WORKSHOP-III

Submitted by-
Sahar Zehra

Sem IV, B.arch

Batch-2019-2023

Submitted to –
Mr. Vikas Sharma
Ar. Kirti Varandani
 Acknowledgement

The success and final outcome of this assignment required a lot of

guidance and assistance from many people. Whatever we have done is only
due to such guidance and assistance and I would not forget to thank them.
I respect Mr. Vikas Sharma and Ar. Kirti Varandhani for giving me an
opportunity to do this assignment and providing us all the support. I came
to know so many new things. I am really thankful to them.
Secondly I would also like to thank our center head Dr. Shweta
Choudhary for providing me golden opportunity to embark on this project.
I also wish to express my gratitude to the other staff members of CODE
who rendered their help during the period of my project. I would like to
thank all my friends and my batchmates who helped me in completing my
assignment and my parents and my family for being with me , supporting
in every odd situations
At last but not the least authorities of CODE for helping me during the
assignment.

Thanks a lot everyone.

 Content

INTRODUCTION
UNIT 1: INTERIOR SPACE AND MODEL MAKING
Interior design projects and detailed models

UNIT 2: TECHNOLOGY AND MODEL MAKING

Use of CNC and laser cutting machines for model making.
Using latest technology of 3D printing and fabrication.

UNIT 3: USE OF ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS

Various forms of artificial wood , paper mache , metal

UNIT 4: ARCHITECTURAL PHOTOGRAPHY\

Appropriate technology and tools for building photography.
Various effects and building types.

UNIT5: RENDERING TECHNIQUES AND LIGHT EFFECTS

Creating finishes in architectural models like wall texture.
Landscaping , fabric textures etc. using various materials.
Adding light and and other mechanical device in models.

CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Introduction
Architectural models will become more fragile with the time for
numbers of reasons.The conditions of the exhibition sites, the
natural decay, the use and the transport of the models, are the
main factors.
This content is based on exploring and reflecting on the
architectural design process developed by making ,
understanding and improving design solutions using hard
models. It specifically speaks the way of evolving the design
solution by visualizing it practically at a certain scale and inter
relating the spaces , materials and massing at the same time. The
initial part is all about architectural models. Then the second
phase is discussed on the method of making models, exploring
on material and techniques of making. The third phase of eassay
is on architectural design process and types of models involved
in it.stage wise. Creativity and visualization plays an important
aspects in design process then why not build the space at a
certain scale as an experiment to test all the expectation and
derive and innovative solution.
 INTERIOR SPACE AND MODEL MAKING

Interior models
• Interior models are essentially a spatial floor plan of an apartment,
office, hotel or any structures with various functions.
• In general, interior models are fabricated on the basis of the interior
design concept, 3D architectural rendering, sketches or other digital
drawings like CAD files.
• A high-quality interior model may feature appropriate space layout,
befitting color scheme, lighting, well-arranged furniture, and even a few
figures to mimic the scenes of life.
• The lighting system is essential as it can illuminate the entire floor of
the interior model and therefore every piece of the interior design
elements such as miniature furniture can be showed up.
• A combination of different efficient and high-tech model making
technologies like laser cutting, stereolithography, 3D printed
architectural modeling and high-density resin casting, etc. can be
utilized to create different parts of the interior models according to the
level of details required.
• 1:10 to 1:50 scales are suggested for making the interior models as with
these scales, plenty of recognizable interior details can be displayed
vividly.
• In most cases, the interior model is used in marketing events or
displayed in the real estate sales office to attract potential housing
buyers and investors, as the viewers can understand what they are
going to purchase once looking at the model.
• Also, in the early design stage, interior models may be served as a
design tool to help the architects or clients to pick the design which
suits their personal preference in the real sense.
Materials
You can make architectural models from a
variety of materials, depending on where
you’re at in the process. Some of the more
workable materials for model building are:
1. Cardboard. Cardboard (or card stock) comes
in different colors and finishes, and is easy to
cut and shape. Paper mache may also be a
suitable material to work with.
2. Wood. Balsa wood is a common material
used for model construction. It is easy to cut,
available in a variety of weights, and
relatively cheap to purchase. Basswood is
another type of material used often in model
making, and is great for carving and other
wood crafts.
3. Foam. Foam sheets come in a variety of
thicknesses. These sheets are easy to cut and
sturdy.
4. Cork. Cork sheets are more flexible and
easier to handle than foam boards. They can
also provide an element of texture to your
model.
5. Metal. Metal is great for building structures
and demonstrating finishes on your model.
Some popular metals to use for an
architectural model are aluminum or copper.
 EXERCISE

