Govt of Karnataka

MINORITY WELFARE DEPARTMENT

2 nd P.U.C question bank

(According to 2020-21 syllabus)

Prepared by:
MUTHUR NAGA PRASAD REDDY
PRINCIPAL(I.C)
MINORITY MORARJI DESAI RESDENTIAL P.U
COLLEGE , DERLAKATTE , MANGALORE.575018
 UNIT-1 SOLID STATE

One mark questions

1. Which type of solid is anisotropic in nature?

Ans: Crystalline solids are anisotropic in nature
2. Which type of solids is called as super cooled liquids or pseudo solids?
Ans: Amorphous solids are called super cooled liquids
3. A solid has a sharp melting point, and then to which type of solids does it belong?
Ans: Crystalline solids
4. Which type of solids has long range orderly arrangement of constituent particles?
Ans: Crystalline solids
5. Sodium chloride and quartz belong to which type of solid?
Ans: Crystalline solids
6. A solid shows different values for refractive index when measured in different directions. -
Identify the type of solid
Ans: Crystalline solids
7. When a solid is cut with a sharp edged tool, they cut into two pieces and the newly
generated surfaces are plain and smooth. – Identify the type of solid.
Ans: Crystalline solids
8 .What is crystal lattice?
Ans: The regular three dimensional array of lattice points in space is called crystal
lattice
9 What is a unit cell?
Ans: It is the smallest repeating unit which when arranged in three dimension gives
the crystal lattice.
10 Define the co-ordination number of a particle in solids.
Ans:It is the total number of nearest neighboring particles to a given particle.
11 What is the number of octahedral voids generated, if the number of close packed
spheres is N?
Ans: N
12 What is the number of tetrahedral voids generated, if the number of close packed
spheres is N?
Ans: 2N
13 What is the co-ordination number of a particle in a tetrahedral void?
Ans:Four
14 Among Schottky and Frenkel defect, which type of defect decreases the
density of the crystal?
Ans: Schottky defect
15 What are point defects?
Ans: Deviations from the ideal arrangement around a particular point or an atomin
a crystalline solid
16 What are F-centers?
Ans: The anionic sites occupied by the unpaired electrons are called F- centre.
17 To which colour potassium chloride crystal turns, when excess potassium ionis
present?
Ans: Violet
18 Name the type of non-Stoichiometric defect observed when white ZnO turns
yellow on heating.
Ans: Metal excess defect
19 Name the non-Stoichiometric defect responsible for the composition of ferrous oxide to be
Fe0.95O1.
Ans:Metal deficiency defect
20 Which type of point defect is observed when NaCl containing little SrCl2 is
crystallized?
 Ans:Impurity defect

21 Which defect is also called as dislocation defect?

Ans:Frenkel defect
QUESTIONS CARRYING TWO MARKS:

1. Write any two differences between crystalline solids and amorphous solids?

Crystalline solid Amorphous solid

3-D long range orderly arrangement of No orderly arrangement of constituent particles

particles
Sharp Melting point Do not have sharp M P
( Softening temperature)
True solids having definite shape Pseudo solids having irregular shapes
They have a well-defined cleavage Do not have cleavage planes
planes
Anisotropic in nature Isotropic in nature

2. What is meant by anisotropy? What type of solids show this nature?

Ans: The physical properties like refractive index, coefficient of thermal expansion,
when measured in different directions gives different value for a crystalline
solid hence it is anisotropic in nature.
Crystalline solids
3. What are point defects? Mention the types
Ans: Point defects are the irregularities in the arrangement of constituent
particlesaround a point or a lattice site in a crystalline substance.
These are of three types.
1. Stoichiometric defects.
2. Non-stoichiometric defect
3. Impurity defect.
4. What are the differences between Schottky and Frenkel defect?

Schottky defect Frenkel defect

a. Shown by ionic solidscontaining similar- a.Shown by ionic solids containing
sized cationsand anions (having high largedifferences in the sizes of ions,
coordination number) (having less coordination number)

b. An equal number of cations and anions are
missing to maintain electrical neutrality
C.Decreases the density of the substance.
Example,
NaCl, KCl , CsCl, and AgBr
b.Created when the smaller ion
(usually cation) is dislocated from its
normal site to an interstitial site
c.No change in density of the crystal.
creates a vacancy defect as well as an
interstitial defect .Also known as
dislocation defect
Example: AgCl, AgBr, AgI and ZnS

5.Calculate the number of particles present per unit cell in an FCC unit cell.
Ans:Contribution of corner particle = 8 x 1/8 = 01
Contribution of a particle at the centreof face = 6 x ½ = 03
Total number particle /unit cell = 04
6.Calculate the number of particles present per unit cell in a BCC unit cell.
Ans:Contribution of corner particle = 8 x 1/8 =
01 Contribution of a particleat the centre = 1 x 1 = 01
Total number particle /unit cell = 02

7.Calculate the number of particles present per unit cell in a simple cubic unit cell.
Ans:Contribution of corner particle = 8 x 1/8 =01
Total number particle /unit cell = 01
8.How many tetrahedral and octahedral voids is present, if the number of sphere is N?
Ans: The number of tetrahedral void is 2N
The number of octahedral void is N
9. Explain Schottky defect. Give an example.
Ans: The defect which arises due to missing of equal number of cations and anions from
the crystal lattice is called Schottky defect. Ex. NaCl, KCl ,CsCl, AgBr
10. Explain Frenkel defect. Give an example.
Ans: The defect in which an ion (generally cation) leaves the original site and
occupies the interstitialsite is called Frenkel defect. E. AgCl, AgBr, AgI
11. How Schottky defect and Frenkel defect affect the density of the crystal?
Ans: In Schottky defect density of the crystal decreases. In
Frenkel defect the density of the crystal remains same.
12. Mention the two types of Non-stoichiometric defects in solids?
Ans: Metal excess defect and metal deficiency defect.
13. What is F- center? What colour is imparted to the NaCl crystal, due to the presence of
excess sodium?
Ans: The anionic sites occupied by the unpaired electrons are called F- Centre The
colour of NaCl crystal is Yellow
14.Write the formula to calculate the density of the unit cell and explain the terms.
Ans:
𝑍𝑀
𝑑=
𝑁0 𝑎3

d = density of the unit cell

M= Molecular weight of the atom
N0 = Avogadro’s’ number
a = edge length of unit cell

15.Silver forms ccp lattice and X- ray studies of its crystals show that the edge lengthof its
unit cell is 408.6pm. Calculate the density of silver
(atomic mass = 107.9 u)
Ans:
𝑍𝑀
𝑑=
𝑁0 𝑎3
4 x 107.9
𝑑=
(4.08)3 𝑥 10−24 𝑥6.022𝑥1023
431.6
d =40.899

𝑔𝑟
d= 10.5528𝑐𝑚3
Questions carrying THREE marks
16.Calculate the packing efficiency in simple cubic (sc) lattice

Let the edge length of the unit cell be ‘a’ and radius of particle be ‘r’.
Then ,a=2r
4
Volume of particle = 3 П 𝑟 3
Volume of the unit cell = 𝑎3 = (2𝑟 3 ) = 8𝑟 3
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒
Packing efficiency = x100
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙
4
П 𝑟3
3
= x100
8𝑟 3

Packing efficiency =52 %

17.Calculate the packing efficiency in cubic close packed (ccp) / face-centred cubic (fcc)

Let the edge length of the unit cell be ‘a’ and radius of particle be ‘r’. From AB

AC2= AB2+BC2
AC2= a2+ a2 =2a2
AC= √2a
But AC = 4r
4r = √2a
a =2√2r
Volume of unit cell = a3 =(2√2r)3
4 16
Volume of particles = 4x3 П 𝑟 3 = П 𝑟3
3

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒

Packing efficiency = x100
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙
16
П 𝑟3
3
=(2√2r)3 x100

Packing efficiency =74%

18. Calculate the packing efficiency in body-centred cubic (bcc)

 Let the edge length of the unit cell be ‘a’ and radius of particle be ‘r’. From ΔEFD
FD2= EF2+ED2
FD2= a2+ a2 =2a2
From ΔAFD
AF2= AD2+FD2
AF2= a2+2a2 =3a2
AF = √3a
But AF = 4r
4𝑟
4r = √3a Therefore a =
√3
4𝑟
Volume of unit cell = a 3
=( )3
√3

4 8
Volume of particles = 2x3 П 𝑟 3 = 3 П 𝑟 3

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒

Packing efficiency = x100
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙
8
П 𝑟3
3
= 4𝑟 3 x100
( )
√3

Packing efficiency = 68%

19.Sodium metal crystallises in a BCC structure. Its unit cell edge length is 420pm. Calculate
its density. (Atomic mass of sodium = 23u, NA = 6.022x1023 mol-1)
𝑍𝑋𝑀
d = 𝑁𝑋 𝑎3
2 𝑋 23
= 𝟔.𝟎𝟐𝟐𝐱1023 𝑋 (4.20 )3 𝑋 10−24
= 1.03 g Cm-3
 Unit -2
SOLUTIONS

1) What is solution? [1]

A: It is a homogenous mixture of two or more compounds.
2) What is dilute solution? [1]
A: It is a solution in which solute concentration is very less.
(b) Give an example for solid-‐solid solution [1]
A: Copper dissolved in gold.
3) Give an example for gas-‐gas solution [1]
A: Mixture of oxygen and nitrogen gases.
4) Give an example for gas-‐solid solution [1]
A: Solution of hydrogen in palladium.
5) Give an example for liquid-‐solid solution [1]
A: Amalgam of mercury with sodium.
6) Give an example for liquid-‐liquid solution [1]
A: Ethanol dissolved in water.
7) Give an example for solid-‐gas solution [1]
A: Camphor in nitrogen gas.
8) Define mole fraction . [2]
A:Mole fraction is the ratio of number of moles of one component to the total number of moles
of all the components in the solution.

9) Define molarity and give the equation to calculate it. [2]

A: Number of moles of the solute present per liter solution is known as molarity.
n
M= B
V

10) Define molality and give the equation to calculate it. [2

]A: Number of moles of the solute present perkgsolvent is known as molality.
n
M = B
WA
11) Define the term solubility of a substance. [1]
A: Solubility of a substance is its maximum amount that can be dissolved in a specified amount of solvent at a specified temperature
12) State Henry’s law. [2]
A: Henry’s Law: At constant temperature solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of gas present above the solution.
OR
At constant temperature the partial pressure of the gas in vapor phase (p) is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas (x) in the solution.
 Mathematically pµx; p = KH x.
Where KH is Henry’s law constant. KH depends on the nature of the gas.

13) Mention the factors affecting solubility of a gas in liquid. [2]

A: 1. Temperature 2. Pressure
14) Explain how temperatures effect the solubility of a gas in liquid. [2]
A: Solubility of gases in liquid decreases with rise in temperature. According to Le Chatelier’s Principle,as dissolution is an exothermic process, the solubility should decrease
with increase of temperature.
15) Explain how pressure effects the solubility of a gas in liquid. [1]
A: The solubility of gases increases with increases of pressure.
16) Mention the applications of Henry’s law. [3]
A: (a) To increase the solubility of CO2 insoft drink and soda water, the bottle is sealed under high pressure.
(b) To avoid bends, as well, the toxic effects of high concentration of nitrogen in the blood, the tanks used by scuba divers are fil ed with air dilute with helium.
(c) At high altitudes the partial pressure of oxygen is less than that at the ground level. This leads to low concentrations of oxygen in the blood and tissues of people
living at high altitudes or climbers.
17) State Raoult’slaw of liquid-‐liquid dilute solutions. [2]
A: The partial vapour pressure of each component of the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction present in solution.
Thus, for component 1 P1 ⍺ x1
And p1 = p10x1
18) What are ideal solutions? [1]
A: The solution which obey Raoul’s law over the entire range of concentration are known
19) What are non-‐ideal solutions? [1]
A: When a solution does not obey Raoult’s law over the entire range of concentration, then it is called non-‐ideal solution.
20) Mention the types of non-‐ideal solutions. [1]
A: There are two types
(a) Non-‐ideal solution with positive deviation from Raoult’s law
(b) Non-‐ideal solution with negative deviation from Raoult’s law

21) Give an example for non-‐ideal solution with positive deviation from Raoult’s law. [1]
A: Mixtures of ethanol and acetone
22) Give an example for non-‐ideal solution with negative deviation from Raoult’s law. [1]

A: An example of this type is a mixture of phenol and aniline.

23) What are azeotropes? Give example. [2]

A: Azeotropes are binary mixtures having the same composition in liquid and vapour phase and boil at a constant temperature.
For example: ethanol-‐water mixture

24) State Raoult’s law of relative lowering of vapour pressure. [1]

A: Relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to the mole fraction of the solute.
 25) Define colligative property. [1]
A: The properties depend on the number of solute particles irrespective of their nature relative to the total number of particles present in the solution. Such properties
are called colligative properties

26) Mention four colligative properties of dilute solutions. [2]

A: Relative lowering of vapour pressure
Elevation in Boiling point
Depression in Freezing point
Osmotic pressure
27) Define the term relative lowering of vapour pressure. [2]
A: It is the ratio of lowering of vapour pressure to the vapour pressure of the pure solvent
Po - P
= Relativelowering of V.P
Po
28) What is elevation in boiling point? [1]
A: Elevation in boiling point is the difference between the boiling point of the solution containing non-‐volatile solute and the boiling point of the pure solvent

∆Tb = T – To
29) Give the relation between elevation in boiling point and molecular mass of solute.
A:
Δ Tb = Kb w2 X1000
w1 X M2

Where w2 is mass of solute, w1 is the mass of the solvent; M2 is molar mass of the solute
30) Give the S.I.unit of ebullioscopic constant or boiling point elevation constant or molal elevation
constant. [1]
A: The unit of Kb is K kg mol-‐1

31) What is depression infreezing point? [1]

A: It is the decrease in the freezing point of solution when non-‐volatile solute is added into solvent.
32.What is osmotic pressure and give its relation with concentration of solution. [2] A:
The amount of external pressure required to stop the osmosis.
π = CRT
Where: π = osmotic pressure, R = gas constant, T = temperature, C = concentration of solution.

33.What are isotonic solutions? [1]

A: Two different solutions having sameosmotic pressure are called isotonic solutions
 34. What are hypertonic solutions? [1]
A: The solution having more osmotic pressure than other
35.What are hypotonic solutions? [1]
A: The solution having less osmotic pressure than other
36.Explain the application of reverse osmosis in desalination of water. [2]
When pressure more than osmotic pressure is applied, pure water is squeezed out of the sea water through the membrane. A variety of polymer membranes are available for this
purpose. The pressure required for the reverse osmosis is quite high. A workable porous membrane is a film of cellulose acetate placed over a suitable support
37. Give any two differences between Ideal and Non – Ideal solutions.

Ideal Solutions Non – Ideal Solutions

Solutions which obey Raoult’s law are Solutions which does not obey Raoult’s law
called ideal solutions. are called non – ideal solutions.
Ex : n-hexane and n-heptane Ex : Phenol and Aniline

ΔV = 0 ΔV ≠ 0

ΔH = 0 ΔH ≠ 0

38..What is reverse osmosis? Mention its one practical utility(use).

The process of reversing the direction of osmosis by applying the pressure higher than the osmatic pressure
to the solution of higher concentration is called reverse osmosis. Used in desalination of sea water.

