LABORATORY EXERCISE 1

I. Title : The Plant Body

II. Time Allotment : Three (3) hours
III. Rationale
The plant body is composed of important parts to maintain life. It consists of two
basic parts: the shoot system and root system. The shoot system is above ground
and includes organs such as leaves, buds, stems, flowers, and fruits. It develops
from the part of the seedling known as the Epicotyl, which means "above the
cotyledon." The functions of the shoots system include photosynthesis,
reproduction, storage, and transport, and hormone production. The root system,
on the other hand, is below the ground and includes the primary and secondary
roots, which developed from the hypocotyl, which means "below the
Cotyledon'’. Anchorage, absorption, storage, transport, and production of certain
hormones are the different functions of the roots.
This exercise will allow the students to explore and compare the different parts of
a monocot and a dicot plant body.
IV. Objectives
At the end of this activity, the students can:
1. identify the different parts of the plant's body;
2. draw the plant body, roots, stems, and leaves of monocot and dicot;
3. describe the arrangements, color, and the number of leaves and stems; and,
4. compare the external parts of monocot and dicot plants.

IV. Materials Needed

Calamansi plant (Citrus microcarpa) or any dicot plant
Pencil and eraser
Ruler
Corn (Zea mays) or any known ordinary grass
VI. Procedure

A. Dicots
1. Examine a young Calamansi (C. microcarpa) or any dicot plant grown singly
in a flowerpot.
2. Measure its height. Take note of the arrangements, color, and the number of
leaves and stems and other parts.

3. Draw the whole plant and label the parts. Indicate magnification/reduction of
your drawing. (Figure 1.1). To compute the magnification/reduction, use the
formula below:
170 cm
Magnification/Reduction: --------------------- x 100 = 71 cm
 240 cm

4. Examine the leaf closely. Draw a complete diagram of the leaf and label the
parts. Indicate magnification/reduction of your drawing. (Figure 1.2).
5. Study the stem and take note of the region to which the leaves are attached.
Be able to distinguish the nodes from the internodes.
A.1. How many nodes are there on your plant? 7
6. Carefully remove the plant from the soil. Study the roots.
A.2. Which are the primary and secondary roots? For dicots we have a tap root
system(primary root), it is the main root that grows down vertically, and from
which many smaller lateral roots arise (secondary roots)
7. Draw in detail and label the parts of the root system of your plant. Indicate the
magnification/reduction of your drawing. (Figure 1.3)

B. Monocots
1. Do the same procedure as in (A) for co m (Zea mays) or any ordinary grass
(Figure 1.4 and Figure 1.5).
B.1. How many nodes are there on your plant? 4
B.2. What is cotyledon? The first leaf or one of the first pair or whorl of leaves
developed by the embryo of a seed plant or of some lower plants.
B.3. Complete Table 1.1.
B.4. Differentiate a node from an internode Node where leaves, buds, or
branching twigs originate while internode is the space between two nodes.
B.5. What are the morphological differences between monocots and dicots?
Complete Table 1.2.
B.6. Do all monocots and dicots conform to the characteristics enumerated in
Table 10.2? Give specific examples. I think not at all, I believe every one of us
is unique, so as plants. There might be some signs that shows the
characteristics of what it is and where it belongs.`

State your Generalization based on the objectives of this activity.

TICKLER:
Please email the accomplished answer sheet only (scanned copy* in pdf form)
to your instructor/professor, and keep the hardcopy. We will collect the hardcopy
during our Face-to-Face schedule.

 To make a scanned document, you can download in your mobile phone a

ClearScanner apps from Google Play Store.