Aim - Interior design of the last sem (III) residence design project.

• Left side block taken for making model

• Living room is taken for interior design

Theme – Blue and Grey living room

Minimalistic design

Furnitures - Couch , Center table ,

Chairs , T.V cabinet ,Lamp,
curtains etc. are
designed minimalist
concept.

Light colour wooden flooring, contrast

Of blue and grey walls with white curtains and grey lamp gives modern look.
• A blue accent wall anchors this living room in an authentic way.
• A bright flooring and ceiling keep things feeling light and airy.
.

Fig. A shows
interior of living
room

Fig. B shows
interior model
 TECHNOLOGY AND MODEL MAKING

CNC Machine and laser cutting in the architectural model making is the
recent advancement. Earlier these techniques were used in three-
dimensional images. The major use for architecture students in detailing
the buildings with full-scale architectural buildings and 3D modeling
software such as Google S ketchup. Programs such as V-Ray renders
powerful virtual model into realistic images. This architectural designing
requires a physical model that shows the prospective client’s process. The
different software used is Auto desk and Auto CAD. These visualize the
model at any scale level.
Laser system
• Laser systems are perfect tools if it is a case of designing and
manufacturing models in architecture. An important advantage is the
quick and flexible processing. It is possible for the architect to design a
model together with the customer, send the CAD data directly to the
laser system and therefore produce the model of a house, a car or the
like in real time. The possibility of combining the laser with mechanical
tools such as knives or cutters further increases the flexibility, so that
creative ideas can be implemented with ease.
• These models are very powerful and instruct-able in architectural
designing. This designing is done in a traditional manner of drawing
media in early stages followed by Auto-CAD which is realized by 3D S
Ketchup.
Materials used in making the laser technology model
• Textiles,
• Synthetic materials,
• Wood,
• Veneer,
• Mdf
• Cardboard,
• Paper,
• Foam,
• Polystyrene,
• Foils and films,
• Acrylic,
• Plastics.
Benefits of laser cutting
1. Precise: The CAD software creates 3D images and designs. The
final component is achieved. Once the information is transferred to
the CNC machine’s computer, the carving of the material with the
exact specification is carried forward. Any form of complex shapes
is shaped easily with no much time consumption.
2. Material Range: This machine is used in multiple manufacturing
products and materials. The various materials used are bronze, steel,
aluminum, as well as gold and silver also polymers such as ABS,
polycarbonate, and PTFE are used in machines.
3. Repeat: it is just inserting the design. Once it is done there can be any
number of products that can be manufactured. The net product is
very accurate and handy.
 EXERCISE

Aim – Use of laser cutting machine for test model..

• Left side block walls taken for making model

• Living room walls is taken for interior design

Material used- Sun board of thickness - 2.5mm

• Firstly elevations and 2D drawings had been prepared
on autocad.
• Interlocking is provided on the drawings.
• Red lines for marking & black lines for cutting.
• These drawings had been sent to system connected to the laser machine
• Scale of drawings- 1:33.
• Cut pieces is then joined with each
other other.