Numerical problems

1. A solution containing 2.56 g sulphur in 100 g CS2 gave a freezing point lowering of 0.383 K.
Calculate the molar mass of sulphur molecules. Given Kf of CS2 = 3.83 K kg mol 1. −

1
Ans. ΔTf = 0.383 K, Kf = 3.83 K kg mol −

W2
ΔTf = Kf  m ; ΔTf = Kf  M 2
W1
1000
2.561000 3.83
M2 (molar mass of sulphur molecules) = = 256 g mol 1 −

100 0.383
2. 500 g of water containing 27 g of a non-­ volatile solute will boil at 100.156°C. Calculate the
molar mass of the solute. Given boiling point of water = 100°C, Kb = 0.52 K kg mol 1. −

Ans. ΔTb = Kb  m ; 𝑾
ΔTb=Kb 𝑾𝟐 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟏
 0.52 27 1000
Molar mass of solute (M2) =
500 0.156

= 180 g mol 1.
−

3. Human blood has osmotic pressure of 7.2 atm at body temperature of 37°C. Calculate the molar
concentration of solute particles in blood. Given R = 0.0821 L atm K 1.
−


Ans.  = CRT ; C= T = 273 + 37 = 310 K
RT
7.2
C (molar concentration) = = 0.2828 M
0.0821 310

4. Vapour pressure of benzene is 200 mm of Hg. 2g of a non-­ volatile solute in 78 g benzene has
vapour pressure of 195 mm of Hg. Calculate the molar mass of the solute. Molar mass of benzene
= 78 g mol 1.−

W2 2
P − P n2 P − P M 2 200 −195 M2
Ans. = ; = = ;
P n1 P W1 200 78
M1 78

200 2
Molar mass of solute (M2) = = 80 g mol 1
−

5
 Unit 3 Electrochemistry
One mark questions
1. What is an electrolyte?
An electrolyte is a compound which conducts electricity either in its aqueous solution or in its
molten state. e.g Acids HCl, CH3COOH,
2. Give the S.I unit for molar conductivity.
Sm2 mol-­‐1
3. State Kohlrausch Law.
The limiting molar conductivity of an electrolyte can be represented as the sum of the
individual contributions of the anion and cation of the electrolyte.
4. Define electrode potential.
The potential difference developed between the electrode (metal) and the electrolyte (solution
containing its own ions) when both the metal and the solution are in equilibrium is called
electrode potential.
5. Define standard electrode potential.
Standard electrode potential is the electrode potential when the concentrations of all the species
involved is unity (1M) and if a gas is involved its pressure should be 1 bar.
6. Define cell potential.
Cell potential is the potential difference between the two electrodes of the galvanic cell.

7. Define EMF of the cell.

It is the difference between the electrode potential of the cathode and anode
when no current is drawn through the cell.

8.State Faraday’s first law and Faraday's second law of electrolysis.

First law :It states that ‘The amount of chemical reaction which occurs at electrode during electrolysis by a
current is proportional to quantity of electricity passed through the electrolyte
Second law :

It states that the ‘The amounts of different substances liberated by the same quantity of electricity passing
through the electrolytic solution are proportional to their chemical equivalent weights’.
9.Explain the construction and working of Standard Hydrogen Electrode(SHE). Construction :
It consists of a platinum foil fitted into a glass tube containing mercury.
The inner glass tube is enclosed in an outer jar that contains an inlet at the top to pass hydrogen gas.
The whole apparatus is placed in 1M HCl solution.
Working:
Hydrogen gas passed is adsorbed on platinum surface.
1
At Anode : H2 H+ + 1e-
2

1
At Cathode : H+ + 1e- H2
2

Representation of SHE is Pt(s) / H2(g, 1 bar) ||

H+(aq, 1M) Emf of SHE is 0.0 V
 10.Mention any two factors on which the conductivity of an electronic conductor depends.
The electronic conductance depends on
(i) The nature and structure of the metal
(ii) The number of valence electrons per atom.
(iii) Temperature (it decreases with increase in the temperature) (any two)

11. Draw a graph of molar conductivity verses square root of the molar concentration
for KCl and CH3COOH mentioning clearly each.

12. The values of limiting molar conductivities ( om) for NH4Cl, NaOH and NaCl are respectively
149.74; 248.1 and 126.4 Scm2mol-­‐1. Calculate the limiting molar conductivity of NH4OH
(3M)
λo NH OH 4 = λo NH 4Cl + λo NaOH -λo NaCl

= 149.74+248.1--‐126.4
= 271.44 Scm2 mol-­‐1
13.Write Nernst equation for Daniel cell. Explain the terms?

2.303 𝑅𝑇 [𝑀]
E0M+n/M = E0M+n/M + log [𝑀+𝑛]
𝑛𝐹

Where; E0Mn+/M standard electrode potential

n number of electrons transferred during the reaction. R

gas constant

T Temperature in kelvin
F Faraday’s constant

[Mn+] concentration of species

14. What are the products of aqueous solution of NaCl?

At Cathode : H2 gas At anode :Cl2 gas

15. Conductivity of 0.01M NaCl solution is 0.12 Sm-1 .calculate its molar conductivity.
𝐾 0.12
ᴧm= = = 1.2 X 10-2Sm2/mol
1000𝐶 1000𝑋0.01
 16.The cell in which following reaction occurs 2Fe+2(aq)+2I-1(aq) -----→2Fe+2 (aq)+ I2(s) has
E0 cell=0.236V at 298 K. calculate the standard Gibb’s energy
n =2
ΔG =-nFE0
=2X96500x0.236
= -45548J
17. A solution of Ni (NiO3) is electrolysed platinum electrodes using a current of 5 amperes for 20
minutes. What mass of nickel is deposited at cathode ? mol.wt of Ni = 58.7
Q =It
= 5X2X60 = 6000C
n =2

2X96500 C = 193000C gives 58.7 gr

58.7𝑋6000
For 6000C = =1.812 gr
19300
18. E0 Cu =+0.34 V and E0 Zn = -0.76V . Daniel cell is obtained by coupling these two electrodes.
(i) represent the cell symbolically
(ii) calculate the EMF of the cell
(i) Daniel Cell can be represented as Zn/Zn+2(aq) // Cu+2(aq)/Cu
(ii) EMF of Daniel cell E0 = E0R-E0L
= E0 Cu - E0 Zn
= 0.34-(-0.76)
=1.10V
19. A conductivity cell when filled with 0.01M KCl has a resistance of 747.5 ohm at 250C.When the same
cell was filled with an aqueous solution of 0.05M CaCl 2solution the resistance was 876 ohm. Calculate
(i) conductivity of the solution
(ii) Molar conductivity of the solution (given conductivity of 0.01M KCl =0.14114 Sm-1

Cell constant G* = Rk
= 747.5X 0.14114
=0.105m-1
𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 105.5
Conductivity k = =876 𝑜ℎ𝑚 =0.124 Sm-1
𝑅
𝑘 0.1204
Molar conductivity ᴧm = 1000𝐶 = 1000𝑋0.05 =0.00241 Sm2 mol-1
20. Calculate the EMF of the cell in which the following reaction takes place
Ni (S)+2Ag+(0.002M) -----→Ni+2 (aq)+ 2Ag(s)

Given that E0 cell = 1.05V

0.059 2 [𝑁𝑖 +2 ][𝐴𝑔]2
E cell = E0cell- log 10 [𝑁𝑖][𝐴𝑔+]2
2
But [M] for any element is taken as unity
0.059 2 [𝑁𝑖 +2 ]
E cell = E0cell- 2
log 10[𝐴𝑔+ ]2
0.059 2 0.160
E cell = 1.05 - log 10[0.002]2
2
=0.914 V
 Unit-4
CHEMICAlKINETICS

1 What is rate of reaction?

Ans: Change in molar concentration of reactant or product in per unit time is called rate of reaction.
Types of rate of reactions For reaction R ------→ P
decrease in conc.R Of reaction
Average rate = time taken
−Δ[𝑅]
rav =
Δ𝑡

dincrease in conc.Of P Reaction

Average rate = time taken

−Δ[𝑃]
rav = Δ𝑡

2.What is the SI Unit of rate of reaction?

Ans Mol /L /s

3.Mention any two factors which influence the rate of reaction

1)Pressure or conc. of reactants
2) temperature
3) catalyst.
4. What is rate law ?

Ans: Representation of rate of reaction in terms of concentration of reactants is called rate law. Rate
expression and rate equation

5. Define rate equation or rate expression (2m)

Ans: Expression in which reaction rate is given in terms of molar conc. of reactants with each term raised
to some power which may or may not be same as the stoichiometric coefficient of the reacting species in a
balanced chemical equation.

6. Define rate constant of a reaction. (1m)

Ans: Rate constant is equal to rate of reaction when the product of the molar conc. of reactants is
unity.
7. Define order of a reaction. 1M

Ans: Sum of the powers of the concentration of the reactants in the rate equation is called order of reaction.

8.Calculate the overall order of a reaction which has the rate expression.

Rate= K [A]1/2[B]3/2
Order of reaction = 1/2 + 3/2
=2
 9. What is SI Unit of rate constant of nth order reaction ? (1m)

Ans: (mol)1-n . Ln-1.s-1

10. What is SI unit of rate constant of zero order reaction? (1m)

Ans: Mol/L/s

11. What is the order of reaction whose unit of rate constant and rate of reaction are same ?

Ans: Zero order.

12. Identify the reaction order from the rate constant K=2.3x10-5 mol-1.L.S-1

Ans: Comparing the unit of rate constant with general unit

Mol-1.L.S-1 with ( Mol)1-n.Ln-1.S-1
1-n= -1
n=2
13. Define molecularity of a reaction . (1 m)

Ans: The number of reacting species taking part in an elementary reaction which must colloid
simultaneously in order to bring about a chemical reaction is called molecularity of reaction.

14. What is a Pseudo first order reaction? Give an example.

Ans; The reaction where order is one but molecularity is two or more is called pseudo first order
reaction. Ex : Acid hydrolysis of methyl acetate

15. Give any two differences between order and molecularity

Order Molecularity

It is the sum of the powers of the concentration It is the number of reacting species involved
terms in the rate law expression. in an elementary reaction.

Experimental quantity Theoretical quantity

16. Derive an integrated rate equation for the rate constant of a zero order reaction.

Consider a zero order reaction

R P
𝑑[𝑅]
− = K[𝑅]0
𝑑𝑡

𝑑 [𝑅 ] = - K 𝑑𝑡 ([𝑅 ]0 =1)
 On Integration we get,

[𝑅] = - K 𝑡 + 𝐼 ..........eq (1)

Where I is constant

When t=0 then [𝑅] =[𝑅]0

Therefore [𝑅]0 = -K x 0 + I

Then I =[𝑅]0

I value substitute in eq. (1)

[𝑅] = - K 𝑡 + [𝑅]0

Kt = [𝑅]0 - [𝑅]
[𝑅]0− [𝑅]
K= 𝑡

17. Derive an integrated rate equation for the rate constant of a first order reaction.
R P
𝑑[𝑅]
− = K[𝑅]1
𝑑𝑡

𝑑[𝑅]
− = K dt
[𝑅]

On Integration we get,

ln [𝑅] = - K 𝑡 + 𝐼 ..........eq (1)

Where I is constant

When t=0 then [𝑅] =[𝑅]0

Therefore ln [𝑅]0 = -K x 0 + I

Then I = ln[𝑅]0

I value substitute in eq. (1)

ln [𝑅] = - K 𝑡 + 𝑙𝑛[𝑅]0

Kt = ln [𝑅]0 -ln [𝑅]

[𝑅]0
Then Kt = ln [𝑅}

2.303 [𝑅]0
K= log
𝑡 [𝑅}
 18. Show that for a zero order reaction half -life period is directly proportional to initial concentration
of the reactant.

[𝑅}0−[𝑅]
K= 𝑡

1
When t = t1/2 then [R] = [R]0
2

1
[𝑅]0−1/2[𝑅]0 [𝑅]0
2
K= =
𝑡1/2 𝑡1/2

[𝑅]0
K = 2 𝑡1/2

[𝑅]0
t½ = 2𝐾

19. Show that for a first order reaction half- life is independent of the initial concentration of the
reactant

2.303 [𝑅]0
K= log
𝑡 [𝑅}

1
When t = t1/2 then [R] = [R]0
2

2.303 [𝑅]0
K= log [𝑅}0/2
𝑡1/2

2.303
K= log 2
𝑡1/2

2.303 𝑋 0.3010 0.693

K= =
𝑡1/2 𝑡 1/2

0.693
t1/2 = 𝐾

20. A first order reaction is found to have a rate constant 5.5x10-14 /s .Calculate the half life of the
reaction

Soln. : K= 5.5x10-14 /st½ =? t½ = 0.693

K= 0.693 5.5x10-14
t½ = 1.26x1013 sec

21. Show that the time required for 99/. Completion of a first order reaction is twice the time required
for the completion of 90% of reaction( 4m)
I set : [R]o= 100, [R]=[100-90]=10 t=t90% IIset :
[R]o= 100 [R]= [100-99]1 t=t99%
To be proved t99%= 2t90%
K= 2.303 x log [R]o
t [R]
Sub. I set values .
K= 2.303x log 100 t 90%
10
K = 2.303x log 10
 UNIT -5 SURFACE CHEMISTRY
A. Short answer questions carrying 1 mark
1. What is adsorption
A surface phenomenon wherein there is accumulation of molecules on the surface (than
in the bulk) of a solid or a liquid.
2. Why solids in finely divided state are good adsorbent?
Solids in finely divided state have large surface area, as surface area increases adsorbing
power increases.
3. What is desorption?
The process of removing an adsorbed substance from a surface on which it is adsorbed
is called desorption.
4. Name the substance used to decolour the solution of raw sugar.
Animal charcoal.
5. Name of the phenomenon in which both the adsorption and desorption takes place
simultaneously.
Sorption
6. Why is adsorption always exothermic?
During adsorption there is always decrease in residual forces on the surface, hence
adsorption is always exothermic.
Or
There is decrease in surface energy which appears as heat, hence adsorption is always
exothermic.

7. Movement of the dispersion medium in an electric field by preventing the movement of

colloidal particles by suitable method. Name the phenomenon
Electroosmosis
8. The process by which colloidal particles aggregate, become bigger and settle down.
Name the phenomenon
Coagulation
9. What happens when an electrolyte is added to lyophobic sol?
Coagulation or precipitation

10. Name the phenomenon, when an electrolyte having a common ion is added to freshly
prepared precipitate?
Peptization
 ADSORPTION
11. What are adsorbate and adsorbent? Give an example.
Molecules (substances) that accumulates on the surface is called adsorbate.
The material on the surface of which adsorption takes place is called adsorbent.

Example: Ni adsorbs H2. Ni is the adsorbate, H2 is the adsorbent

12. Give two examples for adsorption.
i) When animal charcoal is added to methylene blue, charcoal adsorbs the dye.
ii) Air becomes dry in the presence of silica gel because silica gel adsorbs water
molecules on the surface
iii) A small pillow of silica gel in a box adsorbs moisture in the box keeps the air dry.
(Any two)
13. Give differences between adsorption and absorption.
Adsorption Absorption
1. A substance gets A substance gets uniformly distributed
concentrated on the surface through the bulk of solid or liquid.
of a solid or liquid.
2. It increases with increase in It remains unaffected by increase in surface
surface area. area.
Example: adsorption of water Example: Absorption of water by anhydrous
by silica gel. CaCl2.

14. Of SO2 (critical temperature 630K) and CH4 (critical temperature 190K) which gas will
be adsorbed readily on the surface of 1 gram of activated charcoal. Justify the answer.
SO2 gas
Easily liquefiable gases with higher critical temperature are readily adsorbed as the the
Vander Waal’s forces are stronger near critical temperature.
15. What is the effect of temperature on physical and chemical adsorption?
Physical adsorption decreases with increase in temperature. Chemical adsorption
increases with increase intemperature.
16. Mention any two applications of adsorption.
i) In the production of high vaccum
ii) In gas mask, to adsorb poisonous gases
iii) In the separation of noble gases using activated charcoal
iv) Removal of colouring matter from solutions
 COLLOIDS
1. What is a colloid?

