Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MACHINE
PROCESS OF REMOVING METAL FROM A WORKPIECE BY FEEDING IT
AGAINST A ROTATING MULTIPOINT CUTTER
MILLING CUTTER MOUNTED ON A ROTATING SPINDLE CALLED
ARBOR
WORK IS FED SLOWLY PAST THE MILLING CUTTER
WORKPIECE CAN BE FED VERTICAL, LONGITUDINAL OR CROSSWISE
MILLING MACHINE
BASE
COLUMN
KNEE
SADDLE
OVERARM
ARBOR
TYPES OF MILLING MACHINES
1) COLUMN AND KNEE TYPE
o(a) PLAIN; (b) UNIVERSAL; (c)OMNIVERSAL AND (d)VERTICAL
2) BED TYPE MILLING MACHINE
o(a) SIMPLEX; (b) DUPLEX AND (c) TRIPLEX MILLING MACHINE
3) PLANER TYPE MILLING MACHINE
4) SPECIAL PURPOSE MILLING MACHINE
o(a) ROTARY TABLE (b) DRUM TYPE (c) PANTOGRAPH TYPE
1.b) UNIVERSAL MILLING MACHINE
1.a) PLAIN TYPE MILLING MACHINE
1.c) OMNIVERSAL MILLING MACHINE
1.d) VERTICAL
MILLING MACHINE
2) BED TYPE MILLING MACHINE
• SIMPLEX
• DUPLEX
• TRIPLEX
3) PLANER TYPE MILLING MACHINE
4) SPECIAL TYPE MILLING MACHINES
ROTARY TABLE
DRUM TYPE
PANTOGRAPH TYPE
PANTOGRAPH
DIFFERENCE B/W PLAIN AND UNIVERSAL
MILLING MACHINE
TABLE MOVEMENTS DIFFERENCE
PLAIN MM: VERTICAL, HORIZONTAL AND LONGITUDINAL
UNIVERSAL MM: HAS SWIVELLING OF TABLE
CONSTRUCTION
PLAIN MM IS VERY RIGID AND USED FOR HEAVY MILLING OPERATIONS
UNIVERSAL MM IS LESS ROBUST. USED FOR TOOL ROOM OPERATIONS
ATTACHMENTS USED
NO ATTACHMENTS FOR PLAIN MILLING MACHINE
UNIVERSAL MM HAS ATTACHMENTS SUCH AS DIVIDING HEAD, GEAR CUTTING
ATTACHMENT ETC.
METHODS OF MILLING
UPMILLING/CONVENTIONAL MILLING
DIRECTION OF TRAVEL OF WORKPIECE IS AGAINST
ROTATION OF CUTTER
CUTTING TAKES PLACE WHEN CUTTER MOVES
UPWARDS
CHIP THICKNESS IS MIN AT START AND MAX AT END
OF CUTTING
CUTTING FORCES TEND TO LIFT THE WORKPIECE
CHIP ACCUMULATON IN FRONT AND INTERFERES
WITH CUTTING
DOWN MILLING/INCUT MILLING
DIRECTION OF TRAVEL OF WORKPICE IS SAME AS
DIRECTION OF ROTATION OF CUTTER
THICKNESS OF CHIP IS MAXIMUM AT BEGINNING
AND DECREASES AT END
CUTTING ACTION PRESS THE WORKPIECE
DOWNWARDS
BETTER SURFACE FINISH THAN UPMILLING
NOMENCLATURE OF MILLING CUTTER
TYPES OF MILLING CUTTERS
PLAIN MILLING CUTTER AND SLAB MILLING CUTTER
SIDE MILLING CUTTER AND STAGGERED TEETH MILLING CUTTER
SLITTING SAW
SINGLE ANGLE MILLING CUTTER AND DOUBLE NGLE MILLING CUTTER
END MILL
FACE MILLING CUTTER
T‐SLOT MILLING CUTTER
FLY CUTTER
FORM CUTTER
PLAIN MILLING CUTTER
CYLINDRICAL IN SHAPE
TEETH MAY BE STRAIGHT OR HELICAL
USED FOR CREATING FLAT SURFACES
ROUGHING CUTTER WILL SMALLER
NUMBER OF TEETH THAN FINISHING
CUTTER
SLAB MILLING CUTTER
WIDTH IS GREATER THAN
DIAMETER
HELIX ANGLE IS LARGE
