CHILD

DEVELOPMENTAL
GRAND THEORIES
YOU NEED TO KNOW AS AN EDUCATOR

AS APPLIED TO TEACHING AND

LEARNING
 SIGMUND FREUD Austrian Neurologist who divided human
(1856-1939) development in 5 Different
Stages of Psychosexual Development PSYCHOSEXUAL Stages. He believend that
ORAL STAGE: 0-1YR it was early experiences that shaped the
ERROGENOUS BODY PART: Mouth development of PERSONALITY. Successful
resolution of conflict in each stage would
ANAL STAGE: 1-3YRS
ERROGENOUS BODY PART/S: ANUS, BOWEL, BLADDER result in a WELL ADJUSTED PERSON.
Failure to resolve conflict will result in
PHALLIC STAGE: 3-6YRS
ERROGENOUS BODY PART/S: GENITALIA FIXATIONS that can later have negative
effects on a person's adjustment (and
LATENCY STAGE: 6-12YRS
ERROGENOUS BODY PART/S: NONE
personality) later on in life.
-Children act upon their impulses by focusing on sports,
school and building relationships. FREUD BELIEVED THAT AN
GENTIAL STAGE: 13-18YRS INDIVIDUAL'S PERSONALITY IS FULLY
ERROGENOUS BODY PART/S: NONE SHAPED BY AGE 5.
Child's begins seeking independence by creating strong
consensual relationships.
 JEAN PIAGET Jean Piaget theorized that children's
1896-1980 thought process expands and is
Stages of Cognitive Development constructed around their points of view
SENSORIMOTOR STAGE:
from experiences and knowledge that
18-24months they learn. At each developmental stage,
GOAL OF LEARNING: OBJECT a new TYPE of intelligence is acquired.
PERMANENCE

PRE-OPERATIONAL STAGE: PIAGET BELIEVED THAT HOW EVERY

2-7YRS CHILD UNDERSTANDS BECOMES
GOAL OF LEARNING: SYMBOLIC THOUGHT
SOPHISTICATED AS HE ENTERS THE
CONCRETE-OPERATIONAL THOUGHT DIFFERENT STAGES OF COGNITIVE
7-11YRS DEVELOPMENT BUT HE BELIEVES THAT
GOAL OF LEARNING: LOGICAL THOUGHT
CHILDREN ENTER THE STAGES AT
FORMAL OPERATIONAL THOUGHT: DIFFERENT TIMES AND ONLY IN
ADOLESCENCE TO ADULTHOOD ACCORDANCE WITH THEIR
GOAL OF LEARNING: SCIENTIFIC
REASONING MATURATION AS WELL AS AGE.
 ERIK ERIKSON Erik Erikson believed that every person
1902-1994 goes through stages where the conflict
of his own needs may conflict with the
Stages of Psychosocial Development
needs of his environment (or people in
TRUST vs MISTRUST. 0-18months
BASIC VIRTUE: HOPE his environment). Successful completion
of each stage will result in a POSITIVE
AUTONOMY vs SHAME. 18months-3yrs virtue, while the inability to successfully
BASIC VIRTUE: WILL
resolve the conflict will result in a
INITIATIVE vs GUILT 3yrs-5yrs NEGATIVE value.
BASIC VIRTUE: PURPOSE
GENERATIVITY vs STAGNATION
INDUSTRY vs INFERIORITY. 5yrs-12yrs 40yrs-65yrs
BASIC VIRTUE: COMPETENCY BASIC VIRTUE: CARE
IDENTITY vs ROLE CONFUSION 12yrs-18yrs
BASIC VIRTUE: FIDELITY EGO INTEGRITY vs DESPAIR
65+ yrs
INTIMACY vs ISOLATION 18yrs-40yrs BASIC VIRTUE: WISDOM
BASIC VIRTUE: LOVE
 JOHN BOWLBY
1907-1990
Attachment Theory of Development
https://www.simplypsychology.org/bowlby.html
Main Points of Bowlby's Theory
1. A child has an innate (i.e., inborn) need to attach to
one main attachment figure (i.e., monotropy).
2. A child should receive the continuous care of this
single most important attachment figure for
approximately the first two years of life.
3. The long-term consequences of maternal
deprivation might include the following permanent
and irreversible disorders:
delinquency,
reduced intelligence,
increased aggression,
depression,
affectionless psychopathy
4. Robertson and Bowlby (1952) believe that short-
term separation from an attachment figure leads to
distress (i.e., the PDD model).
Separation from mothers produced intense distress
such as:
PROTEST
DESPAIR
DETACHMENT
5. The child’s attachment relationship with their
primary caregiver leads to the development
of an internal working model (Bowlby, 1969).
Bowlby believed that there are four distinguishing
characteristics of attachment:
Proximity maintenance: The desire to be near the
people we are attached to.
Safe haven: Returning to the attachment figure for
comfort and safety in the face of a fear or threat.
Secure base: The attachment figure acts as a base
of security from which the child can explore the
surrounding environment.
Separation distress: Anxiety that occurs in the
absence of the attachment figure.
McLeod, S. A. (2017, Febuary 05). Bowlby's attachment theory. Simply
Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/bowlby.html
 ALBERT BANDURA
1925-2021
Social Learning Theory
Bandura, A. Autobiography. M. G. Lindzey & W. M. Runyan
(Eds.), A History of Psychology in Autobiography (Vol. IX).
Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association; 2006.
BANDURA identifies4 Stages of the
Meidational (time it takes an individual to
assess before he imitates behavior)
Process:
1. Attention: The individual needs to
pay attention to the behavior and its
consequences and form a mental
representation of the behavior.
2. Retention: How well the behavior is
remembered. T
3. Reproduction: This is the ability to
perform the behavior that the model
has just demonstrated.
4. Motivation: The will to perform the
behavior based on how the imitator
perceives the rewards and
punishment that follow a behavior will
be considered by the observer.
The Social learning theory,
emphasizes the importance of observing,
modeling, and imitating the behaviors,
attitudes, and emotional reactions of
others. Aside from CLASSICAL & OPERANT
CONDITIONING, THIS THEORY considers
how both environmental and cognitive
factors interact to influence human learning
and behavior plus the importance of the
following ideas: (McLeod, 2016)
1. Mediating processes occur between
stimuli & responses.
2. Behavior is learned from the
environment through the process of
observational learning.
3. A child is more likely to attend to and
imitate those people it perceives as
similar to itself.
4. People around the child will respond to
the behavior it imitates with either
reinforcement or punishment.
ALBERT BANDURA
BANDURA believed that learning was a
byproduct of observation, modeling & imitation
IMPORTANT TERMS
Bobo Doll Experiment

Models
Behavior encoding
Positive-Negative,
External-Internal
Reinforcement
Reward-Punishment
Classical-Operant
Conditioning
Identification
Imitation