Chapter 3

Research Design and Methodology

Chapter 3 consists of three parts: (1) Purpose of the

study and research design, (2) Methods, and (3) Statistical

Data analysis procedure.

Part one, Purpose of the study and Research Design,

relates the purpose of the study and describe the research

design and the variables used in this study.

Part two, Methods, describes the participants, the data

gathering materials and the research procedure used in the

study.

Part three, statistical data analysis procedures,

reports the procedure for scoring and the statistical

analysis used to interpret the hypothesis.

Purpose of the Study and Research Design

The main purpose of this study is to determine the

effectiveness of e-learning, English achievement, and

conventional classroom learning of Senior High school

students of University of Perpetual Help System Pueblo de

Panay Campus for the school year 2019-2020.

This study will utilize the quasi-experimental,

pretest, posttest, control group design. Quasi-experimental

design is same as classic controlled experimental design

except the style of assigning subjects to two groups. In

classic controlled experimental design, there is random

assignment. On the other hand, Quasi-experimental designs

are commonly employed in the evaluation of educational

programs when random assignment of subjects to the two

groups is either not possible or not practical. Thus in a

quasi-experimental design, the research substitutes

statistical controls for the absence of physical control of

the experimental situation. Moreover, Gall et al. (2003)

explained, “Correlational research refers to studies in

which the purpose is to discover relationships between

variables and subjecting the variables to correlational and

multiple regression analysis. Figure 1 presents how the

dependent and independent variables- the E-learning and

Conventional Learning – bring about the development of

literary understanding and appreciation.

Data gathered will be computer-processed using the

statistical package for the Social Science (SPSS) Software.

Descriptive statistical tools such as frequency count, mean,

and standard deviation will be employed. On the other hand,

t-test, one-way ANOVA and Pearson r will be used as

inferential tests. All inferential tests will be used as

inferential tests. All inferential tests will be set at 0.05

alpha levels of significance.

Figure 2. E-learning result using the Fibonacci

retracement. Learning starts at the support line which
represents basic or zero ideas about specific skills or
subject. But with the help of e-learning instruction
students' knowledge and skills increases through time and
would reach the creating stage or the resistance level;
wherein they could perform best and could remember all the
knowledge that they've learned. But as time pass by (days,
months, years) the knowledge they've learned will
deteriorate due to lack of practice and engagement, but not
totally forget.

Troohim (2006) contends that quasi-experimental design

is one that looks a bit like an experimental design but

lacks that key ingredient –random assignment. The most

common quasi experimental design is the Comparison group

Pretest-Posttest Design where the researcher cannot control

which group will get the treatment and participants do not

all have the same chance of being in the control or the

experimental group. This design is appropriate factor or

intervention. This is not pure experimental method because

the participants has no equal chance to be sampled as either

experimental or control rather assigned in each group, the

two sections.

Methods

Participants

The participants of this study are the Senior High

school students of University of Perpetual Help System

Pueblo de Panay Campus for the school year 2019-2020. From a

population size of 143, a sample size of 105. One section

will be the experimental group and another section will be

the control group. The students for the study will be chosen

through pair matching of the two sections. The assignment of

the two sections as experimental and control groups will be

done through lottery technique. It will be rolled and placed

in separate boxes designated for each section.

 Seventy (70) students will be included in this

investigation, 35 students in the experimental group and 35

students in the control group.

Table 1 shows the distribution of participants.

Distribution of Participants

Group Number of Participants

Experimental Group 35

Control Group 35

Total 70

Data Gathering Instrument

The researcher will use a standardized questionnaire

and an adopted questionnaire to gather the needed data.

The data needed for the study will be gathered using an

adopted 15 item English academic performance questionnaire

developed by David Lagabaster et.al 2010, taken from English

achievement and student motivation, the questionnaire will

undergo pilot testing, face, and content validation.

