Função Memória".
Exercício 4.32
Um sondador precisa fechar um poço em fluxo com a coluna de drill pipe no BOP Stack.
Ele aperta o botão "Fechar anular" e o botão "Aperte & Segure". A luz piloto muda, mas
todos os manômetros e o medidor de fluxo permanecem estáticos.
Exercício 4.33
Qual cor deve estar acesa no painel de controle remoto do BOP subsea durante a
perfuração de acordo com a API (RP 16D), com relação as seguintes funções?
Gaveta do BOP, BOP anular e válvulas laterais do BOP (linhas de choke e kill).
a) Cor vermelha
b) Cor verde
c) Cor amarela
d) Algumas verdes e algumas vermelhas
17
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Well Control Manual
Exercício 4.34
A fim de verificar a pressão real fornecida para controlar uma função do preventor
anular ou do BOP de gavetas, um sinal de leitura é enviado de volta para o painel do
BOP na superfície.
Exercício 4.35
18
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Well Control Manual
Exercício 4.36
Exercício 4.37
As válvulas de saída laterais nas linhas de Kill e Choke de um BOP submarino são
designadas para:
Exercício 4.38
Durante a circulação de um kick para fora do poço o choke precisa ser frequentemente
ajustado porque a pressão na coluna de perfuração e no revestimento cresce
continuamente.
a) Entupimento de jatos.
b) Washing out do choke.
c) Choke plugueado.
d) Wash-out na coluna de perfuração.
19
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Well Control Manual
Exercício 4.39
Durante a circulação de um kick para fora do poço o choke precisa ser frequentemente
ajustado porque a pressão na coluna de perfuração cresce continuamente enquanto a
pressão no anular permanece constante.
a) Entupimento de jatos.
b) Washing out do choke.
c) Choke plugueado.
d) Wash-out na coluna de perfuração.
20
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Well Control Manual
Instrumentation
Exercício 4.40
psi
A luz mudar no painel do BOP confirma que a função selecionada foi realizada?
Sim
Não
Quando o BOP subsea mostra todas as lâmpadas verdes significa que todas as funções
estão na posição aberta?
Sim
Não
21
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Exercício 4.41
Exercício 4.42
22
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Exercício 4.43
Exercício 4.44
23
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Exercício 4.45
Exercício 4.46
24
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Exercício 4.47
Exercício 4.48
O sondador tentou fechar uma gaveta do BOP, a luz verde apagou e a vermelha
acendeu, as pressões permaneceram constantes.
25
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Well Control Manual
Exercício 4.49
O sondador tentou fechar uma gaveta do BOP, a luz verde apagou e a vermelha não
acendeu, mas as pressões caíram e se recuperaram como descrito abaixo.
Exercício 4.50
O sondador tentou fechar uma gaveta do BOP, a luz verde apagou e a vermelha não
acendeu. A pressão do manifold caiu instantaneamente para zero e as outras pressões
permaneceram constantes. O que pode ter causado isso?
26
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Well Control Manual
Exercício 4.51
Quais das seguintes condições em uma sonda flutuante pode influenciar a precisão da
leitura do volume dos tanques e da vazão de retorno? (TRÊS RESPOSTAS)
27
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Well Control Manual
Exercício 4.52
a) 30 Seg
b) 45 Seg
c) 60 Seg
d) 75 Seg
Exercício 4.53
a) 30 Seg
b) 45 Seg
c) 60 Seg
d) 75 Seg
Exercício 4.54
Qual é o tempo de fechamento para um BOP tipo gaveta submarino segundo o padrão
API (STD 53).
a) 30 Seg
b) 45 Seg
c) 60 Seg
d) 75 Seg
28
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Well Control Manual
Método Volumétrico
Exercício 4.55
Após 30 minutos, a SIDPP aumentou para 700 psi e a SICP para 1650 psi. Isto é
confirmado pelas pressões que estabilizaram inicialmente.
a) ❑ 1305 pés
b) ❑ 75 pés
c) ❑ 226 pés
d) ❑ 206 pés
Os motores foram desligados e a energia não será restaurada nas próximas 6 horas. As
pressões não podem aumentar. O fluido de perfuração deve ser drenado fora do anular.
h) ❑ 0,3 bbl
i) ❑ 0,4 bbl
j) ❑ 4,0 bbl
29
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Well Control Manual
Exercício 4.56
Exercício 4.57
Indique a resposta correta para quando ocorre a pressão máxima na sapata na aplicação
do Método Volumétrico para matar um poço.
30
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Well Control Manual
Killsheet
Exercício 4.58
Use a informação seguinte e o kill sheet (R 10) já preenchido para responder cada
uma das questões sobre o processo de controle de poço. Será apenas requerido
indicar a primeira ação que deve ser tomada. O poço será morto usando o Método
do Engenheiro e de acordo com a orientação do IWCF. A taxa de bombeio de
controle de poço é de 30 spm e as linhas de superfície são de 120 strokes.
31
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32
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33
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34
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Qual foi o efeito na pressão no fundo do poço (BHP) antes da ação acima ser
tomada?
❑ BHP aumentou - ↑
m) ❑ BHP permaneceu constante - →
❑ BHP diminuiu - ↓
35
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Well Control Manual
O contador de stroke está lendo 1400 strokes quando o Sondador está rendendo
o operador do choke. As seguintes leituras são lidas no painel do choke remoto:
36
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Well Control Manual
1998
700 149
410
37
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Well Control Manual
3350
575 286
###
Como o Sondador pode manter constante a BHP parando a circulação uma vez
que só há os manômetros de drill pipe e revestimento funcionando?
38
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Well Control Manual
Se (que não é o caso deste exercício) o conteúdo da linha de kill for uma
mistura de glicol, qual seria o efeito na leitura do manômetro da linha de kill?
39
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40
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41
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5956
395 450
730
____________________________________________________
42
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43
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Quando o influxo começa a entrar na linha de choke, qual é a reação que pode ser
esperada no manômetro do choke?
Quando o influxo começa a entrar na linha de choke, qual é a reação que pode ser
esperada no manômetro de kill?
44
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Well Control Manual
650
O topo do influxo está no choke. A partir do momento que influxo começa a sair
do choke, qual é a reação que pode ser esperada no manômetro do drill pipe se
o choke não for operado?
45
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Well Control Manual
A partir do momento que o influxo começa a sair do choke, qual é a reação que
pode ser esperada no manômetro do revestimento?
A partir do momento que o influxo começa a sair do choke, qual é a reação que
pode ser esperada no manômetro de kill?
Todo influxo foi evacuado e a operação continua de acordo com o plano. Porém as
seguintes leituras são observadas no painel:
857
285
46
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Well Control Manual
Qual é o efeito na pressão do fundo do poço antes da ação acima ser tomada?
47
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48
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Practical Assessment – Notice to Assessors
• Be accredited at the centre location where the practical assessments are conducted.
• Understand the content and procedure for carrying out IWCF practical assessments.
• Be able to perform the role of the Level 3 and Level 4 candidates when required for the
appropriate BOP stack.
• Not coach, advise or help candidates in any way during the practical assessment.
• The assessor will ensure the simulator to be used for the assessment has been approved
for use by IWCF and has been set up and programmed according to IWCF requirements
before the candidate(s) enter the simulator room.
• The assessor will check the candidate(s) photographic identification and write the
candidate’s name on the front page of the grading sheet in accordance with the
identification provided.
• The assessor will fully brief the candidate(s) on how they will be assessed and what is
required of them during the assessment.
• The assessor will ensure that if there is a Level 4 candidate they have been provided with
pre-kick data calculations for the exercise well in use and a kill sheet prior to starting the
exercise. The pre-kick data can already be on the kill sheet.
When the assessment has finished and before the candidate(s) leave the assessment room, the
assessor must:
• Discuss the assessment with the candidate and use the grading sheet and graph to
highlight their strengths and weaknesses.
• Print the practical assessment graph(s) in colour, ensuring the candidate(s) and the
assessor sign all graphs.
The practical assessment will be conducted under assessment conditions, during which the
candidate(s) cannot ask the assessor what to do next.
The practical assessment is a role-play scenario with the level 3 candidate playing the role of the
driller and the level 4 candidate playing the role of the supervisor.
Candidate(s) will be briefed on their role as either a Level 3 or Level 4 candidate dependant on the
level at which they are to be assessed. Candidate(s) will be assessed against the standard IWCF
criteria and their demonstrated ability to;
Level 3 Candidate
Level 4 Candidate
• Ensure the drill floor is set up for drilling and give driller appropriate instructions.
• Collect and check the shut in data and complete a usable kill sheet.
