Bsme Es9 Module-A

Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University

Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited
LSPU Self-Paced Learning Module (SLM)

Course ES9- Mechanics of Deformable Bodies
Sem/AY Summer/2020-2021
Module No. 3
Lesson Title Shaft Design, Shear Stress and Strain and Shafts Subjected to Axial Load
Week
2
Duration
Date August 21 -22
This lesson introduces to different shaft design, shaft subjected to different kind of load
Description and also shaft subjected to axial load.
of the
Lesson
Learning Outcomes
Intended Students should be able to meet the following intended learning outcomes:
Learning • To enable student, review the principles of stress and deformation analysis for
Outcomes several kinds of stresses, including the following: Shear in torsion, Shear in
bending and the Importance of Shear Modulus.
• To enable student how to analyze and solve shafts that subject to torsion and
Bending or flexural stress.
• To enable student how analyze shaft subjected to axial loading.
Targets/ At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
Objectives • design a shaft subject to different loading.
• analyze and solve shafts that subject to shear stress.
• analyze shaft subjected to axial loading.
Student Learning Strategies
Online Activities A. Online Discussion via Google Meet

(Synchronous/ You will be directed to attend in a 3-hour class discussion on Mechanics
of Deformable. To have access to the online discussion, refer to this link:
Asynchronous) ____________________.
The online discussion will happen on August 21, 2021, from 8:30-
11:30AM.
LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

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(For further instructions, refer to your Google Classroom and see the
schedule of activities for this module)
B. Learning Guide Questions:
1. What are the causes of failure in shaft operation?

2. What is the different stress absorb by the shaft during operation?
3. What is the importance of factor of safety in shaft design?
Note: The insight that you will post on online discussion forum using Learning Management
System (LMS) will receive additional scores in class participation.
LECTURE GUIDE
When a torque, or twisting moment, is applied to a member, it tends to deform

by twisting, causing a rotation of one part of the member relative to another. Such
twisting causes a shear stress in the member. For a small element of the member,
the nature of the stress is the same as that experienced under direct shear stress.
However, in torsional shear, the distribution of stress is not uniform across the cross
section. The most frequent case of torsional shear in machine design is that of a
round circular shaft transmitting power. A beam is a member that carries loads
transverse to its axis. Such loads produce bending moments in the beam, which
result in the development of bending stresses. Bending stresses are nominal
stresses, that is, either tensile or compressive. The maximum bending stress in a
Offline Activities beam cross section will occur in the part farthest from the neutral axis of the section.
(e-Learning/Self- At that point, the flexure formula gives the stress. Sometimes machine parts are
Paced) subjected to pure torsion or bending or combination of both torsion and bending
stresses (Khurmi and Gupta, 2005).

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Shear Stress and Strain
When a body is subjected to two equal and opposite Forces acting tangentially
across the resisting section, as a result of which the body tends to shear off the
section, then the stress induced is called shear stress (Khurmi and Gupta, 2005).
P P
P P Fig. 1.1
Sheared Bolt
SINGLE SHEARING OF A
BOLTED JOINT
(a) (b)
Fig. 1.2 Single Shearing of a Bolted Joint

According to (Khurmi and Gupta, 2005), The corresponding strain is known as shear
strain and it is measured by the angular deformation accompanying the shear stress.
The shear stress and shear strain are denoted by the Greek letter’s tau (𝜏) and phi
(φ) respectively.
Mathematically,
Tangential force
Shear stress, 𝜏 = Resisting area
Consider a body consisting of two plates connected by a bolt as shown in Figure (a).
In this case, the tangential force P tends to shear off the bolt at one cross-section as
shown in Figure (b). It may be noted that when the tangential force is resisted by
one cross-section of the bolt (or when shearing takes place at one cross-section of
the bolt), then the bolts are said to be in single shear. In such a case, the area
resisting the shear off the bolt (Khurmi and Gupta, 2005).
𝜋𝑑2
Area = A = 4
𝑃 4𝑃
and the shear stress on the bolt section 𝜏 = 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑑2