CUTTER HAS LESS NUMBER
OF TEETH
SIDE MILLING CUTTER
IT HAS CUTTING EDGES ON THE
PERIPHERY AS WELL AS SIDES
HALF SIDE MILLING CUTTER:
PERIPHERY AND ONE SIDE
USED FOR MILLING SLOTS
STAGGERED TEETH SIDE MILLING CUTTER
THIS DESIGN INCREASES CHIP
SPACE
BECAUSE OF HELIX,
VIBRATION IS LESS
DEPTH OF CUT CAN BE
LARGER
SLITTING SAW
TEETH ON PERIPHERY ONLY
WIDTH VARIES FROM 0.8 TO 5MM
SIDES ARE CONCAVE TO PREVENT
RUBBING ON WORKPIECE
USED FOR CUTTING OFF
OPERATIONS
ANGLE MILLING CUTTER
USED FOR MACHINING ANGLUAR
SURFACES
CUTTING TEETH ON CONICAL AND
LARGE FLAT FACE
DIFFERENT ANGLES: 30, 45, 60, 75, 80
AND 85
DOUBLE ANGLE MILLING CUTTER
V‐SHAPED TEETH ON CONICAL
SURFACE
ANGLE BETWEEN CONICAL SIDES IS
ANGLE OF CUTTER
ANGLES: 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 80
AND 100
END MILL
USED IN VERTICAL MILLING MACHINE
CUTTING TEETH ON PERIPHERY AND
END FACE
TEETH CAN BE STRAIGHT OR HELICAL
USED FOR CUTTING GROOVES, KEYWAYS
FACE MILLING CUTTER
CUTTING TEETH INSERTED ON
CUTTER BODY
USED FOR MACHINING FACE OF A
WORKPIECE
IT CAB BE MOUNTED DIRECTLY ON
THE SPINDLE WITHOUT ARBOR
FLY CUTTER
SINGLE POINT CUTTING TOOL
IS ATTACHED TO THE ARBOR
AND ROTATED
USED WHEN STANDARD
CUTTERS ARE NOT AVAILABLE
FORM CUTTER
CONVEX FORM MILLING CUTTER
CONCAVE FORM MILLING CUTTER
GEAR TOOTH CUTTER
MILLING MACHINE ATTACHMENTS
VERTICAL MILLING ATTACHMENT
UNIVERSAL MILLING ATTACHMENT
HIGH SPEED MILLING ATTACHMENT
RACK AND SLOT MILLING ATTACHMENTS
PARKING BRACKET
ROTARY TABLE
UNIVERSAL DIVIDING HEAD
VICE, ARBORS, ADAPTORS, COLLET CHUCKS
VERTICAL MILLING ATTACHMENT
USED TO CONVERT HORIZONTAL MILLING MACHINE INTO VERTICAL
MILLING MACHINE
RIGHT ANGLE GEAR BOX, ATTACHED TO HORIZONTAL SPINDLE NOSE
AND BOLTED TO THE COLUMN
SPEED IS SAME AS HORIZONTAL SPINDLE
ATTACHMENT CAN BE SWIVELLED
UNIVERSAL MILLING ATTACHMENT
SIMILAR TO VERTICAL MILLING ATTACHMENT
oSWIVELLING ABOUT 2 PERPENDICULAR AXIS
THIS ENABLE THE CUTTING SPINDLE TO MOVE IN ANY ANGLE
SUPPORTED BY THE OVER ARM
OPERATES AT SAME OR HIGHER SPEED THAN MACHINE SPINDLE
HIGH SPEED MILLING ATTACHMENT
CONSISTS OF A GEARING ARRANGMENT WITHIN A CASTING
INCREASES MACHINE SPINDLE SPEED BY 4 TO 6 TIMES
BOLTED TO THE FACE OF THE COLUMN
USED FOR OPERATING SMALLER DIAMETER CUTTERS AT EFFICIENT
SPEEDS
SLOTTING ATTACHMENT
ATTACHMENT CONVERTS ROTARY MOTION OF SPINDLE INTO
RECIPROCATING MOTION OF THE RAM
USES AN ECCENTRIC OR CRANK TO CONVERT MOTION
ESSENTIALLY CONVERTS MILLING MACHINE INTO A SLOTTER
BOLTED TO THE COLUMN
USED FOR CUTTING SPLINES, KEYWAYS ETC.