• Give instructions to the driller on kill method to be used.
• Correctly start the kill operation.
• Recognise a problem during the kill and take the correct action.
• Circulate the influx out the well and shut down the kill operation.
• Analyse the gauges and indicate the next actions to be taken.
The candidate(s) will not receive any assistance from the assessor during the assessment.
Driller: Supervisor:
Must line up for drilling prior to the supervisor
entering this include:
• Standpipe manifold
• Choke manifold
• And the bop panel set for drilling.
Drill ahead with given parameters. Not on drill floor during normal drilling.
• React as instructed by supervisor or • Proceed to drill floor once driller informs
according to normal procedure. that well has been secured.
• If BOP fails to seal activate another BOP. • When arriving on drill floor check space out
Once BOP closed: • Retrieve necessary information to complete
• Start recording pressures and gain, monitor a kill sheet
pressure and report to supervisor. • Instruct driller to monitor well , keeping
pressure below Maasp and above formation
pressure.
• Complete kill sheet, with correct ICP, FCP,
KMW. Step down table etc. In less than 15
minutes
• Any safety margin should be stated on kill
sheet.
Classified as General
Instruct driller:
• Kill method, and how the selected method
is executed.
• Kill mud, mixing in active if w&w, offline if
drillers.
• Start-up procedure.
• Pump follow up.
• Drill to monitor pit gain and record
pressures at regular intervals.
• Reset stroke counter and record start time.
Start kill. Start kill.
• Line up circulating system or check line up. • Check circulating sys.
• Coordinate start up with supervisor . • Maintain constant bottom hole pressure
• Inform supervisor of pump speed and when while starting up pumps adjusting for choke
kill rate has been reached. line friction if on a subsea BOP.
• Incorporate time delay to avoid pressure
fluctuations.
Problems.
• Pump failure.(change to new pump)
• Bit nozzle plugging.(re-start with new pressure)
• Choke plugging.(change to other choke)
• Choke washing out.(change to other choke)
Identify problem and take correct action, shut down keeping bottom hole pressure constant.
Classified as General
Stop
Good decision
makers do:
1. Mind the time
• How much time?
• Buy more time.
Think
2. Assess the situation
• Have I or any of my team
members seen something
similar before?
• How is this different from
Act
past experiences?
3. Consider Plan B
• What are the worst case
scenarios/risks?
• When/how to execute
Plan B?
Review
Stop
How much time do you have? Who should be included?
Think
Collecting info
What do we know? What do we not know? What do we assume?
Consider options
Define Options 1, 2, 3, etc.:
Advantages? Risks? Next Likely failure? Worst Case? Contingency?
Act
What data/indicators tell us the plan is going well?
Review
What data/indicators tell us the plan is NOT going well?
Conversion factors API oilfield units
l/m = 0.019171 bbl/ft Ph = MW x TVD x 0.052 psi
bbl/ft = 521.6022 l/m Pf = Ph + SIDPP psi
ICP = SIDPP + Kill rate press loss (SCR) psi
m = 3.28084 ft
KMW
FCP = Kill rate press loss x psi
m3 = 6.28994 bbl OMW
bbl = 0.158984 m 3 MAASP = (MW frac – MW) x TVD x 0.052 psi
sh
Gain
in = 25.4 mm h INFLUX = ft
Annulus Capaci
gal = 3.7854 l
G INFLUX = OMW x 0.052 – SICP – SIDPP psi/ft
kg = 2.204586 lbs h INFLUX
2
kg/m = 0.671971 lb/ft SPM2
PC1 = PC2 x psi
SG (rd) = 8.34523 ppg SPM1
kg/l = 8.34523 ppg
PMW2 = PC2 x MW2 psi
daN.m = 7.3746 ft.lbf MW1
o
F = ( oC x 9/5 ) + 32 P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
o
C = 5/9 x ( oF – 32 ) P1 x V1 P1 x V2
=
T1 T2 ;T = F° + 460 (R°)
o o
=
ID2 bbl/ft
Int Cap 1029.4
Ann Cap
ID2HOLE - OD2TUBULAR
= bbl/ft
1029.4
METAL WEIGHT lb/ft bbl/ft
Metal Displ =
2745
1500 x (KMW – OMW) lbs/bbl
Barite Req =
35.8 - KMW
Well Barriers
© IWCF 2014
IWCF Accredited Centres are free to use and adapt this material as they see fit, for use in training. Please be aware that this
presentation is provided for general information only and it is not intended to amount to advice or guidance which you should rely
upon. It does not represent an official industry standard or recommended practice. IWCF makes no representation, warranty or
guarantee that the content is accurate, complete or up-to-date. IWCF shall not be liable in any way for any claims, losses or demands
relating to your use of the presentation.
© IWCF 2014
WELL BARRIERS
This presentation is not intended to amount to advice or guidance which you should rely upon. It does not represent an official industry
standard or recommended practice. IWCF makes no representation, warranty or guarantee that the content is accurate, complete or up-
to-date. IWCF shall not be liable in any way for any claims, losses or demands relating to your use of this presentation.
© IWCF 2014
WELL BARRIERS
Aim:
• To fully understand Well Barrier philosophy in Drilling,
Coring & Tripping operations.
Objectives:
• State the Primary Barrier in normal Drilling operations.
• Identify Secondary Barrier elements.
• Describe a Barrier envelope.
• List what Barrier test documentation should contain.
This presentation is not intended to amount to advice or guidance which you should rely upon. It does not represent an official industry
standard or recommended practice. IWCF makes no representation, warranty or guarantee that the content is accurate, complete or
up-to-date. IWCF shall not be liable in any way for any claims, losses or demands relating to your use of this presentation.
© IWCF 2014
Well Barriers
Primary well barrier:
• This is the first object that prevents flow
from a source.
This presentation is not intended to amount to advice or guidance which you should rely upon. It does not represent an official industry
standard or recommended practice. IWCF makes no representation, warranty or guarantee that the content is accurate, complete or
up-to-date. IWCF shall not be liable in any way for any claims, losses or demands relating to your use of this presentation.
© IWCF 2014
(Fluid) Barrier:
The hydrostatic head of the wellbore fluid is greater than the formation pressure.
This presentation is not intended to amount to advice or guidance which you should rely upon. It does not represent an official industry standard or recommended practice. IWCF makes no
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© IWCF 2014
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SOME OF THE (ELEMENTS) THAT FORM THE BARRIER ENVELOPE
BOP
Tubulars
Rams
Wellhead
Casing
Formation Pressure
Casing
Choke/Kill line valves
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Acceptance Criteria
Function and number of well barriers
The function of the well barrier and WBE shall be clearly defined.
• One well barrier in place during all well activities and operations,
including suspended or abandoned wells, where a pressure
differential exists that may cause uncontrolled cross flow in the
wellbore between formation zones.
• Two well barriers available during all well activities and operations,
including suspended or abandoned wells, where a pressure
differential exists that may cause uncontrolled outflow from the
borehole/well to the external environment.
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standard or recommended practice. IWCF makes no representation, warranty or guarantee that the content is accurate, complete or
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A.Description The element consists of the wellhead connector and drilling BOP with kill/choke line valves.
B. Function The function of wellhead connector is to prevent flow from the bore to the environment and to provide a mechanical connection
between drilling BOP and the wellhead. The function of the BOP is to provide capabilities to close in and seal the well bore with or
without tools/equipment through the BOP.
C. Design 1. The drilling BOP shall be constructed in accordance with !!!!! standards. API
construction 2. The BOP WP shall exceed the MWDP (maximum well design pressure) including a margin for kill operations. RP53
selection 3. It shall be documented that the shear/seal ram can shear the drill pipe, tubing, wireline, CT or other specified tools, and seal the
well bore thereafter. If this can not be documented by the manufacturer, a qualification test shall be performed and documented.
4. When running non shearable items, there shall be minimum one pipe ram or annular preventer able to seal the actual size of
the non shearable item.
5. For floaters the wellhead connector shall be equipped with a secondary release feature allowing release with ROV.
6. When using tapered drill pipe string there should be pipe rams to fit each pipe size. Variable bore rams should have sufficient
hang off load capacity.
7. There shall be an outlet below the LPR. This outlet shall be used as the last resort to regain well control in a well control
situation.
8. HTHP: The BOP shall be furnished with surface readout pressure and temperature.
9. Deep water:
9.1. The BOP should be furnished with surface readout pressure and temperature.
9.2. The drilling BOP shall have two annular preventers. One or both of the annular preventers shall be part of the LMRP. It should
be possible to bleed off gas trapped between the preventers in a controlled way.