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Shear Modulus of Rigidity
According to (Khurmi and Gupta, 2005), It has been found experimentally

that within the elastic limit, the shear stress is directly proportional to shear strain.
Mathematically
𝜏 ∝ φ or 𝜏 = G . φ or 𝜏 / φ = G
Where:
𝜏 = Shear stress,
φ = Shear strain, and
G = Constant of proportionality, known as shear modulus or modulus of rigidity. It is
also denoted by N or C.
Table 1.1 the values of modulus of rigidity (G) for the materials in everyday use.
Material Modulus of Rigidity (G) GN/m𝟐 or KN/mm
Steel 80 to 100
Wrought iron 80 to 90
Cast iron 40 to 50
Copper 30 to 50
Brass 30 to 50
Timber 10
Lesson 3. Shear Stress and Strain Diagram
According to (Khurmi and Gupta, 2005), In designing various parts of a

machine, it is necessary to know how the material will function in service. For this,
certain characteristics or properties of the material should be known. The
mechanical properties mostly used in mechanical engineering practice are
commonly determined from a standard tensile test. This test consists of gradually
loading a standard specimen of a material and noting the corresponding values of
load and elongation until the specimen fractures. The load is applied and measured
by a testing machine. The stress is determined by dividing the load values by the
original cross-sectional area of the specimen. The elongation is measured by
determining the amounts that two reference points on the specimen are moved
apart by the action of the machine. The original distance between the two reference
points is known as gauge length. The strain is determined by dividing the elongation
values by the gauge length.
According to (Khurmi and Gupta, 2005), The values of the stress and
corresponding strain are used to draw the stress-strain diagram of the material
tested. A stress-strain diagram for mild steel under tensile test is shown.

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G
E
B C F
A
D
Stress
SHAPE OF SPECIMEN AFTER

ELONGATION
Strain
Fig. 1.3 Stress Strain Diagram Fig. 1.4 Sheared Specimen
A. Proportional Limit. We see from the diagram that from point O to A is a straight
line, which represents that the stress is proportional to strain.
B. Elastic Limit. It may be noted that even if the load is increased beyond point A up
to the point B, the material will regain its shape and size when the load is removed.
C. Yield Point. If the material is stressed beyond point B, the plastic stage will reach
i.e., on the removal of the load; the material will not be able to recover its original
size and shape.
D. Ultimate Stress. At D, the specimen regains some strength and higher values of
stresses are required for higher strains, than those between A and D.
E. Breaking Stress. After the specimen has reached the ultimate stress, a neck is
formed, which decreases the cross-sectional area of the specimen.
F. Percentage Reduction in Area. It is the difference between the original cross-
sectional area and cross-sectional area at the neck (i.e. where the fracture takes
place). This difference is expressed as percentage of the original cross-sectional area.
Let A = Original cross-sectional area, and a = Cross-sectional area at the neck. Then
reduction in area = A – a and percentage reduction in area = 100.
G. Percentage Elongation. It is the percentage increase in the standard gauge length
(i.e. original length) obtained by measuring the fractured specimen after bringing
the broken parts together.

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Let l = Gauge length or original length, and L = Length of specimen after fracture or
final length.
L–l
Elongation = L – l and percentage elongation = x 100
l
Working Stress
According to (Khurmi and Gupta, 2005), When designing machine parts, it is

desirable to keep the stress lower than the maximum or ultimate stress at which
failure of the material takes place. This stress is known as the working stress or
design stress. It is also known as safe or allowable stress.
Note: By failure it is not meant actual breaking of the material. Some machine parts
are said to fail when they have plastic deformation set in them, and they no more
perform their function satisfactory.
Factor of Safety
According to (Khurmi and Gupta, 2005), It is defined, in general, as the ratio of the
maximum stress to the working stress
Mathematically,
Maximum Stress
Factor of safety =
Working or Design Stress
In case of ductile materials e.g. mild steel, where the yield point is clearly defined,
the factor of safety is based upon the yield point stress. In such cases,
Yield point stress
Factor of safety =
In case of brittle materials e.g. cast iron, the yield point is not well defined as for
ductile materials. Therefore, the factor of safety for brittle materials is based on
ultimate stress.
Ultimate stress
Factor of safety =
This relation may also be used for ductile materials. Note: The above relations for
factor of safety are for static loading.

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Table 1.2 Values of Factor of Safety (Khurmi and Gupta, 2005).