RACK MILLING ATTACHMENT
USED FOR CUTTING RACK TEETH ON A JOB
HORIZONTAL SPINDLE ROTARY MOTION IS CONVERTED TO VERTICAL
SPINDLE ROTATION
SUCCESSIVE TEETH ARE CUT USING RACK INDEXING ATTACHMENT
STRAIGHT OR SKEW RACK CAN BE MACHINED
ROTARY TABLE ATTACHMENT
IT IS A WORK HOLDING DEVICE BOLTED ON TOP OF MILLING TABLE
IT PROVIDES ROTARY MOTION TO WORKPIECE IN ADDITION TO 3
TABLE MOTIONS
HORIZONTAL WORM MESHES WITH A WORM GEAR AND IMPARTS
ROTARY MOTION
PARKING BRACKET
FACILITATES EASY AVAILABILITY OF VARIOUS ATTACHMENTS NEAR
THE MILLING MACHINE
IT IS ATTACHED TO THE SIDE OF THE COLUMN
VARIOUS ATTACHMENTS ARE MOUNTED ON THE PARKING BRACKET
AND USED WHEN REQUIRED
CUTTER HOLDING
DEVICES
COLLETS
ADAPTER
ARBORS
UNIVERSAL DIVIDING HEAD
OPERATIONS IN A MILLING MACHINE
TOOL MATERIALS
HIGH SPEED STEEL AND SUPER HIGH SPEED STEEL
USED FOR SHOP WORK WHERE CHIP THICKNESS IS SMALL
PLAIN MILLING AND SLOTTING OPERATIONS
CAST ALLOYS AND CEMENTED CARBIDE
CUTTING TIPS MADE OF THIS MATERIAL ARE BRAZED ON TOOL HEAD
CAST ALLOY TIPS USED FOR MACHINING CAST IRON, FORGED STEEL,
STAINLESS STEEL ETC.