9.3. Bending loads on the BOP flanges and connector shall be verified to withstand maximum bending loads (e.g. Highest
allowable riser angle and highest expected drilling fluid density.)
9.4 From a DP vessel it shall be possible to shear full casing strings and seal thereafter. If this is not possible the casings should
be run as liners.
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Table A. Routine leak testing of drilling BOP and well control equipment
Before Drilling out Periodic
Frequency Casing Before
Stump Deeper Well Each
Testing Each 6
Surface Casing & Weekly 14
Element Months
Liners Days
Annulars MWDP 1) Function MSDP 1) TSTP 1) Function MSDP 1) WP x 0.7
Pipe Rams MWDP Function MSDP TSTP Function MSDP WP
Shear Rams MWDP Function MSDP TSTP Function WP
BOP
Failsafe Valves MWDP Function MSDP 3) TSTP Function MSDP 3) WP
Wellhead Connector MWDP MSDP TSTP MSDP WP
Wedge Locks Function
Choke/Kill Lines MWDP MSDP MSDP TSTP MSDP WP
Choke/Kill line Manifold MWDP MSDP MSDP TSTP MSDP WP
and Manifold Valves Function Function Function Function Function
Remote Chokes
Kill Pump WP 2) MSDP MSDP WP
Inside BOP MWDP 2) MSDP TSTP MSDP WP
Other Equipment Stabbing Valves MWDP 2) MSDP TSTP MSDP WP
Upper Kelly Valve MWDP 2) MSDP MSDP WP
Lower Kelly Valve MWDP 2) MSDP MSDP WP
Legend NOTE 1 All tests shall be 1,5 MPa (200 psi) to 2 MPa (300 psi) for 5 min and
WP Working Pressure high pressure for 10 min.
Barrier
Actions to be taken when failure to test
element/equipment
If WBE, repair immediately if no other pipe rams is available for that pipe size.
Pipe ram (upper, middle, lower)
Rams that failed to test to be repaired at a convenient time.
Choke valves, inner/outer If both valves in series have failed, repair immediately. If one valve in series has failed,
Kill valves, inner/outer repair after having set casing.
Marine riser choke and kill line * If one has failed, repair immediately.
Yellow and blue pod * If both have failed, repair immediately. If one has failed, repair at a convenient time.
If one or more have failed, repair after having set casing if size is covered by another
Acoustic – pipe rams *
ram. If not, repair immediately.
Immediately: Stop operation and temporary abandon well. After having set casing:
Floating Installations
Carry on with the operation and repair after having set the next casing.
Nomenclature :
Convenient time: Applicable for WBE’s that are not required.
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© IWCF 2014
Pressure direction
• The pressure should be applied in the flow direction.
If this is impractical, the pressure can be applied against
the flow direction, providing that the WBE is constructed
to seal in both flow directions or by reducing the
pressure on the downstream side of the well barrier to
the lowest practical pressure (inflow test).
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standard or recommended practice. IWCF makes no representation, warranty or guarantee that the content is accurate, complete or
up-to-date. IWCF shall not be liable in any way for any claims, losses or demands relating to your use of this presentation.
© IWCF 2014
This presentation is not intended to amount to advice or guidance which you should rely upon. It does not represent an official industry
standard or recommended practice. IWCF makes no representation, warranty or guarantee that the content is accurate, complete or
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© IWCF 2014
Plan to do the right thing but with the wrong outcome (e.g., misdial a correct
telephone number; give the correct instruction but to the wrong person)
Do the wrong thing for the situation (e.g. turn an alarm off)
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Simply put, errors happen when multiple factors come together to allow
them to happen. What we usually call “human error” is really “system error”.
People are one part of a system that includes all of the other parts of the
organization or work environment – equipment, technology, environment,
organization, training, policies, and procedures. Human error is rooted in
failure of the system or the organization to prevent the error from
happening, and if an error happens, failure to prevent the error from
becoming a problem.
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standard or recommended practice. IWCF makes no representation, warranty or guarantee that the content is accurate, complete or
up-to-date. IWCF shall not be liable in any way for any claims, losses or demands relating to your use of this presentation.
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‘Swiss Cheese Model’
The concept of ‘defenses’ against human error
Examples of defenses:
• Checking drilling mud weights.
• Challenging response procedures (being told to do something you
know is wrong).
• Setting alarms correctly.
• Following correct testing procedures.
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standard or recommended practice. IWCF makes no representation, warranty or guarantee that the content is accurate, complete or
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• Some failures are ‘latent’, meaning that they have been made at
some point in the past and lay dormant.
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Active failure: Fluid barrier breached when pulling pipe too fast
Reservoir reduced hydrostatic pressure and allowed the well to flow.
Hydrocarbons
Latent failure: Inadequate mud checks failed to pick up on reduced mud weight?
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representation, warranty or guarantee that the content is accurate, complete or up-to-date. IWCF shall not be liable in any way for any claims, losses or demands relating to your use of this presentation.
© IWCF 2014
This presentation is not intended to amount to advice or guidance which you should rely upon. It does not represent an official industry
standard or recommended practice. IWCF makes no representation, warranty or guarantee that the content is accurate, complete or
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QA-RD1-V8 ISO: 9001/2008 April 2009 Candidate Examination Notes Page 1 of 2
General Information: -
1. The Assessment programme contains three separate components:
1.1. A practical assessment exercise on a well control simulator.
1.2. A written test on Well Control Equipment.
1.3. A written test on Principles and Procedures of Well Control.
2. The Surface BOP Stack and Combined Surface/Subsea BOP Stack Tests are two separate
programmes and may not be mixed. In each programme, there are separate tests for Drillers and
Supervisors. Candidates or their employers nominate the programme and test level to the
Assessment Centre. It is not possible to sit both programmes and test levels at the same test
session.
3. Candidates are required to bring their passport to the test centre. The Practical Assessor and Written
Test Invigilator will check the passport details against the candidate's personal details on the
registration form.
4. The Practical Assessor or Invigilator will give each candidate an IWCF registration form to complete.
Please ensure that your name, date and place of birth are as stated on your passport.
5. The Training Centre should make a copy of the IWCF Certification Standards Syllabus available to
all candidates. Copies can be downloaded from the website http://www.iwcf.org.
6. Candidates who pass at least one component of the test programme at the first test session
(including Practical Assessment) are allowed two attempts to re-sit the failed component(s). The re-
sits (whether it be one or two components) must be taken at a maximum of two separate test
sessions. Successful re-sits must be completed within a period not exceeding two calendar months
from the initial test date.
7. Candidates who do not successfully complete the programme in the re-sit period and wish to take
the programme again must re-register as new candidates. Please note that there is a waiting period
of one calendar month before failed candidates may re-register.
Practical Assessment: -
8. Prior to the Practical Assessment Exercise, candidates will be briefed on the purpose of the exercise
and their role as either a Driller or Supervisor candidate (dependent on the level at which they are to
be tested).
9. Candidate(s) will be assessed on their demonstrated ability to:
9.1. Set up for drilling.
9.2. Recognise a drilling break and positive kick.
9.3. Perform the shut in correctly and within the shortest possible time in accordance with the
appropriate procedure.
9.4. Complete a ‘kill sheet’ and kill the well using the designated procedure. (‘Wait & Weight’ or
‘Driller's’ Method).
9.5. Bring the pump up to kill speed maintaining constant bottom hole pressure.
9.6. Operate the remote choke and make adjustments in accordance with the time delay to
maintain constant bottom hole pressure.
10. Candidate(s) will not receive any assistance from the assessor during the test exercise.
Written Tests: -
11. The time allowed for the written test papers in each programme are as follows:
12. Candidates will require a calculator, pen and ruler to complete their written test papers.
13. Candidates will be provided with approved Formula Sheets, Kill Sheets and working paper by the
Invigilator. All working papers and kill sheets must be handed to the Invigilator on completion of
each test paper.
14. Mobile Phones, brief cases, textbooks, calculation tables, and any other materials that candidates
bring with them to the training course must be left outside the test room during the test.
15. Candidates may only leave the test room during the written tests with the Invigilator’s permission.
Examination Tips:
Please read the following information carefully.
16. Unless otherwise requested each question must only be marked with one answer.
17. If you are asked to select more than one answer, the precise number will be indicated in the
question, and you must provide the correct number of answers. There are no part marks for half-
completed answers.
18. If a candidate gives ambiguous answers on a test paper, (e.g.; marks two answers when only one
answer is requested, or marks one answer when two are requested), then the candidate will not
receive any points for the question.
