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Hemodialisis
Atma Gunawan
HD survival in RSSA (2009; n=107
HD survival in RSSA (2009; n=107
Kidney Int. 2000
Jan;57(1):307‐13
Note : one year survival probability 49.6%
(95% CI 0.36 0.62)
4
CONTINUOS AMBULATORY PERITONEAL
DIALYSIS (CAPD)
Adekuasi pasien CAPD RSSA Malang (n=68)
▪ Klirens urea (wKT/V) : 1,84 ± 0,56 liter/minggu
▪ Klirens kreatinin (wCCr) : 61,51 ± 23,69 liter/minggu/m2
▪ Standar NKF/K‐ DOQI : wKT/V ≥ 1.7 liter/minggu
wCCr ≥ 60 liter/minggu/m2
MAPPING Pasien CAPD DI INDONESIA
70
46
64
22
41 Palembang 34
19
65
23
5
7
19 7
25
330
106 146 29
189
106 74
Malang
10
: 269 10
0,9%
1,3 %
0,4%
0,4 % 3,5 %
2.6 %
1.3 %
15,8%
7 %
15,8%
2.6 %
7,0 % 0,9%
1,3 %
17,5%
21,5%
Apa tujuan hemodialisis ?
• Menurunkan kadar toksin uremik dengan dialisis
Diukur dengan : Kt/V dan URR (dosis/adekuasi
HD)
• Menurunkan kelebihan air dengan ultrafiltrasi
Diukur dengan : BB kering
• Menormalkan elektrolit dan asam basa dengan
dialisis dan mengatur dialisat
Diukur dengan : kadar elektrolit dan
PH darah
Uremic toxins
Smal Water – soluble molecules Middle molecules Protein – bound molecules
(MW < 500 Daltons) (MW > 500 Daltons) (MW>500Daltons)*
Sodium (23) Adrenomedullin (6032) Hippuric acid
(potent hypotensive peptide) (insulin resistance and glucose
intolerance)
Phosporus (31) AGE * Homocystein (atherogenecity and
thrombogenecity)
Potassium (35) AOP * Indoxyl sulfate (pro inflammatory
effect and endothelial dysfunction)
Urea (60) Vitamin B12 (1335) pcresylsulfate – pcresol
(endothelial and proinflammatory)
Creatinine (113) Endothelin (4238) Polyamines
(strong vasoconstrictor) (inhibit erythroid colony growth in a
dose – dependent way)
Uric Acid (168) PTH (9225)
Glucose (180) β2 – M (11800)
Leptin (16000)
Cytokines (15000 – 30000)
Immunoglobulin LC (2800056000)
MW : Molecular weight in Daltons, AGE : Advanced glycation end products, AOP: Advanced oxidation
Uridine adenosine tetraphosphate
Products, PTH: Parathyroid hormone, β2 – M : β2 – microglobulin, Immunoglobulin LC : Immunoglobulin light
(very strong vasoconstrictive)
chains.
* Variable MW depending on the ligand to which they are linked
The European Uremic Toxin (EUTox) Work Group : 90 compounds considered to be uremic toxins.
68% MW < 500 Da, 10 : 500 s/d 12,000 Da, 12 > 12,000 Da,. 28% are protein bound
Adekuasi Hemodialisis
• Adekuasi hemodialisis
– ukuran kecukupan terapi hemodialisis yang dapat
membuat pasien merasa sehat seperti tidak
menderita penyakit apapun
Indikator adekuasi hemodialisis
– 2 formula
• URR (Urea Redution Ratio)
• Kt/V
• URR paling simpel dan sering digunakan persentase
pengurangan ureum darah (Blood Ureum Niotrogen/
BUN) dalam sekali dialysis
URR (%) = 100 x 1 – (BUNpost / BUNpre)
• Kt/V
Kt/V = 2,2 – 3,3 (R – 0,3 – UF/W)
UF = volume ultrafiltrasi (L),
W = BB post dialisis
R = BUN post HD
BUN pre HD
Formula lain adekuasi HD
1. Kt/V = (0,026 – URR) – 0,460
2. Kt/V = (0,24 – URR) – 0,276
N=42.341
Troobe et al,AJKD
25:151161,1995
Data from Japanese Registry for
Dialysis Therapy
Identification of a urea removal target with
respect to mortality
Retrospective analysis:
• 13,473 patients
Re
f
• 6‐month mortality Oct
90‐Mar 91
Owen WF, et al. N Engl J Med 329: 10011006,
Features suggesting inadequate dialysis
Agar penurunan toksin uremik tercapai maka
diperlukan HD yang adekuat
<12 vs 1214.9 p=<0.001
<12 vs 1517.9 p=<0.001
<12 vs >=18 p=<0.001
1214.9 vs 1517.9 p=<0.001
1214.9 vs >=18 p=0.002
1517.9 vs >=18 p=0.028
Years
Kt/V
K = dialyzer clearance for urea (L/m)
t = dialysis duration (minute)