Fig.A test model prepared by using laser machine

Fig.B Elevations drawings on autocad

 USE OF ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS

Paper
• Paper comes in a wide range of colours sizes, thicknesses and quality.
If you are printing onto the paper, the better the quality the better the
print will be as ink bleed will be less noticeable. Paper is easy to work
with as it can be cut and glued using the most basic of tools. The
disadvantage to using paper as a modelling medium, is that it has nearly
no strength and is susceptible to damp.
Chipboard, plywood and MDF
• These are useful for making a rigid base for your model. The bigger the
base, the thicker it needs to be. The base should not warp or bend.
MDF can be used to make large models of buildings where you want to
show the rooms inside. Chipboard has the coarsest finish. MDF has a
very fine finish and needs no sanding.
• All of these materials are available from any builders suppliers and
most DIY shops. Full sheets measure 2400 x 1200 mm and come in
various thicknesses. A builders merchant can usually cut the sheet to
your sizes for a small charge, and sell you the exact amount you need
for your model. Many DIY shops and a few specialist model railway
stores sell small, pre-cut sheets.
Balsa wood
• Balsa wood can be found in many hobby and model railway shops. It is
available in thin sheets and in shaped sections from 1 x 1 mm to 50 x 50
mm. It usually comes in 1 meter lengths. Balsa wood is light, easy to
cut and sand, and can be used to make very detailed models. Most other
modelling materials can be stuck to this type of lightweight wood.
Foam board
• Foam board has two thin layers of card sandwiching a layer of foam.
Although the material itself is light, it does produce a reasonably
strong model. It is easy to cut and will take most paints. Care should
be taken when using adhesives as some will dissolve the foam core. It
is generally found in 3 and 5mm thicknesses, but other sizes can be
found.
Plasticard
• Plasticard is a thin sheet of the same plastic that is used for model
kits. It can be glued with polystyrene cement and comes in a variety
of thicknesses from little more than heavy paper up to about 4mm.
Standard card can be used instead, but plastic card can give a fairly
neat finish because it will not delaminate. As this is a plastic material
it will not be damaged by damp, but may be affected by heat. Some
makes can be harder to cut than others.
Modelling clay
• Modelling clay generally comes as the air dry type. This means that
in time it will dry on its own and does not need to be baked in an oven
to harden although doing this can quicken the hardening time. It is
available in either terracotta or white and in several weights. As it is
air drying it is best to buy only what you need, as once opened the
curing process will begin.
 EXERCISE

Aim – Make a model using any material like paper,

cardboard, metals , wood etc.

Material used – Sunboard . Paper , Thermacol,

Cardboard, tree bushes

• 3 D model of residence is made with cardboard and

And a blue sheet shows skylightand glass wall.

• A jungle view is created using sunboard , cotton

and tree .

• Building form is created using thermacol.

• Furnitures is made using chart book pages .

• House model is made up of suboard with images

textures.

• A 3D model is created of house and tree and human

using sunboard.
 ARCHITECTURAL PHOTOGRAPHY

Formulate a plan
• Before you start worrying about cameras,
tripods and lighting you need to study your
model. You want to start visualising what you
want to achieve with the images – study the
surfaces, material textures, the form, colour
and size.
Lighting
• Professional photographers have all sorts of
lighting equipment and expertise at their
disposal, but usually we do not – so it is a case
of making the best we can. A little bit of
improvising.
• Ideally you want to use two light sources. One
is a direct source, which is essentially acting as
the sun, lighting the model from one direction,
and creating shadows. The second source is an
indirect light, which acts as an overall reflected
light, giving the model a general light and
stopping the shadows from being too dark.
Taking your photographs
• Set up a white or black cloth on the wall behind
the model, and let the cloth drape onto the
table, then place your model onto the cloth.
You can also use card, but this is a little bit
more tricky. The idea is you want a continuous
background.
• Turn off the flash – you are setting the
lighting atmosphere with your light sources,
the automatic flash is a harsh light that is not
suitable for what you are trying to achieve.
 EXERCISE