19. All multiple-choice questions must be answered by placing an ‘X’ in the appropriate answer box.
20. Other questions may require the calculation of an answer. The marking scheme provides sufficient
margin to allow for correct rounding of the final answer in a calculation question.
21. Candidates must answer all calculation questions based on the data given. Assumptions must not
be made about data or events that have not been provided, and candidates may not change data
that they believe is incorrect.
22. Calculations should be rounded in accordance with recognised field practice.
23. To correct an answer that has already been marked on the paper, draw two lines through the original
answer or box - then enter the new answer or tick the correct box.
24. Candidates should check their paper carefully when they have completed it - to ensure that all
questions (on both sides of all the pages) have been answered.
Results:
30. The Accredited Centre Manager or a designated deputy will issue test results. The Test Session
Invigilator does not give information directly to candidates.
1 × 10 = 2 × 5
2
⎛ 20 ⎞
600 = 150 × ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 10 ⎠
Worked Exercises
Surface and Subsea
Well Control Manual
This manual is the property of Maersk Training A/S (hereinafter Maersk Training) and is only for the use for
course conducted by Maersk Training.
This manual shall not affect the legal relationship or liability of Maersk Training with or to any third party and
neither shall such third party be entitled to reply upon it.
Maersk Training shall have no liability for technical or editorial errors or omissions in this manual; nor any
damage, including but not limited to direct, punitive, incidental, or consequential damages resulting from or
arising out of its use.
No part of this manual may be reproduced in any shape or form or by any means electronically,
mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Maersk Training.
Prepared by MJB
Modified by MJB
Approved by JOA
E-mail: svendborg@maersktraining.com
Homepage www.maersktraining.com
-1-
Well Control Manual
Table of contents
Exercise C20
The ram type BOP in question is a Hydril Model MPL 13-5/8 15K BOP and it has a Closing Ratio of 6.91.
Which option gives the minimum required hydraulic closing pressure for closing the rams when 15000 psi is
contained in the BOP?
a) 1000 Psi
b) 1200 Psi
c) 1500 Psi
d) 2000 Psi
e) X 2200 Psi
Exercise G20
The total fluid requirement for the 15000 psi RWP BOP stack in question is 195 gall to close, open and then
close (3 functions) of all of the functions on the BOP stack.
With the hydraulic pumps stopped on the BOP control unit, the minimum BOP operating hydraulic pressure
must still be present in the system when the required operations have taken place (195 gall used).
Calculate the required minimum number of 10 gal accumulator cylinders needed for the connected hydraulic
control unit.
a) 20 cylinders
b) 40 cylinders
c) 60 cylinders
d) X 70 cylinders
e) 80 cylinders
f) 90 cylinders
Answer:
(See Classroom Manual, Index 4, Section 02.03)
Step 1:
Initial condition (See Fig G18-A), where the bottle is pre-charge and full of gas. I.e. there is no fluid in
the bottle. Using Boyles law for situation “a”:
-3-
Well Control Manual
Step 2:
The pump system is now started (See Fig G18-B) and hydraulic fluid is pumped into the accumulator
bottle until maximum operating pressure is reached at 3.000 psi.:
P1 × V1 = P2 × V2 ⇔ 1000 × 10 = 3000 × V2
c
1000 × 10
V2 = = 3.33 Gall of gas
3000
and
10 − 3.33 = 6.66 Gall of fluid
Step 3:
When a function is activated on the BOP, hydraulic fluid will flow from the accumulator cylinder to the
function, causing the pressure in the cylinder to decrease. We can now find the volume that can
extracted from 1 cylinder when the pressure is not allowed to go below 1608 psi. (See fig G18-C).
195 gall had been given as the volume to deliver for the various functions, therefore the total number
of bottles is:
-4-
Well Control Manual
Exercise B12
The illustration shows the main components of the Lower Marine Riser Package (LMRP) used for subsea
drilling.
a) 7 Flexible loop.
b) 8 Flex (ball) joint.
c) 4 Control pod.
d) 3 Riser connector.
e) 6 Subsea accumulator cylinders.
f) 1 Hose bundle.
g) 5 Pod connector.
h) 2 Upper annular BOP.
-5-
Well Control Manual
Exercise G1
Exercise H10
When a ram function or an annular function is activated a combination of indicators confirms that the function
has successfully operated. Select three of these indications.
-6-
Well Control Manual
Exercise B 5
Calculate the maximum number of stands that can be pulled dry before the well has lost its overbalance.
a) 16 Stands
b) 36 Stands
c) X 65 Stands
d) 74 Stands
Exercise B 17
13-3/8 in casing is run into the well on a surface BOP installation. A float valve is installed in the shoe joint.
The previous casing was an 18-5/8 in x 87.5 lb/ft – N80. The mixing pump used to fill the casing had a
malfunction for 40 min, however the Driller continued to run 8 joint of casing into the well without filling up the
casing.
Calculate the fluid level drop in the annulus caused by the malfunctioning float valve.
a) 133 ft
b) 140 ft
c) X 152 ft
d) 210 ft
How much height is this volume when it equalizes on both sides of the 13 3/8” casing?
-7-
Well Control Manual
Calculate the reduction in bottom hole pressure caused by the malfunctioning valve.
e) 80 psi
f) 84 psi
g) X 91 psi
h) 126 psi
Exercise C 10
Which one of the recorded Kill Rate and pressure combinations seems incorrect?
Formula #9 (API Formula Sheet, rev. 5 July 2009) or “2 x RPM = 4 x pressure” or “½ RPM = ¼ x
pressure”
Exercise C 36
The standpipe pressure at 60 SPM was 1420 psi using 10 ppg drilling fluid.
Which one of the listed pressures would be seen on the standpipe gauge after having increased the fluid
density to 11 ppg and increased the pump rate to 80 SPM?
a) 3403 psi
b) X 2777 psi
c) 2347 psi
Pressure change caused by change of mud density: (Will expect an increase in pressure as mud
density is increased)
Pressure change caused by change of pumping speed: (Will expect an increase in pressure as
speed is increased)
-8-
Well Control Manual
Exercise D 8
At a true vertical depth of 7300 ft the formation pressure is normal and there is contact between the
formation fluid and the bottom of the gas bearing formation.
The true vertical depth to the cap rock is 6700 ft and the cap rock is 12 ft thick.
Calculate the pressure at the top of the reservoir just below the cap rock at 6720 ft.
a) 13 psi
b) 125 psi
c) X 3336 psi
d) 3395 psi
Ph,6720 = Ph,7300 – Ph,gas = (7300 x 0.465) – ([7300 – 6720] x 0.1) = 3336.5 psi
Calculate the pressure at the top of the cap rock at 6700 ft.
e) 313 psi
f) 1623 psi
g) X 3116 psi
h) 3125 psi
Exercise E 6
-9-
Well Control Manual
Exercise F 10
The formation strength test indicated formation strength at the casing shoe to be 4650 psi.
Calculate the initial Maximum Allowable Annulus Surface Pressure (MAASP) with the present drilling fluid
density in the well.
a) 4650 psi
b) 3225 psi
c) X 1972 psi
d) 1076 psi
Exercise F 21
A leak off test using 9.5 ppg drilling fluid indicated formation intake pressure occurred when the surface
pressure was 1620 psi. The Wait & Weight Method is used to kill the well.
b) Calculate the time required to circulate the kick above casing shoe 55 min
into casing.
c) Calculate the MAASP when the top of the influx reaches the shoe. 1477 psi
d) Calculate the MAASP when 525 ft of influx is inside the casing. 1698 psi
Hinflux,DC = (660 x 0,02918) = 19.26 bbl, Volume left around DP: 20 – 19.26 = 0.74 bbl
Hinflux,DP = 0.74 / 0.04474 = 16.57 ft, hinflux = Hinflux,DC + Hinflux,DP = 660 + 16.57 = 676.57 ft
Ginflux = [300 + (8800 x 10 x 0.052) -610 – ([8800-676.57] x 10 x 0.052)] / 676.57 = 0.0618 psi / ft ≈
0.1 psi / ft
- 10 -
Well Control Manual
VOH = VOH,DC + VOH,DP = (660 x 0.02918) + ([8800 – 4900 – 660] x 0.04474) = 164.22 bbl
Formula #11 & #12 (API Formula Sheet, rev. 5 July 2009)
Max mud weight = (1620 / [4900 x 0.052])+ 9.5 = 15.858 ppg ≈ 15.8 ppg ROUND DOWN!!
MAASP = (15.8 – 10) x 0.052 x 4900 = 1477.8 psi ≈ 1477 psi ROUND DOWN!!