Colloid (Colloidal system or solution) is a heterogeneous system in which one substance is

dispersed as very fine particle in another substance called dispersion medium. The size of
the particle is larger than the true solution but smaller than the suspended particle i.e their
diameter ranges between 1nm to 1000nm.
2. Name the 2 phases of colloidal system
Dispersion medium and dispersed phase (colloidal particles)
3. What is Dispersion Medium and dispersed phase for a colloid? Give an example.
The continuous medium in which the colloidal particles are dispersed is called
Dispersion Medium.
The discontinuous phase which the substance is dispersed as colloidal particles is called
dispersed phase.
Eg: Milk is a colloid in which fat globules form the dispersed phase, water is the
dispersion medium.
4. Classify the colloids based on the physical state
Based on the physical state of dispersed phase and dispersion medium colloids are
classified into 8 types
Dispersed Dispersion Name of the
Example
Phase Medium Type

solid solid Solid sol Ruby glass, gems

solid liquid sol Ink, Paint, Gold Sol

solid gas Solid aerosol Dust, Smoke, Soot in Air,

liquid solid gel curds, jam, silica gel, butter

liquid liquid emulsion Milk, Cream, Cod Liver Oil

liquid gas Liquid aerosol Fog, Mist, Cloud

gas solid Solid foam Foam rubber, Pumice stone

gas liquid foam Shaving cream, soap lather

5. What is a Sol? Give an example.
It is a colloid wherein the dispersed phase is a solid and dispersion medium is a liquid. Eg:
Sulphur dispersed in Water. Sulphur (solid) is the dispersed phase, water is the dispersion
medium.
If the dispersion medium is water, alcohol and benzene, sol is called aqua sol (hydrosol),
alcosol and benzosol.
6. How are colloids classified based on the affinity of the dispersed phase towards dispersion
medium
Based on the affinity of dispersed phase towards dispersion medium, sols are classified as
lyophilic and lyophobic sols (colloids).
7. What is lyophylic sol? Give an example
Lyophilic sol (colloid): These are sols in which the (colloidal particle) dispersed phase has
affinity towards dispersion medium. (Intrinsic colloids). If the dispersion medium is
separated from the dispersed phase, these sols can be formed by remixing them. Hence
these are called reversible sols.
Eg: Starch dispersed in water
Albumin dispersed in water
Gum or gelatin in suitable solvent.
8. What is lyophobic sol? Give an example
Lyophobic sol (colloid): These are sols in which the dispersed phase has no affinity
towards the dispersion medium (extrinsic colloids). Once precipitated or if the dispersion
medium is separated from the dispersed phase, these sols cannot be formed by remixing
them. Hence these are called irreversible sols.
Eg: Sulphur dispersed in water, gold sol.
9. Distinguish between lyophillic to lyophobic sols (Any two)
Property Lyophilic Lyophobic
1 Affinity towards High affinity Low affinity
dispersion medium
2 Method of preparation Easily formed on mixing Special methods are
or heating the dispersed used
phase with dispersion
medium
3 Stability stable Highly unstable

4 Reversibility Reversible Irreversible

5 Solvation of colloidal Highly Solvated Not solvated

particles.

6 Addition of electrolyte Does not easily Gets easily coagulated

coagulate
 10. Classify the colloids based on type of particles of the dispersed phase

Multimolecular colloid, Macromolecular colloid, associated colloid (micelles)

11. Write a note on Multimolecular colloids with an example

If large number of atoms or smaller molecules of a substance aggregate together to form

particles having size in the colloidal range then the colloidal system is known as
multimolecular colloid. E.g.: A gold sol contains colloidal gold particles each made up of
large number of gold atoms. Sulphur sol contains an aggregate of thousands of S 8 sulphur
molecules.
12. Write a note on Macromolecular colloids with an example

Macromolecule (polymers) in a suitable solvent form solutions in which the size of the
macromolecules may be in the colloidal range and the system is known as macromolecular
colloids. E.g.: starch, cellulose, enzymes, proteins, nylon, polystyrene in a suitable solvent.
13. Write a note on Associated colloids /micelles with an example
Some substances at low concentration behave as strong electrolytes (true solution), but at
higher concentrations aggregate to form colloidal particles. Such substances form
associated colloid. Aggregate of molecules thus formed is called a micelle. Formation of
micelle takes place if i) the temperature is above Kraft temperature (TK) ii) concentration
is greater than critical micelle concentration (CMC).
If an associated colloid (micelle) is diluted, it behaves as a strong electrolyte. E.g.: Surface
active agents like soaps and detergents form associated colloids. These have both lyophilic
and lyophobic groups. For soaps, critical micelle concentration is 10 4 to 10 3 mol
− −

14. Write equations for the preparation of Sulphur sol and Ferric hydroxide sol
I. SO2 + 2H2S −−−−−−−−−−− 3S (sol) + 2H2O

2. FeCl3 + 3H2O −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− Fe(OH)3(sol) + 3HCl

15. How is a metal sol prepared by Bredig’s arc

process?
This process involves both dispersion and condensation. Sol of metals like gold, platinum and
silver can be prepared by this method. Two
electrodes of a metal are dipped in water and an electric arc is struck between them. Intense heat of
the arc causes the metal to vapourise. The vapours condenses to form metal particles of colloidal
size. Thus metal sol is obtained.
16. What is peptization? Give an example
The process of converting a freshly prepared precipitate (suspension) into a colloid by
adding a electrolyte having a common ion is called peptization.
The electrolyte added is called a peptizing agent.
During peptisation, the precipitate adsorbs one of the ions (positive or negative) of the
electrolyte. This causes the precipitates to break into smaller particles of colloidal size.
17. What is electro dialysis?
The process of increasing the rate of dialysis,
under the influence of an electric field is called
electro dialysis. The process can be used iff the
impurity is an electrolyte. In presence of the
electric field, the ions diffuse faster (through
parchment paper) towards the oppositely
charged electrodes.
18. Write a note on ultrafiltration
It is a process of separating collidal particles from the solvent (dispersion medium) and all
other soluble solutes present in collidal solution using specially prepared ultrafilters.
An ultra filter paper (made by soaking filter paper in 4% nitro cellulose in alcohol and ether
and later hardening it by using formaldehyde) allows all other particles except the colloidal
particles to filter (pass) through it.
To speed it up pressure or suction can be applied. The colloidal particles left on the
ultrafilter paper are then stirred into fresh dispersion medium to get the pure colloidal
solution.
19. Describe Tyndall effect
Scattering of light by colloidal particles in the
medium is called Tyndall effect. The path of light in
the colloidal medium becomes visible when observed
at right angles. The illuminated path within the
medium is called Tyndall cone.
20. Write two conditions in which tyndal effect can be
clearly observed.
Tyndall effect is clearly observed when a) size
of colloidal particles matches with the wave length of light used b) there is large difference
in refractive index between dispersed phase and medium
 21. What is Brownian movement? How is it caused?
Zig– Zag movement of colloidal particles in a medium is
called Brownian movement.
Reason: Particles of the medium are very small and are
moving randomly in all directions. They collide with the
colloidal particles and transfer their kinetic
energy. Colloidal particles move slowly and randomly due to unequal bombardments by
the particles of the medium. This is seen as “Brownian Movement”. “This property is a
direct proof for the concept that liquid state of matter is made up of small molecules, which
are in random motion, does not allow the particles to settle and is responsible for the
stability of the sols”
22. Classify the following colloids into positively and negatively charged sols
Al (OH)3, CdS, AS2S3, Fe (OH)3, gum, clay, basic dyes, Sols of acidic dyes, sols of starch,
and metallic sulphides, sols of metals (Ag, Au), haemoglobin.
Positively charged sol negatively charged sol
Al (OH)3, Fe (OH)3, basic dyes, CdS, AS2S3, Sols of acidic dyes, sols of
haemoglobin, starch, gum, clay, and metallic sulphides
and sols of metals (Ag, Au)
23. How do colloidal particle become charged or acquire charge?
The charge on the colloidal particles may be due to (i) preferential adsorption of ions from
the medium or (ii) due to electron capture by sol particles during electrodispersion of
metals.(iii)formation of electrical double layer

24. What is Electrophoresis.

Movement of electrically charged colloidal particles towards

their oppositely charged electrodes when the colloid is placed
in an electric field is electrophoresis. Positively charged
particles move towards cathode and negatively charged
particles move towards anode.

25. Mention any two methods of Coagulation of lyophobic sol

i) Electrophoresis
ii) Mixing of two oppositely charged sols. E.g.: positively charged Fe(OH)3 sol with
negatively charged As2S3 sol
iii) Continuous dialysis
iv) Addition of electrolyte
v) By boiling
 26. State and illustrate Hardy- Schulze rule.
Higher the valency of the flocculating ion added, greater is the coagulating power of the
ion.
Ex (1): In the coagulation of negatively charged sol (As2S3) the coagulation power of the
positively charged active ion is Na+ < Ba+2 < Al+3.
Ex (2): In the coagulation of positively charged sol [Fe (OH)3] the coagulating power of
the negatively charged active ion is Cl < SO4 2 < PO4 3 < [Fe(CN)6]4 .
− − − −

Note: Higher the charge on the flocculating ion, lesser is the amount of the electrolyte
required to coagulate a sol.
27. Difine coagulating value or flocculating value
The minimum concentration of electrolyte in millimoles per litre required to cause
precipitation of a sol in 2 hours is called coagulating value. Smaller the coagulating value,
higher is the coagulating power of the ion.
28. What is protective action of a sol? Give an example.
The property of a lyophilic sol by which it protects the lyophobic sol from precipitation,
even upon adding an electrolyte to it, is called protective action of lyophilic sol. Lyophilic
sol particles form a coat or layer around the lyophobic sol and hence protect them from the
action of the electrolytes.

29. Write a note on formation of delta region.

River water flowing towards the sea picks up many colloidal particles (clay, mud, humus,
slit) with it. These particles are negatively charged. When the river water meets the sea, the
electrolytes (salts like NaCl, MgSO4 etc) in the sea causes the coagulation of these colloidal
particles. Thus clay, mud, humus gets precipitated and scattered at these places to form
delta region.
30. Write the application of colloids in purification of smoke using Cottrell precipitator
Smoke (Colloidal dispersion of solid in gas) from industries contains carbon, dust, soot and
many others as colloidal particles. To remove these, electrostatic precipitator called cottrell
precipitator is used. The precipitator consists of metal plates attached to a high potential. As
the smoke enters the precipitator, the charged colloidal particle gets neutralized and
precipitated on the metal plates. Gases free from colloidal impurities are led into chimney.
31. Write the application of colloids in the Purification of drinking water
Drinking water if muddy contains negatively charged clay, sand, mud as colloidal particles
dispersed in it. When alum is added to this, Al+3 ions of the alum causes the coagulation of
the negatively charged muddy colloidal particles which settle down as a precipitate. The
upper layers of clear clean water are decanted. Thus water gets purified.
B. Questions carrying 3 marks
1. What happens to ΔH, ΔS and ΔG during the process of adsorption?
i) Adsorption is always an exothermic process, because there is decrease in surface
energy.  ΔH is negative (enthalpy decreases).
ii) When a gas is adsorbed on a liquid or solid, freedom of movement of gas molecules
decreases.  entropy decreases. ΔS is negative.
iii) Adsorption is a spontaneous process hence ΔG must be negative. ΔG = ΔH −TΔS adsorption
ΔH = negative, ΔS = negative. Therefore ΔH must be negative than TΔS being positive
so that ΔG becomes negative.
2.Write any three differences between two types of adsorption of gases on solids.
Physiosorption (physical adsorption) Chemisorption (chemical adsorption)
1. Accumulation of gas on a solid due 1. Accumulation of gas on a solid due to
to weak van der Waal’s forces. chemical bond (covalent or ionic)
2. This is not specific, as force between 2. It is highly specific as there is chemical
adsorbate and adsorbent is van der bonding between adsorbate and
Waals forces which is universal. adsorbent.
3. The process is reversible. 3. Process is irreversible.
4. Gases that can be easily liquefied 4. Gases that can form chemical
(high critical temperature) are compounds with adsorbent are
readily absorbed. specifically adsorbed.
5. Enthalpy of adsorption is low, as the 5. Enthalpy of adsorption is high, as the
forces involved are weak (H is forces involved are strong (H is
negative but low) negative, very high)
6. Adsorption decreases with increase 6. Adsorption process involves high
in temperature. Low temperature energy of activation, therefore
favours better adsorption. increases with increase in temperature.
7. Under high pressure, it leads to 7. It leads to unimolecular layer of
multimolecular layers of adsorption. adsorption even at high pressure.

(Any 3 of the above)

3. Classify the following colloids to their respective type of colloids
a. Smoke b. Cod liver oil c. gems.
a. Smoke-Solid aerosal b. Cod liver oil-Emulsion c. gems-solid sol

4.Write the mechanism of micelle formation considering soap as an example

Soap is sodium or potassium salt of higher fatty acid RCOO Na+.
−

In water RCOO Na+ dissociates into RCOO and Na+.

− −

RCOO has two parts. R is long hydrocarbon chain and is a non-

−

polar tail (hydrophobic). COO is polar-ionic

−

head (hydrophilic).
At low concentration COO group will be dissolved in water and R
−

chains away from water and remain at the

surface.
At critical micelle concentration, the anions are pulled into
the water. They aggregate to form spherical shape in which
hydrocarbon chains point to the interior and COO projects −

outwards of the sphere. Such an aggregate is called a

micelle.

5. Write a note on Cleansing action of soap

a. It is due to formation of micelle by soap.
b. Soap molecules form a micelle around oil droplet (dirt) in such a way that
hydrophobic R is in the oil and hydrophilic −COO projects out into water.
−

c. The oil droplet thus gets pulled into water and gets detached from dirty cloth
(material to be washed).
d. Soap thus helps in emulsification of oil and fat in the dirt, which is then washed away
with water.

a) Grease on cloth
b) Stearate ions arranging around the grease droplet and
c) grease droplet surrounded by stearate ions (micelle formed)
6. Write a note on Dialysis.

A process of purifying a lyophobic sol by removing

particles of true solution (ions or molecules) by their
preferential diffusion through parchment paper or
animal membrane is called Dialysis. The membrane is
called a dialyser. Particles of true solution pass through
the membrane but not the colloidal particles.

Process: The sol to be purified is taken in a parchment

bag. The bag is suspended in a tank, in which water is
circulated. Particles of true solution diffuse out from
the bag. Water flowing in the tank carries away these
particles. The sol gets purified and stabilized.

7. Describe how colloidal particles acquire charge by preferential adsorption of ions The
colloidal particle in a lyophobic sol tends to adsorb cations or anions from the medium
and hence become positively or negatively charged sols. They show a preference to
adsorb a common ion from the medium.
Ex: (a) when potassium iodide solution is slowly added to silver nitrate solution, the silver
iodide sol formed adsorbs Ag+1(present in plenty) and becomes positively charged. (AgI/
Ag+1)
Ex: (b) When silver nitrate solution is slowly added to potassium iodide solution, silver
iodide sol formed adsorbs I-1 (present in plenty)ions from the medium and becomes
negatively charged sol (AgI / I-1).
8. Mention two types of emulsion. Give example for each
i) Oil in water or ii) water in oil emulsion.
For oil in water emulsion, water is the dispersion medium, oil the dispersed phase. E.g.:
milk, vanishing cream. In milk, liquid fat is dispersed in water.
For water in oil emulsion, water is the dispersed phase, oil is the dispersion medium. E.g.:
butter, cream.
 Unit 7
p- BLOCK ELEMENTS:
1. Classify the following 1 5 th group p-block elements in to nonmetals/metalloids /metal.
1)Nitrogen 2) Phosphorus 3) Arsenic 4) Antimony 5) Bismuth 1M each
Answer:
Nonmetals: Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Metalloids: Arsenic and Antimony
Metal: Bismuth
2. Write the formula of 1M each
1) chile salt petre 2) Indian salt petre 3)apatite mineral 4)chlorapetite 5) Fluorapetite
Answer: 1) NaNO3 2) K NO3 3) Ca9(PO4)6 CaX2 4) Ca9(PO4)6 CaCl2 5) Ca9(PO4)6 CaF2
th
3. Write the valence shell electronic configuration of 15 group elements. 1M
2 3
Answer; ns np
4. There is a considerable increase in covalent radius from N to P. However, from As to Bi only small
increase in covalent radius is observed. Give reason. 1M
Answer: This is due to the presence of completely filled d and/or f orbital in heavier members.
5. Ionization enthalpy decreases down the group 15. Give reason. 1M
Answer: Due to gradual increase in atomic size.
6. The ionization enthalpy of the group 15 elements is much greater than that of group 14 and group 16
elements in the corresponding periods. Give reason. 1M
Answer: Because of the extra stable half-filled p orbital electronic configuration and smaller size.
7. How does electronegativity of 15th group elements varies down the group? 1M
Answer: decreases
8. Mention the common Oxidation states of p block elements. 1M
Answer: common oxidation state of these elements are-3,+3 and +5
9. How is stability of oxidation states of 15th group elements varies? 1M
Answer: -3 in their covalent compounds. In addition to the −3 state, N and P also show −1 and −2
All the elements present in this group show +3 and +5 oxidation states. Stability of +5 ox. State
decreases and that of +3 ox. State increases due to inert pair effect.