CEMENTED CARBIDE TIPS ARE USED WHEN HIGH RATE OF PRODUCTION IS
NEEDED
CAN BE USED FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF METALS
GRINDING
PROCESS OF REMOVING MATERIAL BY ABRASIVE ACTION OF
ROTATING WHEEL
TOOL USED IS CALLED A GRINDING WHEEL
oMADE UP OF LARGE NUMBER OF ABRASIVE PARTICLES HELD
TOGETHER BY BINDING MATERIAL
USED MAINLY TO PRECISION FINISH WORKPIECES
ALSO USED TO MACHINE MATERIALS TOO HARD FOR OTHER
MACHINING METHODS
TYPES OF GRINDING MACHINES
ROUGH GRINDERS
oUSED TO REMOVE MATERIAL WITHOUT ANY REFERENCE TO
ACCURACY
PRECISION GRINDERS
oUSED TO FINISH PARTS TO VERY ACCURATE DIMENSIONS
ROUGH GRINDERS
1. FLOOR STAND GRINDER
2. BENCH GRINDERS
3. PORTABLE GRINDERS
4. SWING FRAME GRINDER
5. ABRASIVE BELT GRINDER
1) FLOOR STAND GRINDER
ALSO CALLED PEDESTAL
GRINDER
GRINDER IS FIXED TO THE
FLOOR
MOTOR IS INSIDE THE
PEDESTAL AND DRIVES THE
SPINDLE VIA BELTS
2) BENCH GRINDER
SMALL GRINDER MOUNTED ON A
BENCH
2 GRINDING WHEELS CONNECTED
TO BOTH ENDS OF THE MOTOR
USED FOR SMALL PARTS AND
HAND TOOLS
3) PORTABLE GRINDER
CAN BE HANDLED MANUALLY
IT HAS A SMALL ELECTRIC MOTOR
WHICH RUNS ON AC SUPPLY
GRINDING WHEEL MAX DIAMETER
15CM
USED TO GRIND WELDED JOINTS
4) SWING FRAME GRINDER
IT HAS A HORIZONTAL FRAME 2‐3
METERS LONG
FRAME IS SUSPENDED IN THE MIDDLE
ONE END CARRIES THE GRINDING
WHEEL
OTHER END CARRIES THE
MOTOR/COUNTER WEIGHT
USED FOR LARGE CASTINGS AND
FORGINGS
5) ABRASIVE BELT GRINDER
ENDLESS ABRASIVE BELT RUNNING ON
PULLEYS
BOTTOM PULLEY CONNECTED TO THE
MOTOR
PLATE SUPPORTING THE BELT AT THE
BACK
WORKPIECE IS FED BY HAND AGAINST
MOVING BELT
PRECISION GRINDERS
CYLINDRICAL GRINDERS
CENTRE TYPE (PLAIN AND UNIVERSAL); CENTRE‐LESS
INTERNAL GRINDERS
CHUCKING; PLANETORY; CENTRE‐LESS
SURFACE GRINDERS
RECIPROCATING TABLE; ROTATING TABLE
TOOL AND CUTTER GRINDER
SPECIAL GRINDING MACHINES
1) CYLINDRICAL GRINDER
WORK USUALLY HELD B/W DEAD CENTRES AND ROTATED BY DOG
AND DRIVER.
WORK CAN ALSO BE ROTATED USING A CHUCK
4 MOVEMENTS IN CYLINDRICAL GRINDING
WORK AND WHEEL MUST ROTATE
WORK MUST PASS THE WHEEL AND VICE ‐VERSA
1.a) PLAIN CENTER TYPE CYLINDRICAL
GRINDER
BASE
TABLES
UPPER AND LOWER
HEADSTOCK
TAILSTOCK
WHEEL HEAD
1.b) CENTRE TYPE UNIVERSAL GRINDER
1.c) CENTRELESS GRINDER
2 WHEELS: GRINDING WHEEL AND
REGULATING WHEEL
GRINDING WHEEL IS LARGER
BOTH ROTATE IN THE SAME DIRECTION
REGULATING WHEEL ROTATES WORKPIECE
USING FRICTION
GRINDING WHEEL DOES THE MACHINING
WORKPIECE FLOATS IN B/W THE 2
WHEELS
WORKPIECE FEEDING METHODS
2) INTERNAL GRINDERS
2.a) CHUCKING TYPE
WORKPIECE IS HELD IN A CHUCK AND
ROTATED
GRINDING WHEEL IS ROTATED AND
AT THE SAME TIME RECIPROCATED
BACK AND FORTH
IN SOME TYPES, WHEEL IS
STATIONARY AND WORKPIECE IS
RECIPROCATED
2.b) PLANETARY TYPE
WORKPIECE IS NOT ROTATED
GRINDING WHEEL IS GIVEN ROTARY
AND PLANETARY MOTION TO GRIND
HOLES
LIMITED TO LARGE/AWKWARD
WORKPICES THAT CANNOT BE
ROTATED BY CHUCK
2.c) CENTRELESS TYPE INTERNAL GRINDER
WORK IS SUPPORTED BY 3 ROLLERS
REGULATING ROOL, SUPPORTING
ROLL AND PRESSURE ROLL
GRINDING WHEEL AND WORKPIECE
ROTATES IN SAME DIRECTION;
REGULATING ROLL IN THE OPPOSITE
DIRECTION
3) SURFACE GRINDER
4) TOOL AND CUTTER GRINDERS
USED TO SHARPEN DRILLS, MILLING
CUTTER ETC.