MAASP = [(15.8 - 10) x 0.052 x (4900- 525)] + [(15.8 – [0.1 / 0.052]) x 0.052 x 525] = 1698.3 psi ≈
1698 psi
Exercise H 10
What is the maximum number of stands that can be pulled dry before the well starts to flow?
a) 21 stands
b) X 46 stands
c) 47 stands
d) 48 stands
- 11 -
Well Control Manual
Exercise I 21
From the options given select the influx contaminant with the following data given:
It is a U-tube so the String side must be equal to the Annulus side. Further there is no TVD
given for the well and knowing that the difference between SIDPP and SICP is caused by the
difference in density
SIDPP + Ph,string,H = SICP + Ph,influx
=
SIDPP + (Hinflux x MW x K) = SICP + (Hinflux x Ginflux), where Hinflux = gain / Capacity
- 12 -
Well Control Manual
Exercise J 4
Indicate the correct tendencies for pressures and volumes when gas percolates from the bottom to the surface in
a continuously closed-in well by marking the provided boxes in the table below using –
Please remember that the determining parameter for MAASP is the formation strength pressure at the shoe.
Problem
Surface casing
pipe pressure
Closed-in drill
Casing shoe
Bottom hole
Gas bubble
Gas bubble
pressure
pressure
pressure
pressure
MAASP
volume
a) The gas
percolates in the
open hole
↑ ↑ ↑ → ↑ → →
between the drill
collars and the
casing shoe.
b) The gas
percolates past
the casing shoe.
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ → →
c) The gas
percolates in the
casing above
the casing shoe. ↑ ↑ ↑ → ↑ → →
Keyword in this exercise is that the gas bubble is not being allowed to expand – i.e. the BHP is not
kept constant but will be increasing all the time!!
The answer given where “Gas percolating past the shoe - What happens with the casing shoe
pressure” is a bit tricky. The theory states that a light column of gas is being replaced by a heavier
column of mud, which will be acting on the formation, resulting in a lower shoe pressure. However in
this case the bobble is not being allowed to expand and the BHP is constantly increasing (Answer
based on this).
- 13 -
Well Control Manual
Exercise L 11
A kick was taken and the Drillers Method is going to be used to kill the well.
The kill was initiated, holding casing pressure constant on 750 psi in the start up phase. After 120 strokes the
following pressures were read:
Ad b) It is a U-tube so the String side must be equal to the Annulus side. Further knowing that
the difference between SIDPP and SICP is caused by the difference in density
Ginflux = [641 + (250.5 x 11.7 x 0.052) -750] / 250.5 = 0.172 psi / ft ≈ 0.17 psi / ft
Ad d) Already given in the exercise: Circulating drill pipe pressure at 30 SPM = 925 psi
FCP = (KMW / OMW) x SCR@30spm = (12.8 / 11.7) x 284 = 310.7 psi ≈ 311 psi
Ad f) Re-cap: 2. circulation of Driller Method – Annulus clean and initially pumping down kill
mud in the drill pipe. As the annulus is clean and homogeneous and the DP is the IN-
- 14 -
Well Control Manual
homogeneous column we can hold the annulus / casing side constant, while the drill pipe is
being displaced with kill mud. The value will be the same as the SIDPP – as represents a “clean”
value. Do not forget that the SICP is a “contaminated” value.
After having displaced the drill string to kill fluid, the pump was stopped. If the kill was performed correctly
what should be expected on the DP and CSG gauges?
g) DP gauge: 0 psi
h) CSG gauge: 641 psi
Ad g and h) Re-cap: 2. circulation of Driller Method – Annulus clean (but to light) and now the
drill pipe is filled with kill mud. Consequence: DP “0 psi” and CSG “641 psi”
Exercise N 10
When tripping out of the hole the well was not taking the correct amount of fluid. The well was closed in on the
annular preventer. It was confirmed that an influx had been swabbed in. The bit was 730 ft from the bottom in the
horizontal section of the well.
A drawing of the well is revealing that there is very little “TVD” difference where the kick has been
swabbed (in the bottom of the hole). Further since we are dealing with a swabbed kick it is a Y-tube and
NOT a U-tube. So we must expect that both gauges will show the same and be reading 0 psi.
It was decided to strip back to bottom while the Assistant Driller was checking pressure gauges.
e) Strip one stand in at the time and bleed of steel displacement for the drill pipe.
f) Strip one stand in at the time. Bleed of drill pipe capacity.
g) X Strip one stand in at the time while bleeding off drill pipe closed end displacement.
Before a stripping operation is initiated a DPSV and IBOP is installed on the string. So when stripping is
like pushing in a piston, consequently there must be bleed of a volume equivalent to the closed-end-
displacement.
- 15 -
Well Control Manual
The bit was back on bottom of the well. If it was possible to read both SIDPP and SICP what would these
pressures be?
As the drill pipe has the IBOP installed the influx can not get into the pipe. This means the annulus
will be the only contaminated side of the U-tube. Consequently the SICP will be reading a higher
value as the total column will be lighter.
Exercise P 9
After having flow-checked the well prior to pulling out of the well, the trip was initiated.
26 stands of drill pipe were pulled when the well started flowing and was closed-in. It was decided to strip
back to bottom.
TVD/MD 9800 ft
SICP 120 psi
5 in drill pipe average stand length 90.78 ft
5 in drill pipe closed end displacement 0.02596 bbl/ft
Open hole capacity 0.07438 bbl/ft
Drilling fluid density 12.0 ppg
Influx volume 17.3 bbl
Influx pressure gradient 0.11 psi/ft
10 stands of drill pipe were stripped in and 23.5 bbl of drilling fluid bled off. The pipe was filled accordingly,
and drill pipe pressure recorded.
Calculate the casing pressure at this stage, assuming the influx is still below the bit and no migration is
taking place.
a) 65 psi
b) X 120 psi
c) 260 psi
Initial the well was shut-in reading 120 psi on the casing gauge. Question is now weather the correct
volume of mud has been bleed of pr. Stand.
Volume to bleed off pr. Stand = 0.02596 x 90.78 = 2.3566 bbl / stand
Volume after 10 stands = 10 x 2.3566 = 23.566 bbl. There has been bleed off 0.034 bbl less then
theoretical. This can be neglected. Consequently the SICP must be the same as initially.
d) 65 psi
e) X 120 psi
f) 260 psi
Since the bit is above the influx, we are looking at a Y-tube, which means that drill pipe and casing
gauges will be reading the same. It must be mentioned that the drill pipe pressure due to the IBOP
installed can not be directly read.
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Well Control Manual
After having stripped in a total 20 stands of drill pipe and bleed of 47 bbl of drilling fluid, what could be
expected as SIDPP? Still no migration is taking place.
g) 85 psi
h) X 120 psi
i) 185 psi
Issue here is where is the bit in relation to the non-migrating influx and have there been bleed of the
correct volume of mud pr. Stand stripped in??
The bit is still above the influx, meaning it is still a Y-tube we are dealing with.
Volume after 20 stands = 20 x 2.3566 = 47.1 bbl. There has been bleed off 0.1 bbl less then
theoretical. This can be neglected. Consequently the SICP must be the same as initially.
After 24 stands have been stripped into the well and 56.5 bbl has been bleed the pressure on the casing
started to change because the bit entered the influx.
If we could observe the drill pipe pressure, how would this pressure behave?
The bit is now starting to enter the influx. This means we are moving from a Y-tube towards a U-
tube, where the annulus is contaminated with influx and the drill pipe clean and full of mud. Since we
have just started to enter the bobble (see below), we can not exactly determine the dill pipe gauge
value, but can predict that value to decreasing from the initial.
The bit is still above the influx, meaning it is still a Y-tube we are dealing with.
Volume after 24 stands = 24 x 2.3566 = 56.6 bbl. There has been bleed off 0.1 bbl less then
theoretical. This can be neglected. Consequently the SICP must be the same as initially.
After 26 stands the bit is back on bottom and 61.2 bbl has been bleed off. What should be expected as
SICP? The migration is still considered to be zero.
r) Around 85 psi
s) Around 120 psi
t) X Around 185 psi
Bit back on bottom meaning that we have an U-tube to deal with a swabbed kick. As we stripped
closed end to bottom has resulted in longer/higher influx, resulting in a higher casing pressure.
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Exercise R 16
Use the data from the provided and already filled in kill sheets (R 16) to answer each one of the questions about
the well kill process. You are only required to indicate the first action that should be taken. The well is killed using
the Wait & Weight Method.