10. Nitrogen atom has five valence electrons but it does not form NCl5. 1M
Answer: Because of absence of d-orbitals it can’t expand its covalency from 3 to 5.
11.Nitrogen does not form pentahalides.Why? 1M
Answer: Nitrogen with n = 2, has s and p orbitals only. It does not have d orbitals to expand its covalence
beyond four. That is why it does not form pentahalide.
12. Why is Nitrogen an inert gas? 1M
Answer: Nitrogen exists as triply bonded diatomic non polar molecule. Due to short
internuclear distance between two nitrogen atoms the N ≡ N bond strength is very high. It is, therefore,
very difficult to break the bond.
13. Why nitrogen exhibits anomalous behavior? 2M
Answer: Due to smaller size, high electronegativity, high ionisation enthalpy and non- availability of d-
orbitals, nitrogen shows anomalous behavior.
14. Mention any three anomalous properties of nitrogen. 3M
Answer; (any three of the following)
1) Nitrogen forms pπ – pπ bonds where as other members not.
 2) nitrogen exists as diatomic molecule with a triple bond
3) The single N−N bond is weaker than P−P bond due to small bond length.
4) lower catenation tendency.
5) cannot form dπ – pπ bonds like phosphorus.
15. Why R3P=O exist but R3N=O does not? 1M
Answer: Due to the absence of d orbitals in valence shell of nitrogen, nitrogen cannot form d π–p π bond.
Hence R3N=O does not exist.
16. Catenation property of nitrogen is less than phosphorus. Why? 1M
Answer: Due to strong pπ–pπ overlap in Nitrogen and weaker N-N bond than the single P- P bond.
17. Write the formula of hydrides formed by 15th group elements? 1M
Answer: EH3
18. How does the stability of 15th group metal hydride varies down the group? 1M
Answer:The stability of hydrides decreases on moving down from NH3 to BiH3.
19. Why is NH3 basic while BiH3 is only feebly basic. 1M
Answer: NH3 is basic due to smaller size & high electro negativity of Nitrogen.
20. Ammonia has higher boiling point than Phosphine. Explain. 1M
Answer: Ammonia (NH3) form hydrogen bond but Phosphine (PH3) does not. Hence boiling point of
ammonia is higher than that of phosphene.
21. How is dinitrogen prepared in the laboratory? 2M
Answer: In the laboratory, dinitrogen is prepared by treating an aqueous solution of ammonium chloride
with sodium nitrite.
NH4Cl (aq) + NaNO2 (aq) → N2 (g) + 2H2O (l) + NaCl (aq)
22. How is dinitrogen prepared from ammonium dichromate? 2M
Answer: thermal decomposition of ammonium dichromate gives dinitrogen.
(NH4)2Cr2O7 → N2 + 4H2O + Cr2O3
23. How does dinitrogen reacts with Mg? 2M
Answer: Dinitrogen reacts with Mg to form magnesium nitride.
N2 +3 Mg → Mg3N2
24. For the manufacture of ammonia by Haber’s process, write flow chart and balanced equation along with
conditions? 3M
Answer: On large scale, obtained by Haber’s process\

Optimum condition:
Pressure = 200 × 105 Pa (about 200 atm)
Temperature ∼ 700 K
Catalysts used − Iron oxide with small amounts of K2O and Al2O3 to increase the rate of attainment
of equilibrium
25. How does ammonia react with zinc sulphate? 2M
Answer: Ammonia reacts with zinc sulphate to form white precipitate of zinc hydroxide.
ZnSO4(aq) + 2NH4OH(aq) → Zn(OH)2(s) + (NH4)2SO4(aq)

26. How does ammonia react with cupric ion? 2M

2+
Answer: With Cu ion Ammonia acts as lewis base and forms deep blue colored cuprammonium
complex.
Cu2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) → [Cu(NH3)4]2+ (aq)
(blue) (deep blue)
27. How is Nitric acid manufactured by Ostwald process? 3M
Answer: Nitric acid in Ostwald process manufactured by the oxidation of ammonia.

Nitric oxide thus formed combines with oxygen giving NO2. 2NO ( g) + O2 ( g )→2NO2 ( g )
Nitrogen dioxide so formed, dissolves in water to give HNO3.
3NO2 ( g ) + H2O ( l ) → 2HNO3 ( aq ) + NO ( g )
Dilute nitric acid on distillation followed by dehydration using conc. sulphuric acid gives 98% nitric
acid.
28. How is nitric acid prepared in laboratory? 2M
Answer: Nitric acid is prepared in the laboratory by heating KNO3 or NaNO3 with concentrated
H2SO4 in glass retort.
NaNO3 + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + HNO3

29. How does dilute nitric acid with copper? 2M

Answer: Dil. Nitric acid reacts with copper to form cupric nitrate with the liberation of nitric oxide.
3Cu + 8 HNO3(dilute) → 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
30. How does concentrated nitric acid with copper? 2M
Answer: Conc.Nitric acid reacts with copper to form cupric nitrate with the liberation of nitrogen
dioxide.
Cu + 4HNO3(conc.) → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
31. How does dilute nitric acid with zinc? 2M
Answer: Dil. Nitric acid reacts with zinc to form zinc nitrate with the liberation of nitrous oxide.
4Zn + 10HNO3(dilute) → 4 Zn (NO3)2 + 5H2O + N2O
32. How does concentrated nitric acid with zinc? 2M
Answer: Conc.Nitric acid reacts with zinc to form zinc nitrate with the liberation of nitrogen
dioxide.
Zn + 4HNO3(conc.) → Zn (NO3)2 + 2H2O + 2NO2
33. How does concentrated nitric acid with iodine? 2M
Answer: Conc.Nitric acid oxidizes iodine to form iodic acid.

I2 + 10HNO3 → 2HIO3 + 10NO2 + 4H2O

34. How does concentrated nitric acid with carbon? 2M
Answer: Conc.Nitric acid oxidizes carbon to carbon dioxide

C + 4HNO3 → CO2 + 2H2O + 4NO2

35. explain Brown ring test with equations . 3M
Answer: Dilute FeSO4 solution is added to an aqueous solution of nitrate ion. concentrated H2SO4 is
then added along the sides of the test tube. A brown ring is observed at the interface between the
solution and H2SO4 layers indicates the presence of nitrate ion in the solution.
NO3- + 3Fe2+ + 4H+ → NO + 3Fe3+ + 2H2O
[Fe (H2O)6 ]2+ + NO → [Fe (H2O)5 (NO)]2++ H2O
(brown)
36. Classify the following 1 6 th group p-block elements in to nonmetals/metalloids / metal.
1)Oxygen 2) Sulphur 3) selenium 4) Tellurium 5) Polonium 1M each
Answer:
Nonmetals: Oxygen and Sulphur Metalloids:
selenium and Tellurium Metal: Polonium
37. Name the 16th group p-block element which is radioactive in nature. 1M
Answer: Polonium
38. Write the valence shell electronic configuration of 16th group elements. 1M
2 4
Answer; ns np
39. Mention the Oxidation state of oxygen. 1M
Answer; Oxygen exhibits the oxidation state of−2 in metal oxides, −1 (H2O2), zero (O2 and O3) and
+2 (OF2).
40. Write a note on Anomalous Behavior of Oxygen. 3M
It is due to its Small size, High electronegativity and absence of d-orbitals oxygen shows anomalous
properties.
1. Strong hydrogen bonding is present in H2O, which is not found in H2S.
2. Absence of d-orbitals in oxygen limits its covalence to four and in practice rarely exceeds two.
On the other hand, other elements of the group can expand their covalence beyond four.
41. How is Oxygen obtained from potassium chlorate? 2M
Oxygen can be obtained by heating potassium chlorate in presence of MnO2.
42. Write the chemical equation for the reaction of Oxygen with aluminum /carbon
/methane. 1M each
Answer:

43. What are acidic oxides? What type of oxides are acidic in nature? Give example. 3M
Answer: Acidic oxides are those oxides which combine with water to give an acid.
Non-metal oxides and Oxides of some metals in higher oxidation state are acidic in nature. Example for
non metal acidic oxides− SO2, Cl2O7, CO2, N2O5
Examples for metal oxides which are acidic − Mn2O7, CrO3, V2O5
44. What are basic oxides? What type of oxides are basic in nature? Give example. 3M
Answer: Basic oxides are those oxides which combine with water to give bases.
Metal oxides are basic in nature.
Examples for metal oxides which are basic- Na2O, CaO, BaO
45. What are amphoteric oxides? Give example. 2M
Answer: Amphoteric oxides are those oxides which show the characteristics of both acidic as well as
basic oxides .
Example − Al2O3
46. Illustrate amphoteric nature of Al2O3 with suitable reactions. 2M
Answer:

47. What are neutral oxides? Give example. 2M

Answer: Neutral oxides arethose oxides which are neither acidic nor basic.
Examples − CO, NO, N2O
48. How is Ozone prepared from oxygen? 2M
Answer: A slow dry stream of oxygen is passed through a silent electrical discharge. Oxygen partially
gets converted into ozone.

49. Why is high concentrations of ozone can be explosive? 2M

Answer: High concentrations of ozone can be explosive because the decomposition of O3 to O2 results in
the liberation of heat (ΔH = − ve) and an increase in entropy (ΔS = + ve), leading to large negative value
of ΔG.
50. How does ozone react with PbS? write equation. 2M
Answer: Ozone oxidizes lead sulphide to lead sulphate.
PbS + 4O3 → PbSO4 + 4 O2
51. How does ozone react with NO? write equation. 2M
Answer: Nitric oxides reacts with ozone to give nitrogen dioxide and oxygen
O3 + NO → NO2 + O2

52. In the preparation of H2SO4 by Contact Process, why is SO3 not absorbed directly in water to form H2SO4?

Answer: SO3 is not dissolved in water directly as the process is highly exothermic & the H2SO4
obtained is in the form of a mist which cannot be condensed easily.
53. Which form of the sulphur is stable at room temperature? 1M
Answer:Rhombic sulphur. ( α sulphur)
54. Which form of the sulphur is stable above 369K? 1M
Answer:Monoclinic sulphur( β sulphur)
55. , What happens when Sulphrur dioxide is treated with (i)NaOH (ii) Cl2

Answer:i) 2NaOH +SO2 -----→ Na2SO3 +H2O

Na2SO3 + H2O-------→ 2NaH SO3

ii) SO2+ Cl2-------------→SO2Cl2( Salphuryl chloride)

56. Give any two reactions to show that SO2 is a reducing agent. 2M
Answer: 2Fe3++ SO2+ 2 H2O 2Fe2+ + SO4 2- +4H+
5SO2+2MnO4- + 2H2O 5SO4 2- +4H++2Mn2+
57. How is the presence of SO2 detected?
Answer: SO2 discharges pink colour of KMnO4 due to the reaction
5SO2+2MnO4- +2H2O -----------→5SO4 2-+4H++2Mn2+
58. Draw the structure of i) Sulphurus acid ii) Sulphuric acid (iii)peroxo sulphuric acidiv) pyrosulphuric
acid( oleum). 1M each

59. What happens when Concentrated H2SO4 is added to 2M Each

i)CaF2.
ii) Sugar.
Answer: i) CaF2+ H2SO4 CaSO4 + 2HF

ii) C12H22O11 12C + 11 H2O( Charring of sugar- Dehydrating property)

60. Give an example to show that Conc H2SO4 is a strong oxidizing agent. 1M Each

Answer: Cu + 2 H2SO4( Hot ,Conc) ------→ CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O 3S

+ 2 H2SO4( Hot ,Conc) ----------→ 3 SO2 + 2H2O
C + 2 H2SO4( Hot ,Conc) ---------→ CO2+ 2SO2 + 2H2O
61. Name the halogens 1M
Answer:Flourine, Chlorine,bromine,iodine,asyatine.
62. Which is the radioactive halogen? 1M
Answer: Astatine
63. Name the halogen present in sea weeds. 1M
Answ: Iodine.
64. Write the outermost electronic configuration of halogens. 1M
Answer: ns2np5.
65. Give reason (1 M each)
i) Halogens have very high ionization enthalpy in the corresponding period.
ii) Halogens have Maximum negative electron gain enthalpy in the corresponding period
iii) Negative electron gain enthalpy of fluorine is less than that of chlorine.
iv) Enthalpy of dissociation of F2 is less than Cl2.
v) Fluorine is stronger oxidizing agent than chlorine.
vi) Fluorine exhibits only -1 oxidation state.

Answer:i) Due to the ns2np5 configuration, they have little tendency to loose electrons.
ii) They have only one electron less than the stable noble gas configuration.
iii) Due the very small size of fluorine atom.
iv) Due the very small size of fluorine.
v) Due to the high electro negativity of fluorine atom it readily accepts an electron.
vi) Due to non availability of d- orbital.
66. Write the chemical equation 1M Each
i) When F2 is treated with Cl-,Br- & I-
ii) When Cl2 is treated with Br- & I-
iii) When Br2 is treated with I-
iv) When F2 is treated with H2O
v) When Cl2 is treated with H2O
Answer: i) F2 +2X- --------→ 2F- +X2 ( X= Cl, Br, or I)
ii) Cl2 +2X ----------→ 2Cl +X2
- -
( X= Br, or I)
iii) Br2 +2I- -----------→ 2Br- +I2 ( X= Cl, Br, or I)
iv) 2F2 + 2H2O -----------→ 4H (aq) +4F-(aq) +O2.
+

v) 2Cl2 + 2H2O -----------→ 4HCl(aq) +HOCl(aq)

67. Mention the three reasons for the anomalous behavior of fluorine. 3M
Answer: Due to its small size, highest electro negativity, low F—F bond dissociation enthalpy & non-
availability of d- orbitals in the valence shell of fluorine.

68. Give any three examples to show anomalous behavior of fluorine. 3M.
Answer: i) ionisation enthalpy, electronegativity, electrode potential are higher for F
ii) Ionic & covalent radii, m.pt, b.pt, bond dissociation enthalpy,electron gain enthalpy
lower than expected.
iii) F forms only one halo acid
iv) HF is liquid, other hydrogen halides are gases.
69. How is chlorine prepared from KMnO4. Write the chemical equations involved. 2M

Answer: By the action of HCl on KMnO4,

2KMnO4 + 16 HCl -----------→2KCl +2MnCl2 + 8H2O +5Cl2
70. What happens when Concentrated chlorine is treated with

i)Alluminium ii) sulphur S8

iii) H2S iv) excess of NH3 v) cold & dilute NaOH
vi) hot & concNaOH vii) Dry slaked lime. 1M each

Answer: (i)with Al: 2Al + 3 Cl2 --------→ 2AlCl3

(ii) with S: S8 +4 Cl2 -----------→ 2S2Cl2
(iii) With H2S: H2S +Cl2 ------------→ 2HCl+S
(iV) With NH3: 8NH3 +3Cl2 ----------→ 6NH3Cl + N2
( excess)
NH3 + 3Cl2 ------------→ 6NCl3 + 3HCl
( excess)
(v) With NaOH:
2NaOH+Cl2 -------→ NaCl + NaOCl+H2O
( cold & dil) (hypochlorite)
(vi) 6NaOH+3Cl2 -----→ 5NaCl + NaOCl3+3H2O
( hot & conc) ( chlorate)
(vii) With Ca(OH)2 :
2Ca(OH)2+2Cl2---------→Ca(OCl)2+CaCl2 +2H2O
(dry slaked lime) ( bleaching powder)
71. Give any one example for oxidizing property of chlorine with FeSO4, Na2SO3.
(2M each)
Answer:2 FeSO4+H2SO4 + Cl2 -------------→Fe2(SO4)3+ 2HCl
( Ferrous) ( Ferric) Na2SO3 +
Cl2+H2O ---------→ Na2SO4 + 2HCl
( Sulphite) ( Slphate)

72. Give the reason for the bleaching action of chlorine. 1M

Answer: Due to the oxidation
Cl2+H2O ------------→ 2HCl + O
Coloured sub + O --------→Colourles substance.
73. Give the composition of bleaching powder. 1M
Answer: Ca(OCl)2.CaCl2. Ca(OH)2 .2H2O.
74. How is HCl is prepared in the laboratory? 2M
Answer: NaCl + H2SO4 NaHSO4+ HCl at 420K
NaHSO4+ NaCl Na2SO4 + HCl at 823K
HCl is dried using Conc H2SO4
75. Give the composition of aqua regia?. 1M
Answer: Aqua regia: 3:1 part conc HCl & conc HNO3
76. What happens when hydrochloric acid is treated with NH3 1M
Answer: NH3 +HCl NH4Cl ( White fumes)
77. Write the structure of
i) Hypochlorus acid ii) Chlorus acid iii) Chloric acid
iv) Perchloric acid.
Answer:
78. What are interhalogen compounds? Give an example. Why they are more reactive than individual
halogen.
Answer:When two different halogen atoms react inter halogen compounds are formed. Eg: ClF3,
ICl, BrF5 ,lF7 Reactivity is more compared with halogens because X- X’ bond is weaker than X-X
bond in pure halogens.
79. How is following interhalogen compound prepared?
i) ClF3 ii) ICl3 iii) BrF5 1Meach
Answer: 473K

i) Cl2+F2 -------→ 2ClF3

ii) I2+Cl2 --------→ 2ICl
iii) Br2+5F2 ---------→ 2BrF5
( excess)
80. Name i) the radioactive noble gas ii) most abundant noble gas. 1M
Answer: i) Radon ii) Argon
81. Why noble gases are chemically inert? 1M
Answer: Stable completely filled orbitals are there.
82. Why noble gases have maximum ionization enthalpy in the corresponding period.
1M
Answer: Stable completely filled orbitals are there

83. Why noble gases have positive electron gain enthalpy . 1M

Answer: Stable completely filled orbitals are there

84. Which is the first noble gas compound synthesized? 1M

+ -
Answer: Xe PtF 6
85. Who prepared first noble gas compound? 1M
Answer: Neil Bartlett
86. Write the chemical equations to prepare following compounds with the conditions required.
i) XeF6 ii) XeO3 iii) XeO2F2. 1M each
573K, 60-70 bar
Answer: i) Xe(g) + 3F2(g) ---------→ 3XeF6(s)
ii) XeF6 + 3H2O -----------→XeO3 + 6HF
iii) XeF6 + 2H2O -----------→XeO2F2 + 4HF
 The d- and f- Block Elements

I. Answer the following questions. Each question carries one mark

1. Define transition elements.
Ans. Transition element is defined as the one which has incompletely filled d orbitals in its ground state or in
any one of its oxidation states.
2. What is the position of the d block elements in the periodic table?