2 TYPES: SINGLE PURPOSE AND
UNIVERSAL TYPE
SINGLE PURPOSE: USED FOR DRILLS,
TOOL BITS ETC.
UNIVERSAL TYPE: SHARPENING OF
MISCELLANEOUS CUTTERS
GRINDING WHEEL ABRASIVES
SHOULD HAVE UNIFORM PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: HARDNESS,
TOUGHNESS, RESISTANCE TO FRACTURE
ABRASIVES ARE CLASSIFIED INTO TWO
NATURAL ABRASIVES
ARTIFICIAL OR MANUFACTURED
NATURAL ABRASIVES
SANDSTONE
NATURAL QUARTZ (SiO2)
EMERY (NATURAL ALUMINIUM OXIDE)
55‐65% ALUMINA, REST IRON OXIDE, IMPURITIES
CORUNDUM (ALSO NATURAL ALUMINIUM OXIDE)
75‐95% ALUMINA, REST IMPURITIES
EMERY AND CORRUNDUM HAVE GREATER HARDNESS THAN QUARTZ
DIAMONDS
LESS THAN GEM QUALITY DIAMONDS ARE CRUSHED AND USED
USED TO GRIND CEMENT CARBIDE TOOLS
BECAUSE OF IMPURITIES AND LACK OF UNIFORMITY THEY ARE NOT WIDELY
USED
ARTIFICIAL ABRASIVES
1) SILICON CARBIDE (SiC)
MANUFACTURED FROM 56 PARTS SAND, 34 PARTS POWDERED COKE, 2
PARTS SALT AND 12 PARTS SAW DUST
MIXTURE IS HEATED IN AN ARC FURNACE
2 TYPES: GREEN GRIT (97% SiC) AND BLACK GRIT (95% SiC)
USED TO GRIND MATERIALS OF LOW TENSILE STRENGHT LIKE
CERAMICS, CENEBTED CARBIDES ETC.
DENOTED BY LETTER ‘S’
ARTIFICIAL ABRASIVES
2) ALUMINIUM OXIDE
MANUFACTUED BY HEATING BAUXITE (ALUMINIUM OXIDE CLAY
CONTAINING SILICA, IRON OXIDE, TITANIUM OXIDE) WITH COKE AND
IRON IN A FURNACE
TOUGH AND NOT EASILY FACTURED
USED FOR HIGH TENSILE MATERIALS: STEEL, BRONZE ETC.
DENOTED BY LETTER ‘A’
BONDS AND BONDING PROCESS
BOND: ADHESIVE SUBSTANCE THAT HOLDS ABRASIVE GRAINS
TOGETHER IN THE GRINDING WHEEL
TYPES
VITRIFIED BOND
SILICATE BOND
SHELLAC BOND
RESINOID BOND
RUBBER BOND
OXYCHLORIDE BOND
1) VITRIFIED BOND
VITRIFIED WHEELS ARE MADE BY BONDING CLAY MELTED TO GLASS
LIKE CONSISTENCY WITH ABRASIVE GRAINS.
THIS GIVES IT GOOD STRENGTH AND POROUSITY
NOT AFFECTED BY ACIDS OR ALKALI
HOWEVER, SENSITIVE TO IMPACT AND HAS LOW BENDING
STRENGTH
ABOUT 75% OF WHEELS ARE MADE USING THIS PROCESS
VITRIFIED BONDED WHEEL IS DENOTED BY ‘V’
2) SILICATE BONDING PROCESS
MADE BY MIXING ABRASIVE WITH SILICATE OF SODA (SODIUM
SILICATE).