Two minutes after start pumping kill fluid the following readings are observed on the remote operated choke
panel:
32
2.000 2.000
PUMP RATE SPM
psi 3.000 psi 3.000
60
1.000 1.000
TOTAL STROKES
4.000 RESET STROKES 4.000
0 0
895 psi
960 psi 650 psi
700 psi
OFF OPEN CLOSE
1/ 2
1/4 3/ 4
ON
OPEN C LOSED
In the Kill sheet all calculations are based on pump rate of 30 spm. And as the chosen kill method is
W&W i.e. the drill pipe gauge must be following the step down graph, the main priority is to bring the
pump rate back on the 30 spm and then see how the pressure are behaving. So answer is decrease the
pump rate.
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Well Control Manual
After 4 minutes of circulation the following are observed on the remote operated choke panel:
120
1.000 1.000
TOTAL STROKES
4.000 RESET STROKES 4.000
0 0
872 psi
875 psi 703 psi
OFF OPEN CLOSE
1/2
1/4 3/4
ON
OPEN CLOSED
First thing to check: Is the Pump rate on the chosen rate. In this case yes. If not bring it back on line.
Reason being all calculations are based on a specific SCR-value and therefore also a specific pump
rate.
So what is happening here: W&W – we are following a step down graph (page 2 on the kill sheet)
meaning that when the heavy kill mud is being pumped from the surface to the bit the drill pipe gauge
pressure will drop from Initial Circulating Pressure (ICP) to Final Circulating Pressure (FCP).
What we need to know is what pressure can be expected on the drill pipe gauge after 120 strokes, in
order to hold Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP) above Formation Pressure Pf with a safety margin of
maximum 70 psi.
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Well Control Manual
After 8 minutes of circulation the following are observed on the remote operated choke panel:
30
2.000 2.000
PUMP RATE SPM
psi 3.000 psi 3.000
240
1.000 1.000
TOTAL STROKES
4.000 RESET STROKES 4.000
0 0
845
850 psi
psi 630 psi
OFF OPEN CLOSE
1 /2
1/ 4 3 /4
ON
OPEN C LOSED
Same recipe to follow as in the previous question - first thing to check: Is the Pump rate on the chosen
rate. In this case yes.
So what is happening here: W&W – we are following a step down graph (page 2 on the kill sheet)
meaning that when the heavy kill mud is being pumped from the surface to the bit the drill pipe gauge
pressure will drop from Initial Circulating Pressure (ICP) to Final Circulating Pressure (FCP).
What we need to know is what pressure can be expected on the drill pipe gauge after 120 strokes, in
order to hold Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP) above Formation Pressure Pf with a safety margin of
maximum 70 psi.
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Well Control Manual
After 1400 strokes have been circulated, the following readings are observed on the remote operated choke
panel:
1400
1.000 1.000
TOTAL STROKES
4.000 RESET STROKES 4.000
0 0
1/4 3/4
ON
OPEN CLOSED
Same recipe to follow as in the previous question - first thing to check: Is the Pump rate on the chosen
rate. In this case yes.
So what is happening here: W&W – we are following a step down graph (page 2 on the kill sheet)
meaning that when the heavy kill mud is being pumped from the surface to the bit the drill pipe gauge
pressure will drop from Initial Circulating Pressure (ICP) to Final Circulating Pressure (FCP).
What we need to know is what pressure can be expected on the drill pipe gauge after 120 strokes, in
order to hold Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP) above Formation Pressure Pf with a safety margin of
maximum 70 psi.
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Well Control Manual
After 2200 strokes have been circulated, the well is closed-in to make a check and the following readings are
observed on the remote operated choke panel:
2200
1.000 1.000
TOTAL STROKES
4.000 RESET STROKES 4.000
0 0
ON
OPEN C LOSED
After the check the kill procedure is continued. What should be done?
On a surface installation with the BOP installed right under the rig floor the procedure to follow when
manipulating the pump strokes either up or down is: Hold the casing gauge constant while changing the
pump speed either faster or slower and let the drill pipe gauge react the way it wants’ to react. When the
pump speed has been achieved and the pressures have stabilized swab gauge holding the drill pipe
gauge value constant. – Option “X”
Extra:
What is readings on the choke panel telling us??.
• Pump is off – No dynamic pressures to relate to only static pressures
• 2200 strokes has been pumped = String strokes. We have theoretically killed the drill pipe side
of the U-tube.
• Drill pipe gauge is reading “0 psi” – The drill pipe side have been killed!
• Casing gauge is reading 790 psi. Shut in value was 700 psi. The pressure have increased with
90 psi that is expected as we have pumped 2200 strokes and thereby moved the influx up and
at the same time held the BHP constant i.e. let the gas expand. So the bobble have been
allowed to expand and grown in length and therefore we need more backpressure.
All in all the readings are all as expected.
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Well Control Manual
After 5500 strokes have been circulated, the following readings are observed on the remote operated choke
panel:
5500
1.000 1.000
TOTAL STROKES
4.000 RESET STROKES 4.000
0 0
1/4 3/4
ON
OPEN CLOSED
Same recipe to follow - first thing to check: Is the Pump rate on the chosen rate. In this case yes.
So what is happening here: W&W – we have pumped 5500 strokes, so the drill pipe side has been
displaced with kill mud (2138 stks), which means we are now to hold the drill pipe constant on the Final
Circulating Pressure (FCP). (The drill pipe is clean and homogeneous so we can hold it constant).
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Well Control Manual
After 8600 strokes have been circulated, the following readings are observed on the remote operated choke
panel:
8600
1.000 1.000
TOTAL STROKES
4.000 RESET STROKES 4.000
0 0
1/4 3/4
ON
OPEN CLOSED
The choke is now fully open, and there is no back pressure on the casing.
dd) Stop pumping. Line up for drilling, and then start the drilling operation.
ee) Decrease the pump rate.
ff) X Continue to circulate to clean the annulus for trapped influx in the well and condition the drilling fluid.
gg) Close the choke more.
So what is happening here: W&W – we have pumped 8600 strokes, which equals a full circulation, and
means the well should be dead. Since the kill operation has been conducted with the reduced kill speed,
the risk of having stung out the influx is high together with a poor shearing and mixing of mud can be
expected. The compensate for this, “Continue to circulate to clean the annulus for trapped influx in the
well and condition the drilling fluid”
Extra:
What is readings on the choke panel telling us??.
• Pump is on so a pump rate reflects a specific pressure. 30 spm should be FCP 438 psi. Guage
is reading 440 psi – All looks right
• 8600 strokes has been pumped = Full circulation. We have theoretically killed the drill pipe and
annulus side of the U-tube.
• Casing gauge is reading “0 psi” with choke fully open – We are not holding any back pressure
on the well
All in all the readings are all as expected and indicate a successful kill operation.
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Exercise R 23
Use the provided and already filled in IWCF Surface BOP (Deviated Well) Kill sheet API units to assist you in
answering the questions.
Well data:
Hole size 8-1/2 in
Hole depth TVD 5000 ft
Hole depth MD 12600 ft
Kick-off point MD/TVD (KOP) 2000 ft
Build rate 4-1/2 deg/100ft
Final inclination 85 deg
End-of-build (EOB) 5400 / 4285 ft MD / ft TVD
Casing (9-5/8 in) 4600 ft TVD
Casing (9-5/8 in) 9300 ft MD
Drill pipe 5 in capacity 0.01732 bbl/ft
6-1/4 in motor and MWD 80 ft
Drill collar capacity 0.0061 bbl/ft
Drill string lay-out: Bit - Motor - MWD - DP to surface
Drilling fluid gradient 0.6558 psi/ft
Capacity open hole x drill pipe 0.0459 bbl/ft
Capacity casing x drill pipe 0.0515 bbl/ft
Capacity open hole x motor & MWD 0.0323 bbl/ft
Mud pump displacement 0.0978 bbl/stroke
Kill Rate Pressure at 30 SPM 625 psi
Kick data:
SIDPP 800 psi
SICP 825 psi
Pit gain 15 bbl
The first circulation evacuates the gas from the wellbore. On the second circulation the kill fluid will be pumped
down the drill string and up the annulus.
a) Required strokes to displace drilling fluid with kill fluid internal from
2222 strokes
surface to the bit.
b) Required strokes to displace drilling fluid with kill fluid in the annulus
6435 strokes
from bit to surface.
c) Required strokes to displace drilling fluid with kill fluid in the annulus
1538 strokes
from bit to the casing shoe.
d) Kill fluid density. 15.7 ppg
e) Initial Circulating Pressure (ICP). 1425 psi
f) Maximum allowable drilling fluid gradient. 0.863 psi/ft
g) Initial MAASP with current drilling fluid density. 954 psi
Ad a): Kill sheet page 1 of 3 “Drill String Volume” = 217.3 bbl, 2222 strokes, 74 minutes
Ad b): Kill sheet page 1 of 3 “Total Annulus Volume” = 629.4 bbl, 6435 strokes, 214 minutes
Ad c): Kill sheet page 1 of 3 “Open Hole Volume” = 150.4 bbl, 1538 strokes, 51 minutes
Ad d): Kill sheet page 2 of 3 “KMD” = 15.7 ppg
Ad e): Kill sheet page 2 of 3 “ICP” = 1425 psi
Ad f): Kill sheet page 1 of 3 “Max. Allowable drilling Fluid Density” = 16.6 ppg =
16.6 x 0.052 = 0.863 psi/ft
Ad g): Kill sheet page 1 of 3 “Initial MAASP” = 954 psi
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Well Control Manual
The kill was initiated using the Drillers Method. After 1100 strokes on the first circulation the pump was stopped
and the well shut-in. What should be expected as:
h) SIDPP.