Aim – Appropriate technology for building photography. Various effects for

building types
 RENDERING TECHNIQUES AND LIGHT EFFECT

Wall texture
• Print bitmaps of the tiles or bricks in the right
scale and measurements and stick it accurately
to your foam board walls.
• Instead of printing, buy from the available
variety.
• Corrugated paper sheets can be used for roofs.
They can also be used for some wall finishes.
• Thin transparent plastic sheets, also known as
clear sheet print, can be used to indicate glass.
• For colored surfaces, you can paint the paper or
foam board by color sprays.
• You can also use colored sticker paper, which
is available in craft shops.
• If there is too much of a certain color, you can
just buy colored foam board. The filling is
white but the smooth surface is colored.
Furniture
• Now can buy the ready-made stuff, but they
can be a bit pricey, and if you would like to
show your own designed or customized
furniture, they won’t do. So, you can start
making your own furniture.
• Clay is one of your best options because it is
easy to shape and handle, and besides, it is
cheap.
• Coloured foam sheets are a good option since
they are easy to handle. Use thickness that will
make it stand.
Landscaping
• Here we have flooring, vegetation, water
elements, and lighting fixtures. As for
the flooring:
• Flooring tiles, just like with finishing
materials can be bought or printed.
• Roads with white markings can be drawn
or you can buy the ready-made strips
• The height of the pavements or
sidewalks can be shown by a layer of thin
foam board, or according to scale.
• Water elements include pools and
fountains;
– For water, you can simply use blue paper
sheets and cover them with thin
transparent textured plastic sheets or just
clear sheet print if it is a small surface.
– For the fountain, you can model it as a
piece of furniture with the same suggested
materials.
 EXERCISE

Aim – Render 3D model with all thw wall textures, flooring. Furnitures etc.

Rendered model with textures and furnitures.

One block has been rendered using softwares sketchup , enscape.

Brick floring

Kitchen Couch
tiles fabric

wall tiles
 Conclusion
.To conclude, we have presented a new, photograph-based
approach to modeling and rendering architectural scenes. Our
modeling approach, which combines both geometry-based and
image-based modeling techniques, is built from two components
that we have developed .Interactive architectural model can
provide the visitors a much more engaging and informative
model exploring experience. Interactive architectural model is
also an ideal and sophisticated marketing tool for the real estate
developers to attract potential investors or homebuyers.
Interactive architectural model display technique develops a new
visual language to interpret design ideas.
For rendering, we have presented view-dependent texture-
mapping which produces images by warping and compositing
multiple views of the scene. Through judicious use of images,
models, and human assistance, our approach is more convenient,
more accurate, and more photorealistic than current geometry-
based or image-based approaches for modeling and rendering
real-world architectural scenes.
 Scope of Workshop
.Workshop serve as a tool of active architectural pedagogy, result
of most of the workshops are visible faster, and outcomes are
tangible, as the three following examples describe. Workshop
results can also serve as a robust basis for further research. Being
a short-term tool, workshops also allow students to get involved
in university research themes. Through workshops these themes
can be pushed forward ,but students also have an opportunity to
get in touch with topics and practices that can be inspired them
to stay in academia and the research field.
 Bibliography

• https://www.rjmodels.com.hk/interior-model/
• https://www.masterclass.com/articles/how-to-make-an-
architectural-model#what-materials-do-you-need-to-
make-an-architectural-model
• https://profitabletipsforyoublog.wordpress.com/2019/07
/16/use-of-cnc-machining-and-laser-cutting-in-
architectural-model-making/
• https://profitabletipsforyoublog.wordpress.com/2021/05
/06/advantages-of-cnc-machining-services/
• https://www.railwayscenics.com/modelling_materials.ph
p
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2386241_Mo
deling_and_Rendering_Architecture_from_Photographs_
A_Hybrid_Geometry-_and_Image-Based_Approach
• https://www.strongtowns.org/journal/2017/8/29/a-
simple-guide-to-architectural-rendering
• https://www.firstinarchitecture.co.uk/how-to-
photograph-architectural-models/