MODULE 2

RESEARCH PROBLEM

Five factors to consider to find out if a problem is researchable:

1. The problem is existing in the locality or country but no known solution to the problem
2. The solution to the problem can be answered using statistical methods and techniques
3. There are probable solutions but not yet tested.
4. The occurrence of the phenomena requires scientific investigation to arrive at precise solution
5. It is a serious need or problem of the people that demands research.
Example 1:
Effectiveness of Teaching Mathematics and English as Perceived by K to 12 Learners in Public and Private
Schools in Iloilo City
1. What is the mean score of Mathematics and English taken by K to 12 learners in public and private
schools in Iloilo City?
2. Are the mean scores of Mathematics and English taken by K to 12 learners in public and private
schools in Iloilo City within the regional mean and national mean?
3. Is teaching Mathematics and English as perceived by K to 12 learners in public and private schools in
Iloilo City effective?
4. Is there a significant difference on the mean scores of Mathematics and English taken by K to 12
learners in public and private schools in Iloilo City?
5. Is there a significant difference on the mean score of Mathematics taken by K to 12 learners in public
and private schools in Iloilo City?
6. Is there a significant difference on the mean scores of English taken by K to 12 learners in public and
private schools in Iloilo City?

Example 2:
Correlation Between Technology Livelihood Education (TLE) Scores and the Number of Hours of Study in
TLE Among Senior High School Students in Public Schools in Metro Manila
1. What is the correlation between the TLE scores and the number of hours of study in TLE among
senior high school students in public schools in Metro Manila?
2. Is there a significant relationship between Technology Livelihood Education score and the number of
hours of study in TLE among senior high school students in public schools in Metro Manila?

Characteristics of a Research Problem

S - Specific
M - Measurable
A - Achievable
R - Realistic
T - Time-bound

Sources of Research Problem

1. Specialization 4. Problems met
2. Existing and past researches 5. Creative ideas of the researcher
3. Theses, dissertations and research journals
Criteria of a Good Research Problem
1. Interesting 4. Innovative Criteria of a 8. Measurable
2. Relevant to government’s Good Cost-effective 9. Time-bound
thrust 5. Inventive
3. Relevant to the needs and 6. Return on investment
problems of the people 7. Original

Hypothesis
 Defined as wise guess that is formulated and temporarily adopted to explain the observed facts covered by the
study
 Guides the researcher; tells the researcher what to and how to go about solving the research problem

Types of Hypothesis
1. Null hypothesis (H0)
- Type of a denial of existence of a trait, characteristic, quality, value, correlation or difference of the
result
- Always stated in negative form
Example 1:
Effectiveness of Teaching Mathematics and English as Perceived by K to 12 Learners in Public and Private
Schools in Iloilo City
1. The mean score of Mathematics and English taken by K to 12 learners in public and private schools in
Iloilo City is zero?
2. The mean scores of Mathematics and English taken by K to 12 learners in public and private schools
in Iloilo City are below the regional mean and below the national mean?
3. The teaching Mathematics and English as perceived by K to 12 learners in public and private schools
in Iloilo City is ineffective?
4. There is no significant difference on the mean scores of Mathematics and English taken by K to 12
learners in public and private schools in Iloilo City?
5. There is no significant difference on the mean score of Mathematics taken by K to 12 learners in
public and private schools in Iloilo City?
6. There a significant difference on the mean scores of English taken by K to 12 learners in public and
private schools in Iloilo City?

Example 2:
Correlation Between Technology Livelihood Education (TLE) Scores and the Number of Hours of Study in
TLE Among Senior High School Students in Public Schools in Metro Manila
1. The correlation between the TLE scores and the number of hours of study in TLE of senior high
school students in public schools in Metro Manila is zero
2. There is no significant relationship between Technology Livelihood Education scores and the number
of hours of study in TLE of senior high school students in public schools in Metro Manila.

2. Alternative hypothesis (H1)

- Type of hypothesis which affirms the existence of observed phenomena and is the opposite of the null
hypothesis because the former is stated in positive form.
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
Theoretical Framework
- Shapes the justification of the research problems in order to provide the legal basis for defining their
parameters

Conceptual Framework
- Presents specific and well-defined concepts, which are called constructs.
- Derived from the abstract concepts of the theoretical framework

Assumptions
- Presumed as true statements of facts related to the research problem
- Not all studies have a section on assumptions

Significance of the Study

- Can be presented using inductive or deductive perspective
- Presents important contributions of the results of the study in relation to:
a) solving the problem and need;
b) bridging a knowledge gap;
c) improving social, economic and health conditions of the people;
d) enriching research instruments, methods and strategies; and
e) supporting government thrusts.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

- Coverage of the study, the subjects, the research instrument or research apparatus and equipment, the research
issues and concerns, the duration of the study and the constraints that have direct bearing on the results of the
study.
Definition of Terms
1. Conceptual definition – based on concepts or is hypothetical; taken from dictionaries, journals and books.
2. Operational definition – based on observable characteristics and how it is used in the study.