800 psi
i) SICP.
825 psi
Ad h): Drillers Method, 1. circulation: Pumping out the influx using old mud – If the pump is stopped
nothing has changed so SIDPP must be the same. Kill sheet page 2 of 3 “SIDPP” = 800 psi
Ad i): Drillers Method, 1. circulation: Pumping out the influx using old mud – Have the influx changed
TVD-height being pumped 1100 strokes? From TD to casing shoe there is a TVD-height difference of
5000 – 4600 = 400 ft this is equivalent to “Open Hole Volume” = 1538 strokes. There has been pumped
1100 strokes meaning that the bobble is somewhere in this horizontal area.
After 3600 strokes on the first circulation the circulating casing pressure was approaching 975 psi with an
increasing tendency.
j) How should this situation be handled with respect to MAASP? Please explain.
After 3600 strokes pumped all the influx is inside the casing, so MAASP is not interesting any
longer. When the gas starts entering the casing the MAASP value is increasing as the
combined fluid density is decreasing.
When the influx was evacuated the second circulation was initiated.
Drillers Method, 2. circulation: Well is clean but mud is too light, so heavy kill mud is circulated to
balance formation pressure. The clean side of the U-tube can be held constant when pumping!!
Ad k): Kill sheet page 2 of 3 “ICP” = 1425 psi - kill mud is just beginning to enter the drill pipe.
Ad l): Annulus side is clean, so gauge value must be the same as the SIDPP initially was! 800 psi
Ad m): (16.6 – 15.7) x 4600 x 0.052 = 215 psi
Ad n): Kill sheet page 2 of 3 “FCP” = 778 psi
Ad o): Kill sheet page 1 of 3 “Total Well System Volume” = 846.7 bbl, 8657 strokes, 288 minutes
Ad p): Kill sheet page 2 of 3 “KOP CP” = 1128 psi
Ad q): Kill mud is being pumped inside the drill pipe and annulus side is clean, so gauge value must be
the same as the SIDPP initially was! 800 psi
Ad r): Kill sheet page 2 of 3 “EOB CP” = 802 psi
Ad s): Kill mud is being pumped inside the drill pipe and annulus side is clean, so gauge value must be
the same as the SIDPP initially was! 800 psi
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Well Control Manual
The pump was stopped after 960 strokes and the well shut in.
What pressure should be expected as SIDPP and SICP?
Drillers Method, 2. circulation: Well is clean but mud is too light, so heavy kill mud is now circulated to
balance formation pressure. The clean side of the U-tube can be held constant when pumping!!
The situation in question is after 960 strokes – Question: How far has the kill mud advanced inside the
drill pipe? Looking at the kill sheet page 1 it is clear that (L + M) added up to 956 strokes which is VERY
close to questioned 960 strokes, so:
Ad t): Kill sheet page 2 of 3 “Remaining SIDPP at KOP” = 111 psi
Ad u): Kill mud is being pumped inside the drill pipe and annulus side is clean, so gauge value must be
the same as the SIDPP initially was! 800 psi
Ad v): Kill sheet page 2 of 3 “(U) x 100 / (M)” = 54 psi / 100 strokes
Ad w): Kill sheet page 2 of 3 “(W) x 100 / (N1+N2+N3)” = 2 psi / 100 strokes
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Exercise W 10
While drilling the well kicks and is closed-in. An influx of 25 bbl has entered the wellbore when the well is
closed-in. The bit is on bottom.
Well data:
Hole size 9-5/8 in
Casing shoe (10¾ in x 45.5 lb/ft) 6070 ft
Drill pipe 5 in x 19.5 lb/ft
Drill collars(8 in x 3 in) 295 ft
Well depth 10010 ft
Casing capacity 0.09629 bbl/ft
Open hole capacity 0.09012 bbl/ft
Drill pipe capacity 0.01757 bbl/ft
Drill pipe open end displacement 0.00760 bbl/ft
Drill pipe closed end displacement 0.02517 bbl/ft
Drill collar capacity 0.00876 bbl/ft
Drill collar open end displacement 0.05351 bbl/ft
Drill collar closed end displacement 0.06227 bbl/ft
Use the given data to calculate the length of the influx assuming one bubble at the bottom of the well.
a) 186 ft
b) 258 ft
c) X 553 ft
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Well Control Manual
Exercise A 3
From a floater the top hole section is being drilled with a marine riser in place and the following data:
While drilling at this depth the drilling fluid exerts an overbalance on the bottom formation by 50 psi.
What is the minimum required fluid density in the well when disconnecting the riser?
a)
9.6 ppg
b)
10.8 ppg
c) X 11.3 ppg
d)
14.5 ppg
Issue – Riser Margin, where we are loosing a column of mud from RKB to BOP but gaining a column
of seawater from MSL to BOP. In this case we are further loosing 50 psi of mud over balance.
The formation pressure Pf that must be balanced by the mud from TVD-BOP and the seawater
= (1700 x 9.6 x 0.052) -50 = 798.64 psi
798.64 = (1700-1100) x MWreq x 0.052 + 1000 x 8.6 x 0.052 = MWreq = 11.3 ppg
Exercise A 8
a) What is the theoretical maximum drilling fluid density that can be used
without breaking the formation in a static situation with the riser 9.38 ppg
installed?
600 x MW x 0.052 = 220 x 0.445 + [(600 – 80 - 220) x 0.65] ≈ MW = 9.388 ppg ≈ 9.38 ppg
b) What is the theoretical maximum drilling fluid density that can be used
without loosing to the formation in a dynamic situation with returns to 9.06 ppg
surface?
The annular pressure loss will act as an extra pressure on the bottom of the hole. So it has the same
effect as a reduction in the formation strength equivalent to 10 psi.
600 x MW x 0.052 = 220 x 0.445 + [(600 – 80 - 220) x 0.65] -10 ≈ MW = 9.067 ppg ≈ 9.06 ppg
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Well Control Manual
Exercise B 9
a)
50 psi
b) X 100 psi
c)
200 psi
d)
450 psi
e)
550 psi
What is the initial circulating pressure (ICP) for the kill operation at 30 SPM?
f)
110 psi
g)
800 psi
h)
900 psi
i) X 1000 psi
If the choke pressure is held constant at 970 psi as the pump is brought up to 30 SPM, what is the expected
drill pipe pressure at 30 SPM?
j)
900 psi
k)
1000 psi
l)
1100 psi
m)
1200 psi
Issue: On a Semi sub installation the casing gauge must be allowed to drop with the value of the
Choke Line Friction (CLF) so:
By holding the casing gauge constant on 970 psi the CLF is added onto ALL other pressures i.e. Kill,
BHP, DP etc. ICP + CLF = 1000 + 100 = 1100 psi
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Well Control Manual
Exercise B 13
The illustration shows a floating rig circulating out a kick using the W&W method. In the first part of the
exercise the top of the gas is right at the choke line outlet of the BOP. The different fluid / gas columns and
their densities / pressure gradients are as shown in the sketch below. RRCP was obtained 1 hour before the
kick occurred. The pumps are running.
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Well Control Manual
The pressure on the bottom of the well must be held constant when the gas is filling the choke line as well as
when mud is replacing the gas in the choke line.
How should the choke be adjusted during the period when the gas replaces the mud in the choke line?
Very fast you will be loosing a lot of mud-hydrostatic column but gaining light influx column, so more
back pressure is required and to provide that the choke must be closed more and more.
How should the choke be adjusted during the period when the mud replaces the gas in the choke line?
Exercise E 1
13-3/8 in casing is run into the well on a subsea BOP installation. A float valve is installed in the shoe joint.