Ans. The d block elements are in the middle of s and p blocks, comprising the groups 3 to 12. They are the
four rows of elements in the periods 4th (3d series), 5th (4d series), 6th ( 5d series) and 7th ( 6d series).

3. Zinc, cadmium and mercury of group 12 are not regarded as transition metals, Why ?

Ans. Zinc, cadmium and mercury of group 12 have full d10 configuration ( d orbitals are completely filled )
in their ground state as well as in their common oxidation states and hence, are not regarded as transition
metals
4. Why d- block elements are named as ‘transition elements ‘ ?
Ans. The d–block elements occupies the middle of the periodic table and their properties are transitional
between s– and p– block elements.
5. Write the general electronic configuration of d block elements.

Ans. [ Noble gas] (n-1)d1-10ns1-2

6. Write the general outer electronic configuration of d- block elements. .

Ans. The general outer electronic configuration of d- block elements is (n-1)d1–10 ns1–2
7. Write the general electronic configuration of f- block elements.
Ans. The general electronic configuration of f- block elements (Lanthanoids) is [Xe] 4f1 – 14
5d 0- 1 6s2
8. Name a member of the lanthanoid series which is well known to exhibit +4 oxidation state.
Ans. Cerium
9. The outer electronic configuration of Cr is 3d5 4s1 instead of 3d44s2, why?
Ans. Half filled (3d5) orbitals are relatively more stable, hence one electron of 4s orbital jumps to 3d
orbital.
10. The outer electronic configuration of Cu is 3d10 4s1 instead of 3d94s2 , why?
Ans. Completely filled (3d10 ) orbitals are relatively more stable, hence one electron of 4s orbital jumps to
3d orbital.
11. Account for high melting point and boiling points of transition metals.
Ans. The melting and boiling points of transition metals are high because of the involvement of greater
number of electrons from (n-1)d orbitals in addition to the ns electrons in the inter atomic metallic
bonding.
12. What is the trend in melting points of transition metals in a series?
Ans.The melting points of the transition metals in a series rise to a maximum at the middle of the series (i.e.
Cr or Mo or W - element with d 5 configuration ) and fall regularly as the atomic number increases.
13. Why do transition metals have higher enthalpies of atomization?

Ans. Involvement of a large number of unpaired electrons of d orbitals favour stronger inter atomic
interactions resulting in stronger bonds between the atoms of a metal and higher enthalpies of
atomization.
 14. Name one 3d series elements, that do not show variable oxidation states.

Ans. Sc (+3)

15.Transition metals exhibit variable oxidation states in its compounds, why?

Ans. Transition metals exhibit variable oxidation states in its compounds due to the availability of both ns
& (n – 1 ) d electrons for bond formation.

16. Name 3d series metal which shows highest oxidation state.

Ans. The highest oxidation state shown by 3d series transiNa tion metals is +7 by Mn

17. Name a metal in the 3d series of transition metals which exhibit +1 oxidation state most frequently.

Ans. copper

18. What is the trend in oxidation state of transition metals ?

Ans. The oxidation state increases with increase in atomic number & reaches a maximum in the middle and
then decreases.
19. 3d series transition metals exhibit +2 as the most common oxidation state (except Sc) why?
Ans. The +2 oxidation state, which commonly occurs for nearly all the transition metals is due to the
loss of their outer 4s electrons
20. Why transition metals and their compounds shows paramagnetic behavior ?

Ans. The transition metal ions are generally containing one or more unpaired electrons in them & hence
their compounds are generally paramagnetic.
21. Name an of alloys of transition metals with non transition metals.

Ans. Brass ( Cu & Zn) or Bronze ( Cu & Sn)

22. What is the action of neutral or faintly alkaline permanganate solution on iodide ?

Ans. Alkaline permanganate solution oxidize iodide to iodate.

23. What happens when potassium permanganate is heated to 513 K ?

Ans. Potassium permanganate decomposes at 513K to potassium manganate, manganese dioxide and
oxygen.

24. What is the principal oxidation state exhibited by the lanthanoids?

Ans. The principal oxidation state of lanthanoids is +3.

25. Write the spin-only formula used to calculate the magnetic moment of metal ions.
Ans. The magnetic moment is determined by using the spin only formula,
where n is the number of unpaired electrons and μ is the magnetic moment
in units of Bohr magneton (BM).
26. Why is Sc3+ (or Zn2+ ) diamagnetic?

Ans. Sc3+(Z=21) 3d0 no unpaired electron, n=0, μ=0. (or

Zn2+(Z=30) 3d10 no unpaired electron, n=0, μ=0)

 27. What is the most common oxidation state of lanthanoids and actionoids?
Ans. The most common oxidation state of lanthanoids and actionoids is +3.

28. What is Actinoid contraction?

Ans. There is a gradual decrease in the size of atoms or M3+ ions across the series. This is known as
the actinoid contraction.

29.Actinoid contraction is more than lanthanoid contraction. Give reason.

Ans. The actinoid contraction is, more than lanthanoid contraction due to poor shielding by 5f electrons
from nuclear charge.

30. Actionoids show larger number of oxidation states than lanthanoids. Why?
Ans. In actinoids 5f, 6d and 7s levels are of comparable energies ,hence electrons from these orbitals
are available to lose or share.

30. The transition metals generally form coloured compounds, why?

Ans. The compounds of transition elements shows colour due to presence of unpaired electron & ability to
undergo d-d transition.
When an electron from a lower energy d orbital is excited to a higher energy d orbital, the energy of
excitation corresponds to the frequency of light absorbed. This frequency generally lies in the visible region.
31.Give reason “ transition metals and their many compounds acts as good catalysts”.
Ans. Transition metals and their many compounds acts as good catalysts,it is due to (i) partially
filled (n-1) d orbital (ii)variable oxidation state and provide a suitable surface for the reaction to take
place.
32. Explain giving reason “transition metals form a large number of complex compounds”.
Ans.Transition metals form a large number of complex compounds due to
(i) Small size & high charge density of the ions of transition metals.
(ii) presence of vacant d orbitals of suitable for bond formation.

33. What is lanthanoid contraction? Write any one consequence of lanthanoid contraction.
Ans. Steady decrease in the size of lanthanides with increase in atomic number is known as lanthanoid
contraction.
Due to lanthanoid contraction radii of members of 3rd transition series are very much similar to
corresponding members of 2nd series.
34. Write any two consequences of lanthanoid contraction.
Ans. Two consequences of lanthanoid contrations are
(i) The radii of the members of the third transition series to be very similar to those of the corresponding
members of the second series. Ex. The almost identical radii of Zr (160 pm) and Hf (159 pm) & Nb
(146pm) & Ta (146pm)
(ii) Difficulty in separation of lanthanoids due to similarity in chemical properties.
35. Name the two series of f-block.
Ans. The f-block consists of the two series, lanthanoids (the fourteen elements following lanthanum) and
actinoids (the fourteen elements following actinium.
36. The chemistry of actionoids is more complicated than lanthanoids. Why?
Ans. The actinoids are radioactive elements having half lifes varying. Some members can be prepared only
in nanogram quantities. These facts render their study more difficult.
37. What is the composition of mischmetall? Give its one use.
Ans. The composition of mischmetall is lanthanoid metal (~ 95%) and iron (~ 5%) and traces of S, C, Ca
and Al. Mischmetall is used in Mg-based alloy to produce bullets, shell and lighter flint
38.Name the metal of the 1st row transition series that
I)has highest value for magnetic moment
II)has zero spin only magnetic moment in its +2 oxidation state.
III)exhibit maximum number of oxidation states.
 Ans. i) Chromium ii) Zinc iii) Manganese

39.Transition metals form a large number of complex compounds.Give reason.

Ans. Transition metals for complex compounds due to,

i) small sizes of metal cations

ii) their ionic charges and
iii) availability of d orbitals for bond formation.
40.Explain the trend in atomic size of 3d series of transition elements with reason.
Ans. With increase in atomic number in 3d series - atomic size decreases (Sc to Cr) , then remain almost
constant (Cr to Cu) and increase slightly at the end (Cu to Zn).
Reason: In the beginning of the series the screening (or shielding effect) effect of a d electron is not
that effective, hence the net electrostatic attraction between the nuclear charge and the outermost electron
increases , hence atomic size radius decreases.
In the middle of the series, increase in nuclear charge and increase in screening effect balance each other. So
atomic radii become almost constant.
Increase in atomic radii towards the end is due to the electro – electron repulsions causes the expansion of
electron cloud.
41.Explain trend in Ionisation Enthalpies of 3d series of transition elements .
Ans.Ionisation enthalpy increase along each series of the transition elements from left to right. However
many small variations, IE of Chromium is lower because removal of an electron from Chromium does
not change in the d (3d5 4s1 to 3d5 4s0 ) configuration.
I.E value for Zn (3d10 4s2) is higher because an electron is removed from 4s level which needs more energy.

II. Answer the following questions. Each question carries TWO marks.
42. Name two characteristic properties exhibited by d – block elements due to their partly filled d
orbitals.
Ans. The characteristic properties exhibited by d – block elements due to their partly filled d orbitals
are variable; (i) Oxidation states
(ii) Formation of coloured ions.
43. Name two typical metallic properties displayed by transition elements.
Ans.High tensile strength, ductility malleability, high thermal and electrical conductivity and metallic
luster etc.
44. What are interstitial compounds? Give example.
Ans. Interstitial compounds are those which are formed when small atoms like H, C or N are trapped inside
the crystal lattices of transition metals.
Example; TiC, Mn4N, Fe3H, VH0.56 and TiH1.7, etc.
45.Give any two physical characteristics of interstitial compounds.
Ans. Two physical characteristics of interstitial compounds are:
They have high melting points, higher than those of pure metals.
They are very hard and they retain metallic conductivity.

46.Calculate the ‘spin only’ magnetic moment of M2+ (aq) ion (Z = 27).

Ans. M (z= 27 , 3d7 4s2)

M+2 (3d7 4s0) hence it has 3 unpaired electrons n= 3

 Coordination Compounds
1. State the postulates of Werner’s theory of coordination compounds. 3 Marks
Postulates:
1. Central metal ion in a complex shows two types of valences - primary valence and secondary
valence.
2. The primary valence is ionisable and satisfied by negative ions.
3. The secondary valence is non ionisable. It is equal to the coordination number of the central
metal ion or atom. It is fixed for a metal. Secondary valences are satisfied by negative ions or
neural molecules (ligands).
4. The primary valence is non directional. The secondary valence is directional. Ions or molecules
attached to satisfy secondary valences have characteristic spatial arrangements. Secondary valence
decides geometry of the complex compound.
2. What are the limitations of Werner’s theory of coordination compounds?
3 Marks
This theory fails to explain why,
a) a few elements have the property to form coordination compounds
b) the bonds in coordination compounds have directional properties
c) coordination compounds have characteristic magnetic and optical properties.
3. Write one difference between double salts and complex salts with respect to their ionisation. Give one
example for each type of salt. 2 Marks

Double salt Complex salt

Double salt is stable only in solid state, but Complex salt is stable both in solid and
dissociate into simple ions completely in solution state and does not dissociate
solution state. completely in solution state.
E.g: KCl.MgCl2.6H2O E.g: K4[Fe(CN)6]

4. Define Coordination entity of coordination compounds. 2 Marks

A coordinate entity constitutes a central metal atom or ion bonded to a fixed number of ions or
molecules (ligands).
4-
e.g: [Fe(CN)6] .
5.What is central metal ion in a coordination compound? Give an example. 2 Marks
The metal atom or ion in a coordination entity to which, a fixed number of ions or molecules
(ligands) are bound in a definite geometrical arrangement around it is called central metal ion. It is
a Lewis acid.
2+
e.g: In K4[Fe(CN)6] , central metal ion is Fe .
6. What are ligands? Give an example. 2 Marks
The ions or molecules bonded to the central metal atom or ion in a coordination entity are called
ligands. Ligands are Lewis bases.
2-
e.g: In [Ni(CN)4] , ligand is CN- ion.
7. Define the term coordination number of a central metal atom or ion in a complex compound. 2 Marks
The coordination number of central metal atom or ion in a complex is the number of ligand donor
atoms to which the metal is directly bonded.
In K4[Fe(CN)6] , coordination number of Fe2+ is 6.
8. Define coordination sphere of coordination compounds. 2 Marks
The central metal atom or ion and the ligands of the complex compound are written within square
bracket. This is called coordination sphere of coordination compounds.
 9. What are homoleptic complexes? Give an example. 2 Marks
Homoleptic complexes are the complexes in which central metal ion or atom is bound to only one
type of donor groups.
e.g: K4[Fe(CN)6]
10. What are heteroleptic complexes? Give an example. 2 Marks
Homoleptic complexes are the complexes in which central metal ion or atom is bound to more
than one type of donor groups.
e.g: [Co(NH3)5Cl]SO4
11. Classify the following ligands into unidentate, didentate and polydentate ligands.
NH3, EDTA, oxalate. 3 Marks

NH3 Unidentate
EDTA Polydentate
Oxalate Didentate
12. Give the IUPAC name for the following compounds.
a) K4[Fe(CN)6] potassium hexacyanidoferrate(II)
b) [Cu(NH3)4] SO4 tetramminecopper(II) sulphate
c) [Co(NH3)5Cl]SO4 pentamminechloridocobalt(III) sulphate
d) K3[Fe(C2O4)3] potassium trioxalatoferrate(III)
e) [CoCl2(en)2]+ dichloridobis(ethane-1,2-diamine)cobalt(III)
f) [Co(NH3)5(NO2)]Cl2 pentamminenitrito-N-cobalt(III) chloride
g) [Co(NH3)5(ONO)]Cl2 pentamminenitrito-O-cobalt(III) chloride
h) [Ni(CO)4] tetracarbonylnickel(0)

13. What are ambidentate ligands? Give one example. 2 Marks

Ligands which have two donor atoms, but can bond to central metal atom or ion through only one
donor atom are called ambidentate ligands.
- -
e.g: NO2 , SCN etc.,

3-
14. Explain the formation of [CoF6] . Is this complex paramagnetic? 3 Marks
Co, Z=27 [Ar]3d7 4s2 4p0 4d0
Co3+ [Ar] 3d6 4s0 4p0 4d0

It undergoes sp3d2 hybridisation.