Material Steady Load Live load Shock load
Cast Iron 5 to 6 8 to 12 16 to 20
Wrought Iron 4 7 10 to 15
Steel 4 8 12 to 16
Soft materials 6 9 15
Alloys - - -
Leather 9 12 15
Timber 7 10 to 15 20
Torsional shear stress
When a machine member is subjected to the action of two equal and

opposite couples acting in parallel planes (or torque or twisting moment), then the
machine member is said to be subjected to torsion. The stress set up by torsion is
known as torsional shear stress. It is zero at the centroidal axis and maximum at the
outer surface. Consider a shaft fixed at one end and subjected to a torque (T) at the
other end as shown in Figure below. As a result of this torque, every cross-section of
the shaft is subjected to torsional shear stress. torsional shear stress is zero at the
centroidal axis and maximum at the outer surface. The maximum torsional shear
stress at the outer surface of the shaft may be obtained from the following equation
(Khurmi and Gupta, 2005).
 𝑇 𝐺.θ
=𝐽 =
𝑟 𝑙
Where: = Torsional shear stress induced at the outer surface of the shaft or
maximum shear stress,
r = Radius of the shaft,
T = Torque or twisting moment,
J = Second moment of area of the section about its polar axis or polar
moment of inertia,
G = Modulus of rigidity for the shaft material,
l = Length of the shaft, and

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l
r
θ
T
d=2r
Fig. 1.5 Torsional Shear on Solid Shaft
The equation above is known as torsion equation. It is based on the following

assumptions.
1. The material of the shaft is uniform throughout.
2. The twist along the length of the shaft is uniform.
3. The normal cross-sections of the shaft, which were plane and circular before twist,
remain plane and circular after twist.
4. All diameters of the normal cross-section which were straight before twist remain
straight with their magnitude unchanged, after twist.
5. The maximum shear stress induced in the shaft due to the twisting moment does
not exceed its elastic limit value.
Notes: Since the torsional shear stress on any cross-section normal to the axis is
directly proportional to the distance from the centre of the axis, therefore the
torsional shear stress at a distance x from the centre of the shaft is given by:
τx τ
=r
X
From equation above, we know that
 𝑇 𝑇
= 𝐽 or 𝑇 =  x 𝐽
𝑟
For a solid shaft of diameter (d), the polar moment of inertia,

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝐽 = 𝐼𝑥𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦𝑦 = 64 x 𝑑 4 + 64 x 𝑑 4 = 32 x 𝑑 4

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𝜋 2 𝜋
𝑇 =  x 32 x 𝑑 4 x 𝑑 = 16 x  x 𝑑 3
In case of a hollow shaft with external diameter (do) and internal diameter (di), the
polar moment of inertia,
𝜋 𝑑𝑜
𝐽 = 32 [(𝑑𝑜 )4- (𝑑𝑖 )4 ] and 𝑟 = 2
𝜋 2 𝜋 (𝑑𝑜 )4− (𝑑𝑖 )4

𝑇 =  x 32 [(𝑑𝑜 )4 - (𝑑𝑖 )4 ] x 𝑑 = 16 x  [ ]
𝑜 𝑑𝑜
𝜋 𝑑𝑖
= x (𝑑𝑜 )3 (1 - 𝑘 4 ) …. (Substituting, k = )
16 𝑑𝑜
The expression (G × J) is called torsional rigidity of the shaft.

The strength of the shaft means the maximum torque transmitted by it. Therefore,
in order to design a shaft for strength, the above equations are used. The power
transmitted by the shaft (in watts) is given by:
2𝜋𝑇𝑁 2𝜋𝑁
P= 60
= T.𝜔 …… ( 𝜔 = 60
)
Where: T = torque transmitted in N-m, and

𝜔 = angular speed in rad/sec
Bending Stress in Straight Beam
In engineering practice, the machine parts of structural members may be subjected

to static or dynamic loads which cause bending stress in the sections besides other
types of stresses such as tensile, compressive and shearing stresses. Consider a
straight beam subjected to a bending moment M as shown in Figure. The following
assumptions are usually made while deriving the bending formula (Khurmi and
Gupta, 2005).