DRIED MIXTURE IS HEATED IN A FURNACE AT 250deg FOR SEVERAL
DAYS
SILICATE WHEELS ARE WATERPROOF
SO USED IN OPERATIONS WHERE LOW TEMPERATURE IS REQUIRED
(COOLANT IS USED)
WHEEL IS DENOTED BY THE LETTER ‘S’
3) SHELLAC BONDING PROCESS
ALSO CALLED ELASTIC BONDED WHEELS
MIXTURE IS ROLLED AND PRESSED IN MOULDS
LATER THEY ARE BAKED FOR FEW HOURS AT 150deg
ELASTICITY IS HIGHER THAN OTHER BONDS
NOT INTENDED FOR HEAVY DUTY WORK
DENOTED BY LETTER ‘E’
4) RESINOID BONDING PROCESS
PRODUCED BY MIXING ABRASIVE PARTICLES WITH SYNTHETIC
RESINS LIKE BAKELITE
MIXTURE IS PLACED IN MOULDS AND HEATED AT 200DEG AND
RESIN SETS
USED TO MAKE HIGH SPEED GRINDING WHEELS; FOR PRECISION
GRINDING
DENOTED BY LETTER ‘B’
5) RUBBER BONDING PROCESS
MADE BY MIXING ABRASIVE GRAINS WITH PURE RUBBER AND
SULPHUR
MIXTURE IS ROLLED INTO SHEETS AND WHEELS ARE PUNCHED OUT
THESE ARE THEN VULCANIZED
USED WHEN GOOD FINISH IS PRIMARY REQUISITE
CAN BE USED TO MAKE EXTREMELY THIN WHEELS
DENOTED BY LETTER ‘R’
6) OXYCHLORIDE BONDING PROCESS
MADE BY MIXING ABRASIVES WITH OXIDE AND CHLORIDE OF
MAGNESIUM
REST IS PERFORMED EXACTLY AS IN VITRIFIED BONDED WHEEL
USED FOR DRY GRINDING OPERATIONS
DENOTED BY LETTER ‘O’
GRAIN SIZE
INDICATED BY GRIT NUMBER, IS THE SIZE OF THE ABRASIVE GRAINS
USED IN MAKING THE WHEEL
GRAIN SIZE IS DENOTED BY A NUMBER INDICATING THE NUMBER
OF OPENINGS PER SQUARE INCH OF THE SIEVE SIZE.
VERY FINE GRAINS REMOVE SMALL DEPTH OF CUT AND THEREFORE
PROVIDE A BETTER SURFACE FINISH
COARSE WHEELS ARE USED FOR FAST METAL REMOVAL
GRADE
REFERS TO TENACITY WITH WHICH THE BOND HOLDS THE ABRASIVE
PARTICLES ON THE GRINDING WHEEL
DOES NOT REFER TO HARDNESS OF THE GRAIN
‘A’ DENOTES SOFTEST GRADE AND ‘Z’ THE HARDEST
GRADE OF THE WHEEL DEPENDS ON HARDNESS OF MATERIAL
BEING GROUND, WHEEL SPEED.