When F - ligand attacks the central metal ion, Co 3+

This complex uses outer d orbital (4d) for hybridisation. It is an outer orbital complex. It
has unpaired electrons. [CoF6]3- is paramagnetic. This complex is called high spin or spin free
complex.
15. Give the geometry, hybridization and magnetic property of [Co(NH3)6]3+ based on VBT. 3 Marks
 Co, Z=27 [Ar]3d7 4s2 4p0
Co3+ [Ar] 3d6 4s0 4p0
When NH3 ligand attacks the central metal ion Co3+ , pairing of electrons in 3d orbital occurs

against Hund’s rule. Co3+ can undergo d2sp3 hybridization.

This complex uses inner d orbital (3d) for hybridisation. It is an inner orbital complex. It has no
3+
unpaired electrons. [Co(NH3)6] is diamagnetic. This complex is called low spin or spin paired
complex.
It has octahedral geometry.
16. Using VBT, explain the type of hybridization, geometry and magnetic property of [NiCl4]2-.3 Marks
Ni, Z =28 [Ar] 3d8 4s2 4p0

Ni2+, [Ar] 3d8 4s0 4p0

It undergoes sp3 hybridisation.

Four pair of electrons from 4 Cl- ion .This complex has unpaired electrons. It is paramagnetic.
[NiCl4]2- has tetrahedral structure.

17. Explain the hybridization, geometry and magnetic property in the complex compound [Ni(CN)4]2-.
3 Marks
Ni, Z =28 [Ar] 3d8 4s2 4p0

Ni2+, [Ar] 3d8 4s0 4p0

When CN- ligand attacks the central metal ion Ni2+, unpaired electrons in 3d orbital are paired up
against Hund’s rule. It undergoes dsp2 hybridisation.

Four pair of electrons from 4 CN- ligands.

This complex has no unpaired electrons. It is diamagnetic.

[Ni(CN)4]2- has square planar structure.
18. What are the limitations of Valence Bond Theory? 2 Marks
This theory,

a) has a number of assumptions

b) does not give quantitative interpretation of magnetic data
c) does not explain colour shown by complexes.

d) could not predict tetrahedral or square planar shape for the coordination number 4
e) could not distinguish between strong and weak ligands.
19. Why [CoF6]3- is called an outer orbital complex? 1 Mark
In this complex, Co3+ uses outer d orbital (4d) for hybridization. Therefore it is called an outer
orbital complex.
20. What are inner orbital complexes? Give an example. 2 Marks
Inner orbital complex is one where the central metal ion uses inner d orbital {(n-1)d orbital} for
hybridsation.
e.g: [Co(NH3)6]3+
21. Explain the salient features of crystal field theory. 2 Marks
This theory considers ligands as point charges in case of anionic ligands and dipoles in case of
neutral molecules. The bond formed between central metal ion and the ligands is purely ionic.
22. What is crystal field splitting? Explain crystal field splitting in octahedral entities using energy level
diagram. 3 Marks
In an isolated gaseous central metal atom or ion, all the five d orbitals are having same energy. i.e
they are degenerated. In the presence of attacking ligands, it becomes asymmetric and the d orbitals
lose degeneracy, resulting in splitting of d orbitals. This is called crystal field splitting.
In an octahedral complex, six ligands surround the central metal ion. d x2 – y2 and dz2 orbitals
(called eg set) are directed along the direction of ligands and experience more repulsion. They have
more energy. dxy, dyz and dzx orbitals (called t2g set) are directed between the axes of attacking
ligands and experience lesser repulsion by the ligands. They have lesser energy. The energy
separation between two split sets is denoted as ∆o . The energy of eg orbitals increase by 3/5 ∆o
and that of t2g set decrease by 2/5 ∆o .
23. What is spectrochemical series? Arrange the following ligands in the increasing order of their field
strength.
Br-, I-, H2O, CO, F- 2 Marks
Spectrochemiccal series is the arrangement of ligands in the order of increasing field strength.
Correct order for the given set is,
I- < Br- < F- < H2O < CO
24. Draw a figure to show the splitting of d orbitals in a tetrahedral crystal field.
2 Marks
 UNIT.10

HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES

ONE MARKS QUESTIONS

1. What are haloalkanes? [1]

A: Haloalkane is a derivative obtained by replacing hydrogen atom of alkane by halogen atom.
2. What is the hybridization of the carbon attached with vinylic halides (or) aryl halides?
[1]
A: sp2hybridisation.
3. Among phosphorus trihalides which halides are generated insitu ? [1]
A: PBr3, PI3
4. Free radical halogenation of hydrocarbons is not a best method to prepare haloalkanes.
Why? [1]
A: Because this method gives mixture of isomeric mono and poly haloalkanes, which is difficult
to separate as pure compounds.
5. Why fluoro compounds cannot be prepared from electrophilic substitution reaction?
[1]
A: Due to high reactivity of fluorine.
6. What happens to the boiling point of isomeric haloalkanes with increase in
branching?[1]
A: decreases.
7. How density and atomic mass of halogen atoms in haloalkanes are related? [1]
A: Directly
8. Why tertiary alkyl halide undergoes SN1 reaction very fast? [1]
A: Because of the high stability of tertiary carbocation
9. What is the order of reactivity of alkyl halides towards SN1 and SN2 reaction [1]
A: Towards SN1 reaction order of reactivity is 30> 20 > 10
Towards SN2 reaction order of reactivity is 10> 20> 30.
10. Allylic and benzylic halides are highly reactive towards SN1 reaction. Why? [1]
A: Because the carbocation formed from allylic and benzylic halides is more stable due to
resonance.
11. Between SN 1and SN2 reaction which one proceeds with complete stereo chemical
inversion? [1]
 A: SN2 reaction.
12. Between SN1 and SN2 reactions which one proceeds with racemisation?
[1]
A: SN1 reaction.
13. What are optically active compounds?
[1]
A: Certain compounds rotate the plane polarized light when it is passed through their solutions
are called as optically active compounds.
14. What are dextro rotatory compounds?
[1]
A: The compound which rotates plane polarized light in clockwise direction is called as dextro
rotatory compound.
15. What is a laevo rotatory compound? [1]
A: The compound which rotates plane polarized light in anticlockwise direction is called as laevo
rotatory compound.
16. What are optical isomers?
[1]
A: The dextro and laevo rotatory isomers of a compound are called as optical isomers.
17. What is asymmetric carbon (or) stereocentre [1]
A: A carbon atom attached with four different substituent groups is called as asymmetric carbon
(or) stereocentre.
18. What are chirals? [1]
A: The objects which are non-superimposable on their mirror image are said to be chirals.
19. What are achiral molecules? [1]
A: The molecules which are, superimposable on their mirror images are called achiral
molecules.
20. Between propan – 2- ol and butan – 2 – ol, identify the chiral molecule?
[1]
A: Butan – 2- ol.
21. What are enantiomers? [1]
A: The stereo isomers related to each other as non-superimposable mirror images are called
enantiomers.
22. What are racemic mixtures? [1]
A: A mixture containing two enantiomers in equal proportions will have zero optical rotation, are
called as racemic mixture (or) racemic modification.
23. What is racemization? [1]
A: The process of conversion of enantiomer into a racemic mixture is known as racemization.
24. Between α and β- hydrogen which one is removed during dehydrohalogenation of alkyl
halides? [1]
A: β - Hydrogen.
25. What are organo-metallic compounds? [1]
A: Most organic chlorides, bromides and iodides react with certain metals to give compounds
containing carbon-metal bonds are known as organo – metallic compounds.
26. Write the general formula of Grignard reagent? [1]
A: RMgX.
27. Name the product formed when Grignard reagent treated with water?
[1]
A: Alkanes
28. What is the hybridization of carbon atom in C-X bond of alkyl halides? [1]
A: sp3hybridisation
29. Mention the hybridization of carbon atom in C-X bond of aryl halides? [1]
A: sp2hybridisation
30. Why SN1mechanism is ruled out in haloarenes? [1]
A: In case of haloarenes, the phenyl cation formed as a result of self-ionization will not be
stabilized by resonance and therefore, SN1mechanism is ruled out.
31. What happens to the reactivity of haloarenes towards nucleophilic substitution when
electron withdrawing group present at ortho or para position? [1]
A: Increases.

32. What is wurtz-fitting reaction? [1]

A: A mixture of an alkyl halide and aryl halide gives an alkylarene when treated with sodium in
dry ether and is called as wurtz-fitting reaction.

33. Expand DDT [1]

A: Dichlorodiphenyltrichloro ethane

34. Among chloral, chloroform, DDT, carbontetrachlorides , which has more number of
chlorides ?
A;DDT
[1]
 35. Identify the product.

H3C CH3
Θ
H Br  + Br
H3CH2C 2-bromobutane H CH2CH3

A: OH
O 2N NO 2

NO 2

36.Write the structure of DDT [1]

Cl
A:

Cl
Cl Cl
Cl H

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

37. Explain the classification of monohaloalkanes containing Sp3C – X bond
[2]
A: These are classified into three types
H
primary haloalkane R C X
H
R
secondary haloalkane R C X
H
 R
Tertiary haloalkane R C X
R

38. What is the difference between allylic acid and benzylic halides
[2]
A: Benzylic halides
Allylichalide
These are the compounds where the These are the compounds in which the
halogen atom is bonded to a Sp3-hybridised halogen atom is bonded to an Sp3-hybridised
carbon atom next to carbon-carbon double carbon atomnext to an aromatic ring.
bond.
X CH X 2

CH2 X

39. What are vinylic halides? Give example?

[2]
A: These are the compounds in which the halogen atom is bonded to a Sp2-hybridised carbon
atom of a carbon-carbon double bond.
X

40. What are aryl halides? Give example?

[2]
A: These are the compounds in which the halogen atom is bonded to the Sp2hybridised carbon
atom of an aromatic ring.
X X

H3C
41. Write the IUPAC name of the following compounds [2]
a) Br b) HC c) CH 2Cl
3

H3C C CH2 Cl
CH3
Br Br

d) CH2=CH-Cl
A: a) 1, 3, 5 – tribro,obenzece
b) 1, chloro 2, 2 – dimethyl propane
c) Chloro phenyl methane
d) Chloroethene
42. Explain nature of C-X bond in haloalkanes? [2]
A: Haloalkanes are polar in nature because halogen atoms are more electronegative than
carbon as a result the carbon atom bears a partial positive charge whereas the halogen atom
bears a partial negative charge
+ -
C X

43. What are geminal halides? Give example? [2]

A: These are the dihalo compounds where two same halogen atoms are present on the same
carbon atom
Ex: Cl
CH3 CH
Cl
44. What are vicinal halides? Given example? [2]
A: These are the dihalo compounds where two same halogen atoms are present on the adjacent
carbon atoms
Ex: CH CH
2 2
Cl Cl
 B
45. R-OH + A R – Cl + H2O
Identify A and B in the given reaction [2]

ZnCl2
A: R – OH + HCl R-Cl + H2O
A = HCl,
B = ZnCl2
46. How do you prepare chloroalkane using reaction between alcohol and phosphorus
pentachloride?
[2]
A: R – O – H + PCl5 R – Cl + HCl + POCl3
47. How do you prepare chloroalkane using alcohol and thionylchloride? Mention
advantage of this reaction?
[2]
A: R – OH +SOCl2 R – Cl + SO2↑ + HCl↑
48. Explain the reaction between toluene and chlorine?
[2]
A: CH CH3
3 CH 3
Cl
Fe
+ Cl2 +
dark
Toluene
O-chloro toluene Cl
P-chloro toluene

49. Why iodination of arenes by electrophilic substitution requires an oxidizing agent?

[2]
A: Because iodination of arenes is a reversible reaction due to formation of biproduct HI and
presence of an oxidizing agent oxidises the HI formed, there by prevents reversible reaction.
50. Explain sandmeyer’s reaction to prepare haloarenes (or) how do you convert benzene
diazonium salt into haloarenes?
[2]
A: + -
N2 X X
Cu2X2
+ N2

Bebzene diazonium halide haloarene X = Cl, Br

  In this reaction iodination of benzene diazonium halide does not requires cuprous halide
+ -
N2 Cl I
KI
+ N2

51. Identify major product in the given reaction and give reason?
[2]
CH3 – CH = CH2 + H – I CH3 – CH2– CH2– I + CH3CH3 CH3
I
Iodopropane 2- Iodo propane

A: 2- Iodo propane
Because 2- Iodo propane involves stable 2°- carbocation.
52. What happens when ethane reacts with bromine in presence of CCl4. Write the reaction
[2]
A: This reaction gives 1.2- dibromoethane product.
CCl4
CH2 = CH2 + Br2 BrCH2 – CH2Br

53. What is finkelstein reaction? Give its general reaction?

[2]
A: The reaction in which an alkyl chloride (or) bromides reacts with sodium iodide in dry
acetone gives alkyl iodides is called finkelstein reaction.
R – X + NaI R – I + NaX
X= Cl, Br
54. How do you get fluoro methane from chloro (or) bromo methane and name the
reaction? [2]
A: CH3 – Br + AgF CH3 – F + AgBr
Bromomethane. Silver fluoride fluoro methane
This reaction is called as swart’s reaction.
55. Why the boiling point of halides are higher than hudrocarbons of comparable molecular
mass [2]
A: Because of greater polarity as well as higher molecular mass as compared to the parent
hydrocarbon, the inter molecular forces of attraction are stronger in the halogen derivatives.
56. Arrange the halides R-Br, R-Cl, R-F, R-I containing same alkyl group in the increasing
order of their boiling point [1]
A: R-F < R – Cl< R-Br < R – I .

57. In isomeric dihalobenzenes, the para - isomers has high melting point than ortho and
meta – isomers. Why? [2]
A: Because para – isomers are symmetric in nature and fits in crystal lattice better as compared
to ortho and meta – isomers.

58. Haloalkanes are less soluble in water even though they are polar in nature. Why?
[2]
A: For a haloalkane to dissolve in water, energy is required to overcome and break the hydrogen
bond between water molecules. Less energy is released when new attractions are set up
between the haloalkane and water molecules as these are not as strong as the original
hydrogen bonds in water.

59. Whyhaloalkanes undergoes nucleophilic substitution reaction?

[2]
A: In haloalkanes due to difference in electronegativity of carbon and halogen, carbon bears
partial positive charge and attracts nucleophile and halogen atom departs as halide ion

  
 C X C Nu + X
Nu

60. Write SN2 mechanism [2]

H H
H
 
OH + Cl OH Cl HO + Cl
H H H H H H

r [OH ] [CH 3 - Cl] (Slow step)

order = 1 + 1 = 2

61. In SN2 reaction transition state cannot be isolated. Why? [2]

 A: In the transition state, the carbon atom is simultaneously bonded to incoming nucleophile and
the outgoing leaving group; as a result carbon atom in transition state is simultaneously bonded
to five atoms and therefore is unstable.

62. Why tertiary haloalkanes are less reactive towards SN2 reaction?
[2]
A: Because SN2 reaction requires the approach of the nucleophile to the carbon bearing the
leaving group, the presence of bulky substituent on (or) near the carbon atom like in 30 –
haloalkane have a dramatic inhibiting effect.
63. What is retention of configuration? Give example [2]
A: Retention of configuration is the preservation of integrity of the spatial arrangement of bonds
to an asymmetric centre during a chemical reaction.
CH3 CH3
H CH2 OH heat H CH2 Cl
+ HCl + H - OH
CH2 CH2
CH3 CH3

(-) - 2 methylbutan -1-of (+) -1-chloro-2-methylbutane

64. Write the reaction between 2-bromopentane with alcoholic solution of potassium
hydroxide and mention the major product in thereaction?
Br
[2] Θ Θ
OH CH - CH - CH - CH - CH OH
A: CH3 - CH2 - CH = CH - CH 3 3 2 2 2 HC3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH = CH 2
Pent - 2 - ene (81%) 2 - Bromo pentane H Pent - 1 - ene (19%)

Pent-2-ene is the major product.

65. During dehydrohalogenation of 2-bromopentane, Pent-2-ene is the major product.
Why? [2]
A: According to saytzeff rule alkene which has the greater number of alkyl groups attached to
the doubly bonded carbon atoms are stable.
66. How do you prepare ethyl magnesium bromide from ethyl bromide? [2]
Dry Ether
A: CH3CH2Br + Mg CH3CH2Mg Br
 67. Aryl halides are extreamely less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reaction
than alkyl halides. Why? [2]
A: In haloarenes, the electron pairs on halogen atom are in conjugation with π- electrons of the
ring and C-Cl bond aquires partial double bond character due to resonance. As a result, the
bond cleavage in haloarene is difficult than haloalkane and therefore, they are less reactive
towardsnucleophilic substitution reaction.