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1. The material of the beam is perfectly homogeneous (i.e. of the same material
throughout) and isotropic (i.e. of equal elastic properties in all directions).
2. The material of the beam obeys Hooke’s law.
3. The transverse sections (i.e. BC or GH) which were plane before bending
remain plane after bending also.
4. Each layer of the beam is free to expand or contract, independently, of the
layer, above or below it.
5. The Young’s modulus (E) is the same in tension and compression.
6. The loads are applied in the plane of bending.
M B
Neutral
N Surface
C H
y
Fig. 1.6 Bending Stress in straight beam
A little consideration will show that when a beam is subjected to the bending
moment, the fibres on the upper side of the beam will be shortened due to
compression and those on the lower side will be elongated due to tension. It may be
seen that somewhere between the top and bottom fibres there is a surface at which
the fibres are neither shortened nor lengthened. Such a surface is called neutral
surface. The intersection of the neutral surface with any normal cross-section of the
beam is known as neutral axis. The stress distribution of a beam is shown in Figure
above. The bending equation is given by (Khurmi and Gupta, 2005).
𝑀 𝜎 𝐸
=𝑦=𝑅
𝐼
Where: M = Bending moment acting at the given section,

𝜎 = Bending stress
𝐼 = moment of inertia of the cross section about the neutral axis,
𝑦 = distance from the neutral axis to the extreme fibre
E = young’s modulus of the material of the beam
R = radius of curvature of the beam
From the above equation, the bending stress is given by:

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𝐸
𝜎= 𝑦x𝑅
Since E and R are constant, therefore within elastic limit, the stress at any point is
directly proportional to y, i.e. the distance of the point from the neutral axis. Also,
from the above equation, the bending stress,
𝑀 𝑀 𝑀
𝜎= x𝑦= 𝐼 =
𝐼 𝑍
𝑦
𝐼
The ratio 𝑦 is known as section modulus and is denoted by Z
Shaft Properties and Characteristics
Material Used for Shafts (Khurmi and Gupta, 2005).

The material used for shafts should have the following properties:
1. It should have high strength.
2. It should have good machinability.
3. It should have low notch sensitivity factor.
4. It should have good heat treatment properties.
5. It should have high wear resistant properties.
Manufacturing of Shafts
According to (Khurmi and Gupta, 2005), Shafts are generally manufactured
by hot rolling and finished to size by cold drawing or turning and grinding. The cold
rolled shafts are stronger than hot rolled shafts but with higher residual stresses.
The residual stresses may cause distortion of the shaft when it is machined,
especially when slots or keyways are cut. Shafts of larger diameter are usually forged
and turned to size in a lathe.
Types of Shafts
The following two types of shafts are important from the subject point of view
1. Transmission shafts. These shafts transmit power between the source and the
machines absorbing power. The counter shafts, line shafts, overhead shafts and all
factory shafts are transmission shafts. Since these shafts carry machine parts such
as pulleys, gears etc., therefore they are subjected to bending in addition to twisting.
2. Machine shafts. These shafts form an integral part of the machine itself. The crank
shaft is an example of machine shaft.
Stresses in Shafts
The following stresses are induced in the shafts (Khurmi and Gupta, 2005).
1. Shear stresses due to the transmission of torque due to torsional load.

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2. Bending stresses (tensile or compressive) due to the forces acting upon machine
elements like gears, pulleys etc. as well as due to the weight of the shaft itself
3. Stresses due to combined torsional and bending loads.
Design of Shafts for Twisting and Bending
The shafts may be designed on the basis of (Khurmi and Gupta, 2005).
1. Strength or toughness.
2. Rigidity and stiffness.
In designing shafts on the basis of strength, the following cases may be considered:
• Shafts subjected to twisting moment or torque only,
• Shafts subjected to bending moment only,
• Shafts subjected to combined twisting and bending moments, and
• Shafts subjected to axial loads in addition to combined torsional and bending
loads.
Shafts Subjected to Twisting Moment Only
When the shaft is subjected to a twisting moment (or torque) only, then the
diameter of the shaft may be obtained by using the torsion equation (Khurmi and
Gupta, 2005).
Then;
𝑇 𝜏
= (equation 1)
𝐽 𝑟
Where: T = twisting moment or torque acting upon the shaft
J = Polar moment of inertia of the shaft about the axis of rotation
𝜏= torsional shear stress
r = distance from neutral axis to the outer most fiber
r = d/2; where d is the diameter of the shaft
Then;
Then, for round solid shaft the polar moment of inertia should be,
𝜋
J = (𝑑 4 )(32)
Then the equation 1 may be written as
𝑇 𝜏 𝜋
𝜋
( 4)
= 𝑑 or (𝜏)(𝑑 3) (equation 2)
𝑑 16
32 2
From this equation, we may determine the diameter of round solid shaft (d). Then
for hallow shaft, the polar moment of inertia should be:
𝜋
J = 32 [(𝑑𝑜 )4 − (𝑑𝑖 )4 ]
Where 𝑑𝑜 and 𝑑𝑖 = outside and inside diameter of the shaft
Substituting these values in equation 1, we have