HARD WHEELS ARE USED FOR SOFT MATERIALS AND SOFT WHEELS
FOR HARD MATERIALS
STRUCTURE
ABRASIVE GRAINS ARE DISTRIBUTED EVENLY ON THE WHEEL
SURFACE
THE RELATIVE SPACING IS CALLED STRUCTURE
DENOTED BY THE NUMBER OF CUTTING EDGES(GRAINS) PER UNIT
AREA OF THE WHEEL FACE
PRIMARY PURPOSE IS TO PROVIDE CHIP CLEARANCE
DUCTILE MATERIALS AND HEAVY CUTS REQUIRE OPEN STRUCTURE
BRITTLE MATERAILS AND FINISHING CUTS REQUIRE A DENSE
STRUCTURE
MARKING SYSTEM OF GRINDING WHEELS
GLAZING AND LOADING IN WHEELS
AFTER LONG USE, ABRASIVE PARTICLES BECOME DULL OR ‘GLAZED’
ON A GRINDING WHEEL
FACE OF THE WHEEL TAKES A GLASS LIKE APPEARANCE
GRINDING CHIPS CAN GET LODGED INTO THE VOIDS BETWEEN THE
GRITS, RESULTING IN A CONDITION KNOWN LOADING
GENERALLY, LOADING OCCURS DURING THE GRINDING OF SOFT
AND DUCTILE MATERIALS.
DRESSING OF GRINDING WHEELS
DRESSING REMOVES LOADING AND BREAKS AWAY GLAZED SURFACE
MOST COMMON TYPE OF WHEEL DRESSER IS A STAR DRESSER
CONSISTS OF NUMBER OF HARDENED STEEL WHEEL WITH POINTS ON
THE END
DRESSER IS HELD AGAINST THE ROTATING WHEEL AND MOVED ACROSS
ITS SURFACE
SECOND TYPE, STEEL TUBE FILLED WITH BONDED ABRASIVE HELD
AGAINST THE WHEEL AND MOVED ACROSS THE FACE
DRESSING OF GRINDING WHEELS
ABRASIVE WHEEL DRESSER OPERATING AT HIGH SPEED IS ALSO
USED TO DRESS GRINDING WHEELS
FOR PRECISION AND HIGH FINISH GRINDING, SMALL INDUSTRIAL
DIAMONDS CALLED ‘BORT’ ARE USED FOR DRESSING
THE DIAMOND OR GROUP OF DIAMONDS ARE HELD AT 15deg ANGLE
AND HELD AGAINST THE SURFACE OF THE WHEEL
COOLANT SHOULD BE USED WHILE DRESSING WITH DIAMOND OR IT
WILL FRACTURE BECAUSE OF HIGH HEAT
DIAMOND DRESSER
TRUING OF GRINDING WHEEL
PROCESS OF CHANGING SHAPE OF GRINDING WHEEL AS IT BECOMES
WORN
USED TO MAKE THE WHEEL TRUE OR TO CHANGE THE FACE CONTOUR
FOR FORM GRINDING
TRUING AND DRESSING ARE DONE WITH SAME TOOL
TRUING IS DONE USING DIAMOND TOOL
FORM‐TRUING IS DONE USING CRUSHING ROLL.
ROLL FORMED TO DESIRED PROFILE IS FORCED ON THE WHEEL
IDLER: WHEEL DRIVES THE ROLL
POWER DRIVEN: MOTOR TURNS THE ROLL, WHICH INTURN ROTATES WHEEL
GRINDING TEMPERATURE
TEMERATURES OF 1500‐2000deg AT MACHINING POINT
MOST OF THE HEAT GOES TO WORKPIECE; VERY LITTLE TO THE
CHIPS AND GRINDING WHEEL
REASONS FOR HIGH CUTTING TEMPERATURE
HIGH GRINDING SPEED
FINE CHIP
LOW THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF THE WHEEL
HIGH STRENGTH OF THE WORKPIECE MATERIAL
THERMAL DAMAGE
WORKPIECE BURN
HIGH TEMPERATURES CAUSES OXIDATION AND COLOUR CHANGES AT
THE SURFACE OF THE WORKPIECE
TEMPERING AND REHARDENING
SOFTENING AND HARDENING OF THE WORKPIECE AT CUTTING POINT
THIS ALTERS THE METALLURGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MATERIAL
RESIDUAL STRESSES
INDUCED BY NON UNIFORM PLASTIC DEFORMATION AT THE
WORKPIECE SURFACE
COOLANT
REDUCE EXCESSIVE HEAT GENERATED DURING OPERATION
MAINTAIN UNIFORM TEMERATURE AND PREVENT DISTORTION OF
JOB
PREVENT METAL CHIPS FROM EMBEDDING INTO GRAIN SPACES AND
THUS AVOIDING LOADING
TO DRIVE AWAY BROKEN ABRASIVE GRAINS AND CHIPS SO THAT IT
DOESN’T SCRATCH AGAINST FINISHED SURFACE
OIL OR WATER BASED FLUIDS ARE WIDELY USED AS COOLANTS
HONING
ABRADING PROCESS USED MOSTLY FOR FINISHING ROUND HOLES
IT USES A BONDED ABRASIVE STONE CALLED HONE
MADE FROM COMMON ABRASIVES AND BONDING MATERIALS
IMPREGNATED WITH WAX/RESIN TO IMPROVE CUTTING ACTION
USED TO REMOVE MATERIAL FROM 0.25mm TO 3mm
USED TO CORRECT OUT OF ROUNDNESS, TAPERS, TOOL MARKS ETC.