.. + +
:Cl: Cl Cl Cl

Θ Θ

68. How do you convert chlorobenzene to phenol? [2]

A: Cl OH

(i) NaoH, 623 K, 300 atm

+
(ii) H

69. Write the resonance structure to show the halogenatom present on the haloarenes
areortho and para directing group? [2]
+ + +
A: ..
:X: x X X
Θ Θ

70. Write the reaction involved in the nitration of chlorobenzene? [2]

A: Cl Cl Cl
NO2
Conc. HNO 3
+
CONC. H 2SO4

1 - chloro - 2 - nitro NO2

Chlorobenzene
- benzene (minor) 1 - chloro - 4 - nitrobenzene
(major)

71. Explain methylation of chlobenzene and name the reaction? [2]

Cl Cl Cl
anhydrous CH3
AlCl 3
+ CH3 - Cl +

Chlorobenzene Chloromethane 1 - chloro - 2 - methyl CH3

- benzene (minor) 1 - chloro - 4 - methylbenzene
 72. Write general equation of wurtz-fitting reaction? [2]
A: X R
dry ether
+ 2Na + R - X + 2NaX

haloarene haloalkane alkylarene

73. Explain fitting reaction with general equation? [2]

A: Two arylhalides reacts with sodium in presence of dry ether gives diphenyl. This reaction is
called as fitting reaction.
X

2 + 2Na dry ether + 2NaX

Diphenyl
74. What are freons? Give an example [2]
A: The fluro, chloro compounds of methane or ethane collectively called as freons
Ex: CCl2 F2

THREE MARKS QUESTIONS

75. Explain SN1machanism [3]
A: (CH3)3CBr + ŌH (CH3)3 C OH + BrΘ
2-bromo-2-methylpropane 2-methylpropan – 2 -ol
Step (1): formation of carbocation

CH3 Θ
(CH3)3 CBr + + Br (slow)
H3C CH3

Step (2): attack of nucleophile on carbocation

CH3 Θ
+ + OH (CH3)3 COH (fast)
H3C CH3
 Rate of the reaction depends on slow step of the reaction
r α [(CH3)3C Br]1
Order = 1
76. With example explain SN2reactions of optically active halides areaccompanied by
inversion of configuration.
[3]
A: SN2 mechanism of optically active halides has the inverted configuration because nucleophile
attaches itself on the side opposite to the one where the halogen atom is present. For example
when (-) – 2 – bromooctane is allowed to react with sodium hydroxide, (+) – octan – 2 – ol is
formed with the – OH group occupying the position opposite to what bromide had occupied.

H3C
CH3 Θ
Θ
H Br + OH HO H + Br
C6H13 C6H13

77. SN1 reaction of optically active halides accompanied by racemisation. Explain with
example?[3]
A: SN1 reaction of optically active halides accompanied by racemization (but not 100%
racemization) because carbocation formed in the slow step being sp2hybridised is planar. As a
result the attack of the nucleophile may be accomplished from either side resulting in a mixture
of products, one having the same configuration and the other having opposite configuration.
Ex:
H3C CH3
Θ
H Br 
+ Br
H3CH2C 2-bromobutane H CH2CH3

CH3 Θ CH3 Θ H3C

HO OH  OH
H H OH
CH 2CH3 H3C CH2CH 3
H3CH2C
(+) - Butan - 2 - ol (-) Butan - 2 - ol
(Please make correction of CH3 as H in the transition state)
 Unit 11. Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
One mark questions

1. Name the alcohol which is used for polishing wooden furniture.

Ans: Ethanol

2. What are alcohols?

Ans: Hydroxyl derivatives of aliphatic compounds are called alcohols.

3. What is the IUPAC name of ?

Ans: Ethane-1, 2-diol

4. Write the structure of 2-methyl cyclopentanol.

Ans:

5. Name the simplest hydroxyl derivative of benzene.

Ans: Phenol

6. What is the IUPAC name of Resorcinol?

Ans: Benzene-1, 3-diol

7. What is the common name of CH3OC2H5?

Ans: Ethylmethyl ether

8. Write the formula of anisole.

Ans: C6H5OCH3 or

9. What is the IUPAC name of anisole?

Ans: Methoxybenzene.

10. Write the IUPAC name of CH2 = CH  CH2OH

Ans: prop-2-en-1-ol

1
11. Why is the bond angle in alcohols is slightly less than the tetrahedral

angle?

Ans: It is due to the repulsion between the unshared electron pairs of oxygen atom.

12. Why is the bond angle slightly greater than the tetrahedral angle in

ethers?

Ans: It is due to the repulsive interaction between the two bulky  R groups or alkyl

groups.

13. Name the product obtained when propene is subjected to acid catalysed hydration.

Ans: Propan-2-ol or 2-propanol

H
14. In the reaction, H2C  CH2  H2O X  Identify X.

Ans: Ethanol
15. In a reaction, CH3  CH  CH2 
diporane
H2 O2 / NaOH
 X  Name the product X formed in the

reaction.

Ans: Propan-1-ol.

16. Write the chemical name of cumene.

Ans: Isopropyl benzene.

17. The boiling point of alcohols is much higher than ethers and other classes of

compounds with similar molecular masses. Give reason.

Ans: Due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding in alcohols.

18. Give reason: Lower alcohols are soluble in water.

Ans: Due to the formation of hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

19. Name the compound which is also known as carbolic acid.

Ans: Phenol
20. Name the method by which O-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol are separated.

Ans: By steam distillation the two isomers are separated.

21. Ether is soluble in water. Give reason.

Ans: Ether is soluble in water because oxygen of ether form hydrogen bonds with

water molecule.

Two Mark Questions

1. What happens when an aldehyde is reduced? Write the general reaction OR explain

the reduction of aldehydes.

Ans: Aldehydes on reduction by hydrogen in presence of catalyst like finely divided

Nickel or platinum give the respective primary alcohols.

RCHO  H2 
Ni
 RCH2OH

Or

Aldehydes on reduction in presence of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) or lithium

aluminium hydride (LiAlH4) yield the respective primary alcohols.

RCHO  2(H) 
NaBH4 or
LiAlH4
 RCH2OH

2. An aldehyde reacts with Grignards reagent forming an inter immediate product

which on hydrolysis gives primary alcohol. Name the aldehyde and write the

chemical equation.

Ans: The aldehyde is methanal or formaldehyde.

Reaction: HCHO + RMgX 

 RCH2OMgX 
H2O
 RCH2OH+MgX(OH)

3. How is phenol prepared from aniline? Write the equation.

Ans: Aniline is treated with nitrous acid in presence of HCl at 273-278 K, when

benzene diazonium chloride is obtained. Which on warming with water or treating

with dilute acids gives phenol.

C6 H5 NH2  
NaNO2
 HCl
 C6 H5 N  NCl 
H2O
warm
 C6 H5OH  N2  HCl
4. What is meant by hydroboration – oxidation reaction. Illustrate with an example.

Ans: Diborane reacts with alkenes to give trialkyl boranes which is oxidized to

alcohol by hydrogen peroxide in presence of sodium hydroxide.

3CH3  CH  CH 2  (BH3 ) 2  (CH3CH 2CH 2 )3 B
Reaction 
OH
3H 2 O2
 3CH3CH 2 CH 2  OH  B(OH)3

5. Give two reactions that show acidic nature of phenol.

Ans: Reaction (1) C6H5OH + Na  C6H5ONa + H2

(2) C6H5OH + NaOH  C6H5ONa + H2O

These two reactions prove that phenol is acidic.

6. Name the following reaction and predict the product X obtained.

H2SO4

R’COOH + RO-H 
 X+ H2O
Ans: The name of the reaction is esterification and product X is an ester with the

formula RCOOR.

7. When phenol is treated with acid chloride in presence of pyridine base, what is the

product obtained. Write the equation.

Ans: The reaction is C6 H5OH  RCOCl 
pyridine
 C6H5OCOR  HCl

The product is an ester.

8. Explain the dehydration of ethanol with equation.

Ans: Ethanol undergoes dehydration by heating it with conc. H2SO4 at 443 K.

forming ethene.
conc H2SO4
CH3CH2OH 
443 K
CH2  CH2  H2O

9. Explain the dehydration of a secondary alcohol with equation. OR

How is isopropyl alcohol converted to propene by dehydration reaction?

Ans: Secondary alcohols like isopropyl alcohol undergo dehydration on heating with

85% phosphoric acid at 440 K. forming an alkene (propene)

 Reaction CH3  CH  CH3 
85% H3PO4
440 K
CH3  CH  CH 2  H 2O
|
OH

10. Explain the dehydration of tertiary alcohols.

Ans: Tertiary alcohols undergo dehydration when heated with 20% H3PO4 at 358 K

forming the respective alkene.

Reaction:

11. Complete the following reactions:

(a) RCH2OH  Cu
573
X (b) X 
Cu
573
 R  C R
||
O

Name X in both the reactions.

Ans:
(a) RCH2OH 
Cu
573
 RCHO X-Aldehyde
(b) R  CH  OH 
Cu
573
 R  C R X = Secondary alcohol
| ||
R O

12. Explain the reaction of phenol with dil. nitric acid at 298 K. Write equation.

Ans: Phenol reacts with dil. HNO3 at 298 K forming O-nitrophenol and p-

nitrophenol respectively.

13. How do you convert phenol to picric acid? Explain with equation.

Ans: Phenol reacts with concentrated nitric acid forming picric acid or 2, 4, 6-

trinitro phenol.
14. Explain the bromination of phenol forming ortho and para bromophenols with

equation.

Ans: Phenol reacts with bromine in CS2 at 273 K forming ortho – and para

bromophenols respectively.

15. How is phenol converted to 2, 4, 6-tribromophenol? Explain with equation.

Ans: Phenol reacts with bromine water forming a white ppt of 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol

16. Explain Kolbe’s reaction with equation. OR What happens when sodium phenate is

treated with carbon dioxide? Write equation and name the reaction.

Ans: Sodium phenate is treated with carbon dioxide and the product on acidification

forms salicylic acid. This reaction is called Koble’s reaction.

17. How is phenol converted to benzene? Write the equation.

Ans: Phenol is converted to benzene on heating with zinc dust.

18. Explain Reimer – Tiemann reaction with equation.

Ans: Phenol is treated with chloroform and sodium hydroxide solution. The product

on acidification forms salicyl aldehyde.

19. Explain the oxidation of phenol with equation.

Ans: Phenol undergoes oxidation with acidified sodium dichromate forming

benzoquinone.

20. How is diethyl ether or ethoxy ethane prepared from ethanol? Write equation.

Ans: Ethanol is heated with conc. H2SO4 to 413 K when ethoxy ethane is obtained.

2C2H5OH C2H5OC2H5+H2O
21. Explain Wilhamson synthesis with equation.

Ans: An alkyl halide reacts with sodium alkoxide forming the respective ethers.

By this method both symmetrical and unsymmetrical ethers can be prepared.

R  X  RONa 
 R  O  R  NaX

22. Identify A and B in the following reactions and name the product obtained.

(A)

(B)

Ans: (A)

(B)

23. Explain the reaction of anisole with HI. Write the equation.

Ans: Anisole reacts with HI forming phenol and methyl iodide.

C6 H5O  CH3  HI 
 C6H5OH  CH3I

24. Explain the bromination of anisole with equation.

Ans: Anisole (methoxy benzene) undergoes bromination with bromine in ethanoic

acid in absence of FeBr3 catalyst forming O-bromoanisole and p-bromoanisole

respectively.
25. Explain the Friedel crafts reaction of anisole with equation.

Ans: Anisole reacts with chloromethane in presence of anhydrous aluminium

chloride as catalyst forming 2-methoxy toluene and 4-methoxy toluene.

OR

Anisole reacts with acetyl chloride in presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride

forming 2-methoxy acetophenone and 4–methoxy acetophenone.

26. Explain the reaction of anisole with a mixture of conc. H2SO4 and conc. HNO3 or

Explain the nitration of anisole with equation.

Ans: Anisole reacts with a mixture of conc. Sulphuric acid and conc. Nitric acid

forming ortho nitro anisole and paranitroanisole.

III. Three Mark Questions

1. Give three reasons that phenols are more acidic than alcohols.

Ans: (1) In phenol, the  OH group is attached to sp2 hybridised carbon which is

more electronegative, hence the  OH bond becomes more polar.

(2) Due to resonance is phenol, oxygen gets a positive charge and this increases the

polarity of the O  H bond.

(3) Delocalisation of negative charge in phenoxide ion makes phenoxide ion more

stable than phenol favouring the ionization of phenol.

2. Explain the mechanism of dehydration of ethanol to ethane.

Ans: The dehydration of ethanol to ethane occurs in the following three steps, when

heated with conc. H2SO4 at 443 K.

conc H2SO4
CH3  CH2  OH  
443 K
CH2  CH2  H2O
 UNIT 12 ALDEHYDES KETONES AND CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

1) What are aldehydes ?

1
Aldehydes are the organic compounds containing carbonyl group,linked with one hydrogen and one alkyl
/aryl group.
2) What are carboxylic acids? 1
Carboxylic acids are the organic compounds containing carboxyl(-COOH) group/s

3) Between aldehyde and ketones which one is confirmed using Tollen’s reagent.
1
Aldehyde.

4) Between aldehyde and ketones which one is confirmed using Fehling’s solution.. 1
Aldehyde.

5) Write the IUPAC name of the compound.CHO-CH2-CH(CHO)-CH2-CHO. 1

Propane-1,2,3-tricarbaldehyde.

6) The boiling point of aldehydes and ketones are higher than hydrocarbons and ethers of
comparable molecular mass. Why. 1
Because in aldehydes and ketones there is a weak molecular association arising out of dipole-
dipole interaction.

7) Arrange the following compounds in the increasing order of their acidic strength. HCOOH,
CH3COOH, CH3CH2COOH. 1
CH3CH2COOH <CH3COOH< HCOOH.

8) Arrange the following compounds in the decreasing order of their acidic strength. HCOOH,
CH3COOH, C6H 5COOH. 1
HCOOH> C6H 5COOH> CH3COOH.

9) Arrange the following compounds in the increasing order of their acidic strength. Cl-CH2COOH, Br-
CH2COOH ,F-CH2COOH 1
Br-CH2COOH <Cl-CH2COOH<F-CH2COOH .

10) Name the reagent used in the Stephen reaction. 1

Stannous chloride in presence of HCl.

11) Explain the nature of carbonyl group in aldehydes and ketones. 2

The carbon-oxygen double bond is polarised due to higher
electronegativity of oxygen relative to carbon. Hence, the carbonyl
carbon is an electrrophilic and carbonyl oxygen is a nucleophilic
centre.

12) Identify the product and name of the reaction. 2

Benzaldehyde Rosenmunds reduction

Page 1
 13) How do you prepare aldehydes from alkane nitrile? Write the general reaction and name of the reaction.
2

Stephen reaction

14) What happens when toluene treated with chromyl chloride in CS2 solvent upon hydrolysis? Write
chemical equation. 2
Benzaldehyde is obtained

15) Write the general reaction to prepare ketones from acyl chloride. 2

16) Name the functional group obtained when benzene reacts with acetyl chloride in presence of anhydrous
AlCl3 2
Functional group is Ketone

17) Explain the mechanism of addition of HCN to aldehyde . 3

Aldehydes and ketones reacts very slowly with pure HCN. Hences,it is catalysed by base and generated
cyanide adds to carbonyl compound to yield corresponding cyanohydrins.

18) How do aldehydes and ketones react with ammonia/ hydroxylamine/ hydrazine/ phenyl hydrazine
/semicarbazide? (Each one carries 2 marks.)

19) Identify the following reaction. 1

Page 2
Clemmensons reduction

20) Name the products obtained when aldehydes are oxidized.

1
Carboxylic acid

21) Write Wolff-Kishner reduction equation. 2

22) What is Tollen’s reagent. 1

Tollen’s reagent is ammonical silver nitrate solution.

23) What is Fehling’s solution. 1

Fehling’s solution is a mixture of alkaline copper sulphate solution and soium-potasium tartarate solution.

24) How do aldehydes and ketones react with sodium bisulphite? 2

25) Why are α- hydrogen of aldehyde are acidic in nature?