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𝑇 𝜏 𝜋 (𝑑𝑜 )4 − (𝑑𝑖 )4
𝜋 = 𝑑𝑜 or T = 16 (𝜏)[ ] (equation 3 )
[(𝑑𝑜 )4− (𝑑𝑖 )4 ] 𝑑𝑜
32 2
Let k = ratio of inside diameter and outside diameter of the shaft

𝑑
= 𝑑𝑖
𝑜
The equation 3 may now be written as
𝜋 (𝑑𝑜 )4 𝑑 𝜋
T = 16 (𝜏)( )[1 − (𝑑 𝑖 )4 ] = (𝜏)(𝑑𝑜 )3 (1 − 𝑘 4 ) (equation 4)
𝑑𝑜 𝑜 16
From the equations (3) or (4), the outside and inside diameter of a hollow shaft may
be determined.
It may be presented that:
1. The hollow shafts are usually used in marine work. These shafts are stronger per
kg of material and they may be forged on a mandrel, thus making the material more
homogeneous than would be possible for a solid shaft.
2. When a hollow shaft is to be made equal in strength to a solid shaft, the twisting
moment of both the shafts must be same. In other words, for the same material of
both the shafts,
𝜋 (𝑑𝑜 )4 − (𝑑𝑖 )4 𝜋
T = 16 (𝜏) [ ]= (𝜏)(𝑑)3
𝑑𝑜 16
(𝑑𝑜 )4 − (𝑑𝑖 )4
Where: 𝑑 3 or 𝑑 3 (1 − 𝑘 4 ) = 𝑑 3
𝑑𝑜
The twisting moment (T) may be obtained by using the following relation:
𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒
We know that the power transmitted (in 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠) by the shaft,
2𝜋𝑁𝑇 𝑃(60)
P= 𝑜𝑟 𝑇 = 2𝜋𝑁
60
Where: T = twisting moment in N-m
N = Speed of the shaft in rpm
In case of belt drives, the twisting moment (T) is given by
T = (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )𝑅
Where: 𝑇1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇2 = tensions in the tight and slack side of the belt
respectively
R = radius of the pulley
Shafts Subjected to Bending Moment Only
Accoding to (Khurmi and Gupta, 2005), When the shaft is subjected to a bending
moment only, then the maximum stress (tensile or
compressive) is given by the bending equation.

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We know that
𝑀 𝜎𝑏
= (equation 1)
𝐼 𝑦
Where M = bending moment
I = Moment of inertia of cross-sectional area of the shaft about the
neutral axis of rotation.
𝜎𝑏 = Bending stress
Y = distance from neutral axis to the outer most fiber.
We know that for round solid shaft the moment of inertia,
𝜋 𝑑
I = 64 (𝑑 4 ) and y = 2
Substituting these values in equation 1, then

𝑀 𝜎 𝜋
𝜋
( 4)
= 𝑑𝑏 or M = 32 (𝜎𝑏 )(𝑑 3 )
𝑑
64 2
From this equation, diameter of the solid shaft (d) may be obtained.
We also know that for a hollow shaft, moment of inertia,
𝜋 𝜋
I = 64 [(𝑑𝑜 )4 − (𝑑𝑖 )4 = 64 (𝑑𝑜 )4 (1-𝑘 4 )
𝑑
And y = 2𝑜
Again, substituting these values in equation 1, we have
𝑀 𝜎 𝜋
𝜋 4 4
= 𝑑𝑜𝑏 or M = 32 (𝜎𝑏 )(𝑑𝑜 )3 (1 - 𝑘 4 )
(𝑑𝑜 ) (1−𝑘 )
64 2
With this equation the outside diameter of the shaft maybe obtained