V = Volume of distribution for urea in the body (L)
R=BUN post
HD
Kt/V = 2,2 – 3,3 (R0,03) – (UF/W) BUN pre HD
UF/W =BB praBB post HD
PRESCRIBED DELIVERED
BB post HD
Urea Reduction Ratio (URR)
URR = 1 – [(post/pre BUN) x 100%]
V(men)=55% BB
V(women)=50% BB
PRESCRIBED vs DELIVERED
Weight post HD 67 kg
Weight ± 70 kg(men) BUN
pra HD 100 mg/dl
post HD 30 mg/dl
normogram t = 4 hours
UF = 3 liter
K=0,20 L/menit K dari HF FB 130 T,QB
V=38,5 liter 250 ml/min
URR=(130/100)x100%
=70%
W = BB post dialisis
R = BUN post HD
Target Kt/V: 1,3 BUN pre HD
Kt/V=2,23,3(R0,03)(UF/W)
=2,23,3(0,30,03)(3/67)
Time for HEMODIALYSIS
=1,264
t = 1,3 x V/K
t = 1,3 x 38,5/0,20 R=post/pra BUN
= 250 menit = 4 jam 10 menit
PRESCRIBED : HD 4 jam 10 menit,UF 3kg,Qb
250,Qd 500,HF 130T,hep 2000→1000
DELIVERED
Urea
175 175
Wanita,BB = 70 kg
normogram
V = 35 liter
t = 4 jam(240 menit)
Target Kt/V : 1,2
Kt/V = 1.2
K = V x 1,2/t
K = 35 x 1,2/240
K = 0,175 L/minute=175 ml/minute
~ HF FB130T dgn Qb 200 ml/m
~ HF FB110T dgn Qb 220 ml/m
K depend on:Qb,Qd,KoA
Contoh Rx HD (BB 65 kg)
• Lama 5 jam
• Dialyzer Elisio 130 H
• UF 2.5 kg
• Qb 250
• Qd 500
• Dialisat low calcium
• Heparin : bolus 2000 iu, lanjutan 1000 iu/jam
Cara pengambilan sample untuk
menilai adekuasi
• Pengambilan sample untuk ureum dilakukan pra
dan post HD pada sesi yang sama
• Sample darah pra-HD diambil dari jarum arteri
sebelum HD tanpa kontaminasi cairan infus atau
heparin
• Sample darah pasca-HD:
- bypass dialisate
- turunkan QB 100 ml/m selama 10-20 detik
- ambil darah dari artery-line
Faktor Penyebab Menurunnya Adekuasi
a Resirkulasi akses vaskuler
a Aliran darah akses vaskuler yang tidak adekuat
a Dayaguna dialiser yang tidak akurat : bocor, clotting
a Qb, QD rendah, salah kalibrasi
a Time of dialysis tidak akurat
a Pengambilan sample tidak valid
a Kesalahan laboratoriun
Kapan Evaluasi Adekuasi HD ?
• Ideal setiap bulan
• Jika ada perubahan Qb
• Jika ada penurunan clearance ureum (URR <
65%)
• Jika gejala uremia tak ada perbaikan
Cara meningkatkan adekuasi
• Memperpanjang lama HD
• Pakai dialyzer yang lebih besar dan high‐flux
• Naikan blood flow (Qb)
• Naikan dialysate flow (Qd)
• Kurangi kenaikan BB antar dialisis
Lama HD pada HD awal : 1, 2
Glucose (180) β2 – M (11800)
Leptin (16000)
Cytokines (15000 – 30000)
Immunoglobulin LC (2800056000)
MW : Molecular weight in Daltons, AGE : Advanced glycation end products, AOP: Advanced oxidation
Uridine adenosine tetraphosphate
Products, PTH: Parathyroid hormone, β2 – M : β2 – microglobulin, Immunoglobulin LC : Immunoglobulin light
(very strong vasoconstrictive)
chains.
* Variable MW depending on the ligand to which they are linked
The European Uremic Toxin (EUTox) Work Group : 90 compounds considered to be uremic toxins.
68% MW < 500 Da, 10 : 500 s/d 12,000 Da, 12 > 12,000 Da,. 28% are protein bound
Clearance by normal kidneys
HD and CAPD
MW
Inulin 5200
Creatinine 113
Clearance (L/wk)
Urea 60
Fractional toxins removal by hemodialysis
Blood Urea Nitrogen Levels in Two Theoretical
Patients Undergoing Conventional ThriceWeekly TimeAveraged Plasma Solute Levels in Patients
Hemodialysis for 3 Hours on Monday, Wednesday, and Undergoing Conventional ThriceWeekly
Friday Hemodialysis
N Engl J Med 2007;357:131625.
Dialysis dilemma
• Treat a few patients well ?
‐ many die without treatment
• Treat many patients badly ?
‐ all die from inadequate dialysis
• Solution ? Treat as many as possible
adequately ! Most lives saved
FUTURE ADEQUACY CONCEPTS
Raplace full renal function
(Kt/V 20 / week)
All renal function /solute
handling considered
Preserve renal function
No excess mortality
Wassalam