2

26) What is Aldol condensation reaction and explain this reaction by taking ethanol as example.
3

Page 3
 27) How is propanone converted into 4-methylpent-3-en-2-one? 2

28) Explain the reaction between benzaldehyde and acetophenone in presence of dilute base and identify
the name of the reaction. 3
C6H5CHO + C6H5COCH3 C6H5CH=CH-CO-C6H5
Benzaldehyde acetophenone 1,3-diphenylprop-2-en-1-one.

This reaction is called as cross-aldol condensation reaction.

29) Write the reaction involved when two molecules of methanal reacted each other in presence of
concentrated base. Name the reaction.
3

Cannizzaro’s reaction

30) How is toluene/ propyl benzene converted into benzoic acid? 2

Toluene

benzoic acid.

Page 4
 31) How are carboxylic acids obtained from alkyl nitrile? Give example. 2

32) How do you prepare carboxylic acid obtained from Grignard reagent? 2

33) How is benzoic acid obtained from ethyl benzoate?

2

34) Identify the product in the following reaction.

1

35) Mention any two uses of acetic acid

2

36) Identify the product in the following reaction. 1

m-Nitrobenzaldehyde

37) What is formalin? Mention its uses. 2

40 % aqueous solution of formaldehyde is called as formalin.It is used for preservation of biological specimen

Page 5
38) How are carboxylic acids obtained from alcohols? 2

39) What happenes when carboxylic acid reacts with PCL5/PCl3/SOCl2. 2

40) How do acetic acid react with ammonia. 2

41) Write the equation involving the reaction between benzoic acid and ammonia. 2

42) How do you convert benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid into phthalimide. 3

43) Name the product obtained when sodium acetate treated with sodalime. 1
Methane
44) Write the general reaction of Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction. 2

45) Explain nitration reaction of benzoic acid. 2

46) Write the name of the following reaction. 1

Page 6
Gutterman-koch reaction

Page 7
 Unit 13-NITROGEN CONTAINING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Two marks:
1. Name the product obtained when a nitrile is reduced by H2/Ni, . Give the equation.
Ans. Primary amine: RCN 
H2 / Ni,
 RCH2NH2.
2. How is nitrobenzene converted into aniline. Give the equation.
Ans. By reduction using Sn/ HCl

3. What are A and B?

Ans. A is RCH2NH2, B is RNH2

4. Give the equation which will be an example for Hofmann bromamide reaction.
Ans. CH3CONH2 + Br2 + 4NaOH   CH3NH2 + 2NaBr + Na2CO3 + 2H2O
Acetamide methanamine
5. Gabriel phthalimide synthesis is used to prepare which class of organic compound?
Aniline cannot be prepared by this method. Give reason.
Ans. 1° aliphatic amine
Aryl halides are not reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reaction.
6. Name the reaction by which a 1° amine is prepared from an amide having one carbon
atom more than 1° amine. Give the general equation.
Ans. Hofmann bromamide degradation reaction
RCONH2 + Br2 + 4KOH   2NH2 + 2KBr + K2CO3 + 2H2O
7. Between CH3CH2CH2NH2 and (CH3)3N, which has higher boiling point and why?
Ans. CH3CH2CH2NH2 has higher boiling point. CH3CH2CH2NH2 has more H atoms on N
to form intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
8. Give reason: i) Amines have lower boiling point than alcohol of same molar mass.
ii) Amines are insoluble in water.
Ans. i) Nitrogen in amines is less electronegative than oxygen in alcohol. Hence amines do
not form H-bonds among them.
ii) Amines do not form H bonds with water.
9. Amines are both Bronsted base and Lewis base. How?
Ans. Amines can accept H+, hence Bronsted bases. Amines can donate a pair of electrons
hence Lewis bases.

1
10. Give reason: aniline is a weaker base than ammonia but methanamine is a stronger
base than ammonia.
Ans. Aniline is weaker base because the pair of electron on nitrogen gets delocalized
towards benzene ring. Methanamine is stronger base, because CH3 group is electron
releasing group and makes pair of electrons on nitrogen more available for protonation.
11. Arrange 1°, 2°, 3°methylamines in decreasing order of their base strength i) in gaseous
phase ii) in aqueous medium.
Ans. i) (CH3)3N > (CH3)2NH > CH3NH2
ii) (CH3)2NH > CH3NH2 > (CH3)3N
12. Name two factors that effect the basic strengths of 1°, 2°, 3° methyl amines in water.
Ans. i) Solvation (hydration) ii) steric hindrance
13. What is the final product obtained when 1° amine is alkylated? Give its general formula.
 
Ans. Quaternary ammonium salt: R 4 N X

14. Give equation for the reaction between ethanamine and acetylchloride. Name the
product obtained.
Ans. C2H5NH2 + CH3COCl   CH3CONHC2H5 + HCl
N-ethylacetamide
15. What is benzoylation of 1° amine? Give the equation with methanamine.
Ans. Reaction of amine with benzoyl chloride is benzoylation.
CH3NH2 + C6H5COCl   C6H5CONHCH3 + HCl
16. Name the family of compounds that answers carbylamine test. Give the equation.
Ans. 1° amine

RNH2 + CHCl3 + alc. 3KOH   RNC + 3KCl + 3H2O
17. How does a 1° aliphatic amine react with nitrous acid? Give the equation.
Ans. 1° aliphatic amine reacts with nitrous acid to form respective alcohol.
    H2O
RNH2 + HNO2  NaNO2 /HCl
 R N 2 Cl  
 ROH + HCl + N2.

18. Name the reaction by which aniline is converted into phenyl isocyanide. Give the
equation.
Ans. Carbylamine reaction
C6H5NH2 + CHCl3 + Alc.3KOH   C6H5NC + 3KCl + 3H2O
19. Complete the following equations:
i) CH3NH2 + CH3COCl   HCl + ____________
ii) RNH2 
1 mole R-X
 HX
 __________

Ans. i) CH3CONHCH3 ii) RNHR

2
20. Identify the main organic product in the following reactions:
i) C6H5NH2 + HNO2  NaNO2 /HCl
0 C
________
ii) C6H5CONH2 
Br2 / NaOH
 __________
Ans. i) C6H5N2Cl ii) C6H5NH2
21. What is benzene sulphonyl chloride also known as? An amine with benzene sulphonyl
chloride forms a compound insoluble in an alkali. Identify the class of the amine.
Ans. Hinsberg’s reagent. 2° amine.
22. How does Hinsberg’s reagent help to distinguish 1° amine and a 2° amine? Explain.
Ans. The given amine is treated with Hinsberg’s reagent. If the product formed is soluble in
an alkali, the amine is 1°. If the product formed is insoluble in an alkali, the amine is 2°.
23. Complete the following equations:

Ans.

24. What is the significance of acetylation of aniline before nitrating it?

Ans. When aniline is treated with concentrated HNO3, much of the aniline gets oxidized,
aniline gets protonated and the major product is meta-nitroaniline. Hence to avoid all
this aniline is acetylated. Acetylated aniline, avoids oxidation of aniline and controlled
nitration yields p-nitro aniline as the major product.
25. Give reasons: i) aniline does not undergo Friedel-Crafts reaction. ii) aniline with
concentrated HNO3 forms meta nitro compound in significant amounts.
Ans. i) Aniline reacts with AlCl3 to form a salt, which makes nitrogen of aniline to get a
positive charge, which becomes a strongly deactivating group.
ii) Aniline with conc. HNO3 forms anilinium ion which is meta directing.
26. What is diazotization? Give the general formula of a diazonium salt.
Ans. Conversion of 1° aromatic amine into diazonium salt is diazotization.
   
General formula: Ar N 2 X or R N 2 X , where R = Ar

3
35. Give equations for the preparation of methylamine (methanamine) by Gabriel-
phthalimide synthesis.

Ans.

36. RCN 

H / Ni,
2
 X 
CHCl /Alc.KOH
3
Y. Y is a three carbon compound. What is R in RCN, X
and Y?
Ans. R = CH3, X = CH3CH2NH2, Y = CH3CH2NC
37. Give equation for the conversion of aniline into 4-bromoaniline.

Ans.

38. An organic compound with formula C2H7N does not answer carbylamine test, but give a
product that is insoluble in an alkali, with Hinsberg reagent. Give the IUPAC name of X
and to what class of organic compound does it belong to?
Ans. X is CH3NHCH3. IUPAC name : N-methylmethanamine. It is a 2° amine.
39. X 
NaNO /HCl
2
0 C
Y 
warm
 Z. Y + Z 
 orange dye (p-hydroxyazobenzene). What are X,
Y and Z?

Ans.

5
 Unit 14
BIOMOLECULES

1 What are carbohydrates? Give examples 2

Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or the substances which gives these upon
hydrolysis. Example: glucose fructose maltose lactose sucrose starch cellulose glycogen etc.
2 How are carbohydrates classified? 3
Carbohydrates
Reducing
sugars
Sugars
Non Non sugars
reducing
sugars
Aldoses Oligo
Ketoses Mono saccharaides
saccharides
Poly
Tetroses

Pentoses

Hexoses
Trioses

penta

hepta

deca
hexa

nano
sacchrides

octa
tetra
tri
di

3 What are sugars and non-sugars? 2

Sugars are the carbohydrates; soluble in water crystalline in nature and sweet in taste Example glucose
fructose maltose lactose etc. non-sugars are carbohydrates; insoluble in water, amorphous
in nature and tasteless. Example :starch cellulose glycogen etc.
4 What are reducing sugars? Give example 2
The sugars which can reduce Tollen’s reagent, Benedict’s reagent and Fehling’s reagent are reducing
sugars. These contain a free hydroxyl group on anomeric carbon.
Example glucose fructose maltose lactose
5 What are non-reducing sugars? Give example (Is sucrose a reducing sugar or not? Give reason.) 2

The sugars which cannot reduce Tollen’s reagent, Benedict’s reagent and Fehling’s reagent are non-
reducing sugars. These do not contain a free aldehydic group(aldehydic groups are bonded).
Example : sucrose
6 What are monosaccharaides? Give examples 2
Monosaccharaides are the simple sugars which do not undergo hydrolysis. Example : glucose
fructose, Galactose
7 What are oligosaccharides? Give examples 2
Oligosaccharides are the sugars which undergo hydrolysis to give 2 to 10 monosaccharaide units.
Example: maltose lactose sucrose etc.
8 What are disaccharides? Give examples 2
Disaccharides are the sugars which undergo hydrolysis to give 2 monosaccharaide units.
Example: maltose lactose sucrose etc.
9 What are polysaccharides? Give examples
Polysaccharides are the carbohydrates which undergo hydrolysis to give more than 10 (many)
monosaccharaide units. Example: starch, cellulose, glycogen etc.
10 Give an example of aldohexose 1
Glucose or Galactose
11 Give example of ketohexose 1
Fructose
12 How is glucose prepared? 2

13 Elucidate the structure of glucose 5

(i) Molecular formula − C6H12O6
(ii) Suggestion of straight chain

(iii) Confirmation of carbonyl (> C = O) group

(iv) Confirmation of the presence of carbonyl

group as aldehydic group

(v) Confirmation of the presence of five −OH

groups

(vi) Indication of the presence of a primary alcohol

The correct configuration of glucose is given by

Kiliyanissyntesis

14 Gluconic acid on oxidation with HNO3 gives saccharic acid. What does it indicate about the structure 1
of glucose?
 Confirmation of the presence of primary alcoholic group
15 Mention the structural features of open chain structure of glucose 2
It has 1 aldehyde group, 1 primary alcohol group and 4 secondary alcoholic groups
16 Mention the structural features of open chain structure of fructose 2
It has 1 ketone group, 2 primary alcohol group and 3 secondary alcoholic groups
17 Mention demerits of open chain structure of glucose 3
The following reactions of glucose cannot be explained by its open-chain structure.

1. Aldehydes give 2, 4-DNP test, Schiff’s test, and react with NaHSO4 to form the hydrogen
sulphite addition product. However, glucose does not undergo these reactions.
2. The penta-acetate of glucose does not react with hydroxylamine. This indicates that a free
−CHO group is absent from glucose.
3. Glucose exists in two crystalline forms, α and β.

18 How do you explain the absence of aldehyde group of the pentaacetate of D – glucose? 2
The aldehyde group is involved in formation of cyclic hemiacetal with secondary alcoholic group of
5th carbon. In pentaacetate of D – glucose, all 5 -OH groups are acetylated, therefore, it does not
form an open chain structure, and does not react with NH2OH. This fact indicates absence of
aldehyde group in glucose.
But, D-glucose reacts with hydroxylamine (NH2OH) to form an oxime because of the presence of
aldehydic (−CHO) group or carbonyl carbon. This happens as the cyclic structure of glucose forms an
open chain structure in an aqueous medium, which then reacts with NH2OH to give an oxime.

19 What is glycosidic bond / linkage? 1

Glycosidic linkage − Linkage between two monosaccharide units through oxygen atom
20 Name the sugar present in cane sugar 1
Sucrose
21 What are the expected products of hydrolysis of sucrose 1
α –glucose and β - fructose
22 What are the expected products of hydrolysis of lactose 1
Β – Galactose and β- glucose
23 Name the sugar present in milk sugar 1
Lactose
24 Name the components of starch 1
Amylose and amylopectin
25 Name water soluble component of starch 1
Amylose
26 Name water insoluble component of starch 1
Amylopectin
28 What is zwitter ion? Write its general structure 2
These are the amino acid dipolar ions, carrying both positive and negative charges. These moves
neither towards cathode nor towards anode in electric field

29 What is isoelectric point 1

The pH at which amino acids acts as zwitter ions in aqueous solution is called isoelectric pH / point
30 What is peptide bond? How is it formed? 2
It is the amide bond present between two amino acids units in peptides and protein. It is formedby
eliminating on molecule of water from α−COOH group and α −NH2 group of two amino acid

31 What is poly peptide? 1

Poly peptides are the polymers of (n)amino acids containing 10 to 50 amino acids in chain linked by
(n-1) peptide bonds
32 How many peptide bonds are present in a pentapeptide?
4
33 What are proteins? 1
proteins’ are the polymers of (n)amino acids containing more than 50 amino acids in chain linked by
(n-1) peptide bonds
34 How are proteins classified based on their molecular shape and solubility? 1

Based on the molecular shape, proteins are classified into two types 3
Fibrous proteins, polypeptide chains run parallel and are held together by hydrogen and disulphide
bonds. These are insoluble in water. These are also called structural proteins
Example: keratin (hair and nail), actin and myosin ( muscles) and collagen( cartilage)
Globular proteins In Polypeptide chains coil around, giving a spherical shape. These are soluble in
35 Name the products when nucleic acids are hydrolysed step wise 2
Nucleic acids → nucleotides
Nucleotides → nucleosides + phosphoric acid
Nucleosides → pentose sugar + heterocyclic bases (purine and pyrimidine)
36 How nucleoside and nucleotide are formed? 2
1) Nucleoside is formed when N-base gets attached to 1 position of pentose sugar.
N-base + Pentose sugar ⎯⎯ → nucleoside
2) Nucleotide is formed when nucleoside is linked to phosphoric acid at 5th position of
pentose sugar.
Nucleoside + H3PO4 ⎯⎯ → nucleotide
37 What are nucleic acids? 1
Nucleic acids are the polymers of nucleotides linked by 3-5 phosphodiester bond
38 What are the differences between DNA and RNA 3
DNA RNA
Contains de- oxy ribose sugar Contains ribose sugar
Bases are A,G,C,T Bases are A.G.C.U
Has double helical structure Has single stranded structure
Present in nucleus of the cell Present in cytoplasm
Hereditary material Involved in protein synthesis
• Messenger RNA (m-RNA)
• Ribosomal RNA (r-RNA)
• Transfer RNA (t-RNA)
39 Name a. The sugar moiety present in DNA
b. Nitrogenous base present only in DNA, but not in RNA.
a) de- oxy ribose sugar
b)Thymine
ANS Write the structure of ribose sugar / deoxy-ribose sugar 2

40 Name any 3 Biological functions of nucleic acids 3

1. DNA is chief chemical as reserve genetic information.

2. DNA is chiely responsible for identity of a species.
3. DNA is capable of self replication during cell division.
4. Important function of RNA is in protein synthesis in the cells. Message for the protein
synthesis is in DNA but various RNAs take part in protein synthesis.