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Sample problem with answer key
1. A pump lever rocking shaft is shown in the Figure. The pump lever exerts forces
of 35 kN and 45 kN concentrated at 160 mm and 210 mm from the left and right
hand bearing respectively. Find the diameter of the central portion of the shaft, if
the stress is not to exceed 200 MPa.
35 kN 610 mm 45 kN
C D
A B
𝑅𝐴
160 mm 200 mm 𝑅𝐵
Fig. 1.7 Pump Lever Rocking Shaft Diagram
𝑁
Solution. Given: σ𝑏 = 200 MPa = 200 𝑚𝑚2
Let. R𝐴 and R𝐵 = Reactions at a and B respectively.
Taking moments about A, we have
R𝐵 (970) = (45) (770) + (35) (160) = 40,250
40,250
R𝐵 = = 41.49 kN = 41.49 x103 𝑁
970
And. R𝐴 = (35 + 45) - 41.49 = 38.51 kN
Bending Moment at C
= R𝐴 (160) = 38.51x103 (160) = 6.161 x106 N-mm

And bending moment at D
D = R𝐵 (200) = 41.49 x103 (200) = 8.29x106 N-mm
We see that the maximum bending moment is at D, therefore maximum bending

moment,
M = 8.29x106 N-mm.
Let d = Diameter of the shaft

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Section modulus,
𝜋
Z = 32(𝑑 3 ) = 0.0982𝑑 3
We know that bending stress σ𝑏
𝑀 8.29x106 84.42x106
200 = = 0.0982𝑑3 =
𝑍 𝑑3
84.42x106
𝑑3 = = 422 x103 or d = 75 mm Answer
200
2. A steel shaft 1.38 inches in diameter and 1.2 m long held rigidly at one end
has a hand wheel 500 mm in diameter keyed to the other end. The modulus
of rigidity of steel is 84 GPa.
• What load applied to tangent to the rim of the wheel produce a torsional
shear of 160 MPa?
• How many degrees will the wheel turn when this load is applied?
Solution. Given: d = 35 mm or r = 17.5 mm; l = 1.2 m = 1200 mm; D = 500 mm or

R = 250 mm; G = 84 GPa 𝜏 = 160 MPa
a) Load applied to the tangent to the rim of the wheel.

Let F = load applied (in Newton) to tangent to the rim of the
wheel.
We know that the torque applied to the hand wheel,
T = F.R = F (250) = 250F N-mm
And polar moment of inertia of the shaft,

𝜋 𝜋
J= (𝑑 4 ) = (35)4 = 147.34x103 𝑚𝑚4
32 32
𝑇 𝜏
We know that =𝑟
𝐽
250F 160 160(147.34x103 )

= 17.5 or F = = 5388.4 N Answer
147.34x103 17.5(250)
Number of degrees which the wheel will turn when load F = 5388.4 N is applied
Let 𝜃 = required number of degrees.
𝑇 𝐺.𝜃
We know that 𝐽
= 𝑙
𝑇.𝑙 250(5388.4)(1200)
𝜃= = = 0.13 degrees Answer
𝐽.𝐺 84x103(147.34x103 )

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3. A line shaft rotating at 200 rpm is to transmit 20 kW. The shaft may be
assumed to be made of mild steel with an allowable shear stress of 42 MPa.
Determine the diameter of the shaft, neglecting the bending moment on the
shaft.
Solution. Given: N = 200 rpm, P = 20 kW = 20𝑋103 , 𝜏 = 42 MPa = 42 N/𝑚𝑚2

Let d = Diameter of the shaft
Then the torque transmitted by the shaft should be,
𝑃(60) 20𝑥103 (60)
T= = = 955 N-m = 955X103 N-mm
2𝜋𝑁 2𝜋(200)
We also know that the torque transmitted by the shaft (T)
𝜋 𝑁
955X103 N-mm = (42 )(𝑑 3 ) = 8.25𝑑 3
16 𝑚𝑚2
𝑑3 = 955X103 /8.25 = 115, 733 𝑚𝑚3 or d = √115, 733 𝑚𝑚3 =
3
48.7 ≈ 50𝑚𝑚
A pair of wheels of a railway wagon carries a load of 50 kN on each axle box, acting
at a distance of 100 mm outside the wheel base. The gauge of the rails is 1.4 m. Find
the diameter of the axle between the wheels, if the stress is not to exceed 100 MPa
Solution. Given: W = 50 kN = 50X103 N; L=100 mm; x = 1.4 m; 𝜎𝑏 = 100 MPa =
𝑁
100𝑚𝑚2
50 1.4 m 50 kN
kN
A B
C D
𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝐷
Figure 1.8 Wheels of Railway
The axle wheels are shown above