 English achievement questionnaire. To determine the

level of English achievement of the Senior high school, an

adopted 15 item English academic performance questionnaire

developed by David Lagabaster et.al 2010, taken from English

achievement and student motivation, comprising the 3 major

factors affecting the English achievement (1) Frequency of

the use of instructional media (2) Frequency of the use of

instructional techniques (3) School learning environment.

To describe the students’ English academic performance,

the scale will be used and it will be responded as follows:

Scale Description

4.21 - 5.00 Excellent

3.41 - 4.20 Very Good
2.61 – 3.40 Good
1.81 – 2.60 Fair
1.00 – 1.80 Needs Improvement

Data Gathering Procedures

The study will be conducted during the First semester

of the school year 2019-2020. Data needed for this quasi

experimental research will be gathered using an adopted 15

item English academic performance questionnaire developed by

David Lagabaster et.al 2010. In addition, another researcher

made instrument will be prepared by the researcher to gather

the information on the participants’ name, gender.

Necessary permission will be secured from the office of

the Principal. After the permit is granted, the researcher

will ask another English teacher to conduct the study to

avoid biases in the study.

This study will be conducted for four weeks or 20

school days: Group I will undergo the experimental treatment

using E-Learning, and Group II will undergo the control

treatment using the Traditional Technique (Lecture Method).

Both groups will be given tests (pre and post) on

researcher-made tests before and after teaching, using the

two approaches.

The Experimental Procedure

To establish the effect of E-Learning in the

performance of the senior high school students in Oral

Communication class, the researcher will execute the

following steps: Initially, two sections in grade-11

(Sections: Rizal and Bonifacio) will be identified as the

respondents of this study. Two groups will be randomly

selected since the class assignments is based on the

enrollment sequence and not on their performance in their

previous grade level. The experimental and control groups

will be chosen using the lottery technique of the simple

random sampling.

Four lessons is identified as the selections for the

pretest and posttest: Elements Affected in Shifts on Speech

Context, Speech Styles, Speech Acts, and Communicative

Strategy; Types of Speeches 1 and 2; Principles of Speech

Writing; Principles of Speech Delivery.

Before the start of the study, the same set of pretest

will be administered to both groups: the experimental group

and the control group purposely to gather initial data on

the understanding and appreciation of literature prior to

the introduction of the intervention. The researcher will

ask another English teacher to administer the pretest to

both groups. The pretest will be checked, recorded, and

tabulated for analysis using the appropriate statistical

tools.

The test covered the skills and competencies in

reading, comprehension, vocabulary, critical thinking, and

application of the principles depicted in the lesson. The

same set of test will be given to both groups in the pretest

and the posttest but in the posttest the questions will be

rephrased. The posttest will be administered after the

discussion of every story.

Thereafter, the accomplished test and questionnaire

will be collected and the responses will be tallied,

tabulated, analyzed processed and interpreted using the

Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS)

software. Results or responses were treated with utmost

confidentiality.

Statistical Data Analysis and Procedure

The data gathered will be subjected to descriptive and

inferential analysis.

Frequency distribution and Percentage. This will be

used to determine the number of respondents in every

sections.

Mean. This test will be used to ascertain the level of

effectiveness of e-learning, and level of English

achievement of Senior high school students of University of

Perpetual Help System Pueblo de Panay Campus.

 Standard Deviation (SD). This test will be employed to

determine the homogeneity and heterogeneity of the e-

learning, and English achievement of Senior high school

students of University of Perpetual Help System Pueblo de

Panay Campus.

t-test for dependent samples. This test will be used to

determine the significant differences between the pretest

and posttest of the experimental and control groups.

t-test for independent samples. This test will be

applied to test the significant difference between the

pretest results of the control group and the experimental

group and between the posttest results of the control and

experimental groups.

Pearson r. Set at 0.05 alpha level of significance,

this test will be used to determine the significant

relationship between E-Learning and English Academic

Performance of the Senior high school students of University

of Perpetual Help System Pueblo de Panay Campus.