The previous casing was an 18-5/8 in x 87.5 lb/ft – N80. The mixing pump used to fill the casing had a
malfunction for 50 minutes, however the Driller continued to run 18 joints of casing into the well without filling
up the casing.
Calculate the fluid level drop in the annulus caused by the malfunctioning float valve.
a)
133 ft
b) X 294 ft
c)
380 ft
Issue: Suddenly the float fails and the mud will U-tube into the casing. Casing is run from the rig floor
and into the riser.
Calculate the reduction in bottom hole pressure caused by the malfunctioning float valve.
d)
66 psi
e)
79 psi
f) X 176 psi
g)
227 psi
Loss of hydrostatic head: (Formula #30 (API Formula Sheet, rev. 5 July 2009)
or
294 x 11.5 x 0.052 = 175.8 psi ≈ 176 psi
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Well Control Manual
Exercise F 3
Issue: At shallow depth the formation has got limited strength, where to high mud weight easy can
cause losses and formation brake down. Best way to approach an exercise like this one is using the
thought: What is promoting brake down and what is preventing brake down
Exercise I 6
A rig operating i deep water, drilling at 14500 ft TVD with a 12.5 ppg drilling fluid.
The 3000 ft of choke line is full of sea water (Pressure gradient 0.445 psi/ft).
A kick occurs after a drilling break. The well is closed-in but one third of the choke line is displaced with drilling
fluid before the choke is completely closed.
Depth 14500 ft
SIDPP 400 psi
SICP 1300 psi
Choke line capacity 26 bbl
The casing shoe TVD 10000 ft
Maximum allowable pressure on the shoe 7620 psi
Ad a): MAASP is just a number which should not be exceeded during a kill operation, further the
MAASP is completely depending on column of mud above the shoe. So here the composition of mud
column has changed so the MAASP value will change as well.
Pfracture – Ph,shoe-BOP – Ph,1/3CL,mud – Ph,2/3CL,SW = MAASP
7620 – ([10000-3000] x 12.5 x 0,052) – (1/3 x 3000 x12.5 x0.052) – (2/3 x 3000 x 0.445) = 1530 psi
Ad c): SICP with 1/3 of a choke line full of mud – How will the kill line gauge be reading if it is full of
water and NOT mud??
1300 + (1/3 x 3000 x [(12.5 x 0.052) – 0.445]) = 1505 psi
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Well Control Manual
The Reduced Rate Circulating Pressure recorded whilst pumping down the string and up the riser at 30 SPM
was 490 psi. The choke line pressure drop at 30 SPM is 270 psi. The Wait & Weight Method is used to kill the
well.
In the start of the kill operation the casing pressure was held constant by manipulating the choke until the kill
pump rate 30 SPM was established.
During change of pump rate you can hold the kill gauge constant, but the casing gauge must be allowed
to react accordingly. When bringing the pump from 0 to kill rate the casing gauge must be allowed to
drop with a value equal to the CLF. When stopping it is the other way.
What is Final Circulating Pressure when the bottom hole pressure is maintained constant and equal to formation
pressure?
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Well Control Manual
Exercise R5
Use the IWCF Subsea BOP (Vertical Well) Kill Sheet API Units to answer the questions from R 5.a) to R 5 l).
Well Data:
Hole size 8-1/2 in
Open hole capacity 0.07027 bbl/ft
Hole depth TVD 17120 ft
Hole depth MD 17500 ft
Kick data:
SIDPP 800 psi
SICP 1150 psi
Pit gain 8.2 bbl
a) Required strokes to displace drilling fluid with kill fluid internal from
2993 strokes
surface to the bit.
b) Required strokes to displace drilling fluid with kill fluid in the annulus
7525 strokes
from bit to surface.
c) Required strokes to displace drilling fluid with kill fluid in the annulus
1699 strokes
from bit to the casing shoe.
d) Kill fluid density. 15.3 ppg
e) Initial circulating pressure (ICP). 1425 psi
f) Final circulating pressure (FCP). 664 psi
g) Initial MAASP with drilling fluid density. 1419 psi
h) MAASP when hole is displaced with kill fluid. 811 psi
i) Required time for complete circulation at 30 SPM. 351 minutes
j) Initial dynamic casing pressure at kill rate? 1055 psi
k) What is the drill pipe pressure reduction per 100 strokes while the
25.4 psi
kill mud is being pumped from the standpipe to the bit?
l) The mudpump is stopped after 1500 stokes of kill mud pumped,
400 psi
what should be expected as SIDPP?
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Well Control Manual
R5
2750
12.5 1300
1330
16.5
14.4
1419
9 5/8
0.1017
13400
13000
8½
30 625 720 95 17500
17120
304.35 2993
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Well Control Manual
R5
14.4 800
17120 15.3
625 800
1425
15.3 625
14.4 664
1425 664 761 761
25.4
2993
1150 95 1055
1000
800
600
400
200
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Well Control Manual
Exercise R 9
Fill-in the provided IWCF Subsea BOP (Deviated Well) Kill Sheet API Units to assist you in answering
questions.
Well Data:
Kick-off point MD/TVD (KOP) 2500 ft
Build rate 2.75 deg/100ft
Final inclination 82 deg
Hole size 8-1/2 in
Hole depth end of tangent section TVD 6000 ft
Hole depth end of tangent section MD 15830 ft
End of build (EOB)TVD 4560 ft
End of build (EOB) MD 5480 ft
Casing (9-5/8 x 43.5) TVD 5500 ft
Casing (9-5/8 x 43.5) MD 12240 ft
Water depth (MSL to seabed) 650 ft
Kick data:
The well kicked at MD 15830 ft
SIDPP 900 psi
SICP 920 psi
Pit gain 20 bbl
Drilling fluid density 11.4 ppg
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From the filled-in kill sheet please answer the following questions:
All answers are taken directly from the filled out kill sheet below
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Exercise V 5
Data:
2210 ft choke line 13.3 ppg
500 ft annulus 0.234 psi/ft
1500 ft annulus 13.3 ppg
6547 ft annulus 14.9 ppg
Choke line friction 110 psi
Annular pressure loss 95 psi
Casing pressure 500 psi
Water depth 2150 ft
Air gap 60 ft
Sea water pressure gradient 0.445 psi/ft
Last casing shoe depth 4710 Ft
Fracture gradient (Surface – shoe) 1 psi/ft
While bringing the pump up to kill speed the casing pressure was allowed to drop by an amount equal to
choke line friction.
a)
8444 psi
b) X 8350 psi
c)
8554 psi
d)
8460 psi
Issue: Draw up the picture in order get an overview of all the information.
BHPdyn = Ph + Pdyn
= 500 + (2210 x 13.3 x 0.052) + (500 x x0.234) + (1500 x 13.3 x x0.052) + (6547 x 14.9 x 0.052 ) +95
= 8350 psi
What is the maximum pressure that can be allowed on the casing gauge before risking braking down the
formation after the well has been killed using 14.9 ppg mud?
e)
2422 psi
f) X 1060 psi
g)
1452 psi
h)
497 psi
Issue: Need to establish the max allowable drilling fluid density and after that MAASP with the kill
mud in the hole.
How heavy a mud weight can the formation carry before fracturing?
4710 x 1 = 4710 MW x 0.052 ≈ MW = 19.23 ppg
How much pressure can allowed on the casing gauge with 14.9 ppg mud in the hole without risking
braking down the formation?
(19.23 – 14.9) x 4710 x 0.052 = 1060 psi
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Well Control Manual
Exercise V 6
The water depth is 1600 ft and the rig has an air gap of 80 ft.
a) At what depth from RIG FLOOR would riser collapse take place due
1408 ft
to gas in the riser?(Show your calculations).
b) At what depth should the Marine Riser Fill-up valve be installed
1091 ft
using no safety factor (no influx in riser)?
Ad a): Issue: Riser collapse. Best approach to this type of exercise is to look at the complete picture
and say: What is promoting collapse and what is preventing collapse of the riser. It is easier to look
at the depth from the sea level (MSL) and then add on the airgab afterwards.
h x 0.445 = 450 + 80 x 0.1 + (h x 0.1) ≈ h = 458 / (0.445 – 0.1) = 1328 ft from sea level
Rig floor to collapse = 1328 + 80 = 1408 ft
Ad b): Same as above, but here the riser is completely empty. There is no gas-influx to help prevent
collapse. Again it is easier to look at the depth from the sea level (MSL) and then add on the airgab
afterwards.
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Well Control Manual
- 51 -
Maersk Training A/S
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Rantzausminde
DK - 5700 Svendborg
Denmark
svendborg@maersktraining.com
www.maersktraining.com