A little consideration will show that the maximum bending moment acts on the
wheels at C and D. therefore maximum bending moment.
Moment = W.L = 50𝑥103 (100) = 5𝑥106 N-mm
Let d = diameter of the axle

Province of Laguna
We know that the maximum bending moment (M),
𝜋 𝜋
5𝑥106 = 32(𝜎𝑏 )(𝑑 3 ) = 32 (100)(𝑑 3 ) = 9.82𝑑 3
5𝑥106
𝑑3 = = 0.51𝑥106 or d = 79.8 mm
9.82
Engaging activity
1. A hollow shaft has an inner diameter of 0.035 meter and an outer

diameter of 0.06 meter. Compute the torque if the shear stress is not
exceeding 120 Mpa.
2. A turbine developing 15 000 Hp turns the shaft at 300 rpm. The
propeller attached to the shaft develops a thrust of 150 000 lb. a hollow
shaft steel shaft having an outside diameter of 14 inches is to be used.
Determine the inside diameter of the shaft if the maximum shearing
stressed based on the torsion alone is not to exceed 7 500 psi.
3. A 6 inches pulley is fastened to a 1 ¼ inches shaft by a set screw. If a net
tangential force of 75 lb. is applied to the surface of the pulley, what is
the holding force when the load is steady and N = 3?
4. The outside diameter of a hollow shaft is 1.6 times the inside diameter.
When transmitting 420 Watts of power at 180 revolution per minute the
angle of twist is one degree over a length of 40 times the inside
𝐺𝑁
diameter. Taking G for the material as 85 𝑚2, calculate the maximum
stress.

Province of Laguna
Performance Tasks
PT 1
Directions: Answer the following problem with complete and proper solution. Avoid improper
conversion, shortcut and erasure. Observe the following guidelines for the format of your answer
sheet. Copying the task of your classmate is strictly prohibited.
1. Compute the maximum unit shear in a 3.2-inch diameter steel shafting that transmits 34 000 inch-lb
of torque at 99 rpm.
𝑁
2. Compute the nominal shear stress at the surface in for a 42 mm diameter shaft that transmits
𝑚𝑚2
750 kW at 1 500 rpm. Axial and bending loads are assumed negligible. Torsional shearing stress is 26
𝑁
.
𝑚𝑚2
3. A hollow shaft has an inner diameter of 0.035 m and an outer diameter of 0.09 m. Compute for the
𝑁
torque if the shear stress is not to exceed 120 𝑚𝑚2 in N-m.
4. Design the size of the solid steel shaft to be used for a 500 Hp, 250 rpm application if the allowable
torsional deflection is one degree and the allowable stress is 10 000 psi and modulus of rigidity is 14
X106 psi. The common practice for torsional deflection is one degree per 20D length.
5. A 2.5-inch solid shaft is driven by a 36-inch gear and transmits power at 120 rpm. If the allowable
shearing stress is 12 ksi, what horse power can be transmitted?
6. A hollow shaft has an inner diameter of 0.035 m and outer diameter of 0.06 meter. Determine the
polar moment of inertia of the hollow shaft.
7. Compute for the diameter in inches of a conveyor head pulley SAE 4130 solid steel shaft being driven
by 10.1 Hp drive motor through a gear reducer with 180 rpm output. The torsional deflection is 0.085
degree per foot of shaft length.
8. A hollow copper tube has an outer diameter of 2 inch and an inner diameter of 1.5 inch and is 12
inch long. A crank 15 inch long is keyed to one end, and the other end is held rigidly. The modulus of
rigidity is 10 000 000 psi. What force must be applied to the end of the crank to produce a torsional
shear of 5 500 psi?
9. For question number eight, what will be the angular movement of the end of the crank when this load
is applied?
10. A hollow shaft with outside diameter of 13.4 cm and wall thickness of 0.8 cm transmits 200 kW at
400 rpm. What must be the angular deflection of the shaft if the length is 5 meters? The material of
the shaft is C4140 steel.

