SCIENCE

CHAPTER 9 : EARTH
Prepared by Dayang Ku Alya Aldriana
 THE SYSTEM AND STRUCTUR OF THE EARTH

The Earth system consists four main layers components :

● Atmosphere ( air zone )

● Biosphere ( life zone )
● Hydrosphere ( water zone )
● Geosphere ( rock and soil zone )
ATMOSPHERIC STRATIFICATION
Exosphere layer ( 480 km and above )
● contains light gases such as helium and hydrogen
● air become thinner

Thermosphere layer ( 80 – 480 km )

● known as the ionosphere
● Contains ions that can reflect radio waves

Mesosphere layer ( 50 – 80 km )
● burning and destruction of meteorites occur

Stratosphere layer ( 13 – 50 km )
● suitable and stable for aircraft flights

Troposphere layer ( 0 – 13 km )
● where living organism breathes, wind blows and
where clouds, rain and snow form
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AIR PRESSURE AND ALTITUDE

● From troposphere to
stratosphere, the altitude
increases.
● The higher the altitude, the
lower the air pressure.
● The temperature also
become lower.
OCEAN STRATIFICATION


SURFACE ZONE
• Water is very shallow, light can penetrate
• Suitable as a habitat for plants


MIDNIGHT ZONE
• Has little / no light
• Difficult for plants to live
Habitat for large marine animals


•

DARK ZONE
• Very deep / no light
• Most animals have shimmering bodies or
glow in the dark
 DISTRIBUTION OF WATER ON EARTH
● Seawater is evaporated by
sunlight and taken to the
mainland by clouds before
it falls as rain water.
● The water in the river flow
into the ocean.
● The water cycle process is
continuous.
● The total amount of water
contained in Earth, on
Earth’s surface and in
Earth’s atmosphere is
always constant.
EARTH’S LAYERS

● Earth can be divided into

three main layers – crust,
mantle and core
● Mantle consists lithosphere,
asthenosphere and
mesosphere
● Lithosphere covers the crust
and the top part of the
mantle
 EARTH IS THE ONLY HOME FOR LIVING ORGANISMS

● Earth is the 3rd planet from the sun,

the only planet suitable for life in our
Solar System
● Unique characteristics of Earth that
makes it suitable for all life :
- Temperature
- Not to near or too far from the
Sun
- Presence of water and oxygen
TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF ROCKS
IGNEOUS ROCK
● formed from the process of cooling and freezing of magma or lava the
flows out of the mantle
● contains various minerals

SEDIMENTARY ROCK
● formed by compression of deposited materials carried by the rivers,
glaciers and wind
● contains of many layers

METAMORPHIC ROCK
● formed when igneous rocks or sedimentary rocks are exposed to very
high pressure and temperature
● usually harder then the original rocks that formed
THE PROCESS OF ROCK FORMATION
 MAIN PROCESSES OF THE EARTH
Earth’s surface formed by two processes, namely exogenic process and endogenic process
EXOGENIC PROCESS : process that occurs on Earth’s surface
Example -

Weathering
● a process of rock fragmentation and decomposition or decay du to changes in temperature,

rainwater, frosting and microorganisms

Erosion
● a process of eroding of the Earth’s surface by moving agents such as water, wind and waves

Mass and land depletion

● involve soil movement from the top of a slope to below as a result of gravitational force

Transport and sedimentation

● Weathered or corroded materials are moved by agents such as running water, wind and waves
ENDOGENIC PROCESS : process that is caused by forces
Example –

Mantle convection process

● the high temperature in the mantle and the core of Earth produces convection currents in the
asthenosphere layer
● able to move Earth’s crust

Earth’s crust movement ( Plate Tectonics )

● Earth’s crust is divided into several pieces of plates

● these plates constantly move resulting in collision and divergence which produce various

landform s on Earth

Magma activity
● volcano is vent on Earth’s crust that allows molten and hot magma flow out through it in a
strong eruption
GEOHAZARD PHENOMENA
AGE OF EARTH
 EARTH’S RESOURCES AND APPLIED GEOLOGY
SURFACE WATER AND UNDERGROUND WATER

Surface Water
● found on surface of earth ( seas, ponds, river )
● can be polluted by waste materials from industrial and housing areas

Underground water
● aquifer fills up the empty spaces between soil particles and the layers of permeable
rocks
 ECONOMIC MINERALS
● consist of metallic minerals ( iron ore, tin, gold ), non-metallic minerals ( coal,
petroleum ) and rare earth minerals
 HYDROTHERMAL PROCESS
● The water is heated naturally by the heat from the Earth ( hydrothermal process )
THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF UNPLANNED HUMAN ACTIVITIES
Thank you…
Dayang Ku Alya Aldriana binti Ak Basirun