TOOL IS GIVEN A RECIPROCATING MOTION AS IT ROTATES
COOLANT IS ESSENTIAL TO REMOVE SMALL CHIPS
2 TYPES: VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL HONING MACHINE
LAPPING
LAPPING IS A FINAL FINISHING PROCESS, TO CORRECT MINOR
SURFACE IMPERFECTIONS
MATERIAL REMOVED: 0.01mm to 0.005mm
ABRASIVE POWDER (EMERY, CORRUNDUM etc.) IS MIXED WITH OIL
OR SOME SPECIAL PASTE FORMING A CARRIER
LAPPING IS DONE USING LAPPING SHOES OR LAPS WHOSE FACE IS
‘CHARGED’ WITH THE ABRASIVE
METHODS OF LAPPING
SMALL SURFACES CAN BE LAPPED BY HOLDING IT AGAINST A ROTATING
LAP OR MOVED BY HAND OVER A STATIONARY LAP
VERTICAL AXIS LAPPING MACHINE
2 OPPOSED LAPS ON VERTICAL SPINDLES
USED FOR FLAT AND ROUND SURFACES
CENTRELESS LAPPING
ABRASIVE BELT LAPPING
USED FOR CAM SURFACES, BEARINGS etc.
EQUALIZING LAPPING
WORKPIECE AND LAP MUTULLY IMPROVE EACH OTHER (USED IN GEARS)
SUPERFINISHING/MICRO HONING
VERY LOW PRESSURES, LOW WORK RPM AND SHORT STROKES ARE USED
5 to 20 MICRONS MATERIAL REMOVAL
HONING VS SUPER FINISHING
SL NO: POINTS OF HONING SUPERFINISHING
COMPARISON
1 CREATING DIMENSION POSSIBLE NOT POSSIBLE
2 MOTIONS TWO MANY
3 EMPLOYEMENT MOSTLY INTERNAL LARGELY FOR OUTSIDE
SURFACES SURFACES
4 OPERATING SPEED HIGHER SLOWER
5 PRESSURE ON WORK HIGHER VERY LOW. DELICATE
PARTS CAN BE
SUPERFINSIHED
6 LENGTH OF STROKE LONGER SHORTER (1.5mm to
6mm)
BURNISHING
POLISHING WITHOUT USE OF ABRASIVE
PARTICLES
SOLID TUNGSTEN CARBIDE ROLLERS ARE
PRESSED AGAINST A ROTATING JOB
PLASTIC DEFORMATION OCCURS WHEN
CONTACT STRESS LOCALLY EXCEEDS THE YIELD
STRENGTH OF THE MATERIAL.
VISUALLY, BURNISHING SMEARS THE TEXTURE
OF A ROUGH SURFACE AND MAKES IT SHINIER.