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11. What power would a spindle 55 mm in diameter transmit at 480 rpm stress allowed for short shaft is
𝑁
69 ?
𝑚𝑚2
12. The shaft is subjected to a steady load of 38 000 inch-lb. at a shear stress of 10 000 psi. Compute
the diameter of the said shaft in inches.
13. A flexible shaft consists of a 5.2 mm diameter steel wire encased in a stationary tube that fits closely
𝑚
enough to impose a frictional torque of 2.5 𝑁 − . Determine the maximum length of the shaft if the
𝑚
shearing stress is not exceeding 134 Mpa.
Understanding Directed Assess

Rubric for Designing Lesson Plan (PT 1)

Province of Laguna
Learning Resources
1. Mott, Robert L. (2001), Machine Elements in Mechanical Design, Upper Saddle
River, New Jersey Columbos Ohio. 4th ed.
2. Khurmi, R.S. & Gupta, J.K. (2005), Machine Design (S.I) units. Ram Nagar, New
Delhi 110 055.
3. Francisco, Jose R. (2014), Machine Design Textbook. Brgy. Halang, Calamba
City, Philippines.
Prepared by:
Engr. Joebert S. Melendrez

COE Faculty, LSPU-Sta. Cruz Campus

Bsme Es9 Module-A

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Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University

LSPU Self-Paced Learning Module (SLM)

Student Learning Strategies

Online Activities A. Online Discussion via Google Meet

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

B. Learning Guide Questions:

1. What are the causes of failure in shaft operation?

When a torque, or twisting moment, is applied to a member, it tends to deform

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

Fig. 1.2 Single Shearing of a Bolted Joint

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

According to (Khurmi and Gupta, 2005), It has been found experimentally

Lesson 3. Shear Stress and Strain Diagram

According to (Khurmi and Gupta, 2005), In designing various parts of a

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

SHAPE OF SPECIMEN AFTER

Fig. 1.3 Stress Strain Diagram Fig. 1.4 Sheared Specimen

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

According to (Khurmi and Gupta, 2005), When designing machine parts, it is

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

Table 1.2 Values of Factor of Safety (Khurmi and Gupta, 2005).

Torsional shear stress

When a machine member is subjected to the action of two equal and

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

Fig. 1.5 Torsional Shear on Solid Shaft

The equation above is known as torsion equation. It is based on the following

From equation above, we know that

For a solid shaft of diameter (d), the polar moment of inertia,

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

𝜋 2 𝜋 (𝑑𝑜 )4− (𝑑𝑖 )4

The expression (G × J) is called torsional rigidity of the shaft.

Where: T = torque transmitted in N-m, and

Bending Stress in Straight Beam

In engineering practice, the machine parts of structural members may be subjected

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

Where: M = Bending moment acting at the given section,

From the above equation, the bending stress is given by:

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

Shaft Properties and Characteristics

Material Used for Shafts (Khurmi and Gupta, 2005).

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

Design of Shafts for Twisting and Bending

Shafts Subjected to Twisting Moment Only

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

Let k = ratio of inside diameter and outside diameter of the shaft

Shafts Subjected to Bending Moment Only

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

Substituting these values in equation 1, then

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

Fig. 1.7 Pump Lever Rocking Shaft Diagram

R𝐵 (970) = (45) (770) + (35) (160) = 40,250

And. R𝐴 = (35 + 45) - 41.49 = 38.51 kN

= R𝐴 (160) = 38.51x103 (160) = 6.161 x106 N-mm

We see that the maximum bending moment is at D, therefore maximum bending

Let d = Diameter of the shaft

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

We know that bending stress σ𝑏

Solution. Given: d = 35 mm or r = 17.5 mm; l = 1.2 m = 1200 mm; D = 500 mm or

a) Load applied to the tangent to the rim of the wheel.

And polar moment of inertia of the shaft,

250F 160 160(147.34x103 )

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

Solution. Given: N = 200 rpm, P = 20 kW = 20𝑋103 , 𝜏 = 42 MPa = 42 N/𝑚𝑚2