Name: Alexa Jean D. Honrejas___Group No.: _______

Date Performed: Sept 26, 2021_____
Instructor/Professor: Ms. Dawn _Rosarie F. Orboc________
Date Submitted: Sept 28,2021__________

The Plant Body

Laboratory Exercise No. 1
Observation:

I observe different patterns from monocot plant to dicot plants. Different

structures, sizes, and colours. Especially in the roots system and their leaves.
For monocots leaves it is more likely have a parallel veins while dicots have a net
like veins. The roots is monocot doesn’t have a tap root unlike dicots. It’s fibrous
which can grow wide. And dicots had a tap roots they form a single thick root that
grows deep into the soil and has smaller, lateral branches.

Figure 1.1.__________________ ________

(Saluyot plant) Magnification _____x

Figure 1.2. The dicot leaf and its parts

Magnification ______x
A.1. 7 nodes
A.2. For dicots we have a tap root system(primary root), it is the main root that
grows down vertically, and from which many smaller lateral roots arise
(secondary roots)

Figure 1.3. The root system in a dicot

Figure 1.4. ______________________________.
(Grass plant) Magnification ____x

(Grass plant) Magnification ____x

Figure 1.5. The monocot leaf and its parts
B.1. 4 nodes
B.2. The first leaf or one of the first pair or whorl of leaves developed by the
embryo of a seed plant or of some lower plants.

B.3. Complete Table 1.1.

Table 1.1. Plant parts Function (s)
and their functions Plant
Part
Roots Its tasks include plant
anchoring, water and
dissolved mineral
absorption and
transmission to the stem,
and reserve food storage.

Stems The stem's main duties

are to support the leaves,
carry water and minerals
to the leaves so that
photosynthesis may
convert them into
useable products, and
transport these products
from the leaves to other
sections of the plant,
including the roots
Leaves A leaf's primary job is to
provide food for the
plant through
photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll, the green
pigment that gives plants
their distinctive
appearance, absorbs
light energy. The leaf
epidermis, which is
continuous with the stem
epidermis, protects the
internal structure of the
leaf.

Flowers The flower's principal

 function is reproduction.
Flowers, as the plant's
reproductive organs,
facilitate the union of
sperm contained in
pollen with ovules
located in the ovary.
Pollen migration from
the anthers to the stigma
is known as pollination.

Fruits Fruits serve as a barrier

between immature seeds
and predators, as well as
adverse climatic
conditions. It is used to
keep food. It attracts
animals that aid in the
dispersal or scattering of
seeds to new locations.

Seeds Seeds serve a variety of

purposes for the plants
that make them. The
embryo's feeding,
dispersal to a new place,
and hibernation in poor
conditions are all
important tasks.

B.4. Node where leaves, buds, or branching twigs originate while internode is the
space between two nodes.

B.5. Complete Table 1-2.

Table 1-2. Monocotyledons Dicotyledons
Morphological
differences (Monocots
and Dicots) Parts
Embryo  1 cotyledon  2 cotyledon
 Plumule occurs  Plumule occurs
 laterally distally
Roots  Xylem is polyarch  Xylem is usually
 There is no tetrarch
secondary growth  Secondary growth
is generally
present
Growth Form  Vascular bundles  Vascular bundles
usually complexly usually arranged
arranged in ring
 Outer vascular  All vascular
bundles are bundles are equal
smaller than the in size
inner vascular
bundles
Leaves  Parallel leaf in  Netlike leaf veins
veins  Made up of
 Made up sclerenchyma
collenchyma
Flowers  Floral parts in 3  Floral parts in four
flowers or fives
 Monocot flowers  The dicot flower
are condensed is the reproductive
shoot regions that part of the plant,
are specialized for which is
the function of characterized by
sexual the presence of
reproduction flower parts that
occur in multiples
of four or five.

B.6. I think not at all, I believe every one of us is unique, so as plants. There
might be some signs that shows the characteristics of what it is and where it
belongs.

Generalization(s):

Overall monocots differ from dicots in four distinct structural

features: leaves, stems, roots, and flowers. Understanding the type of plant
helps us a lot. In addition, as we learn more about the diverse structures of
the plants, we’ll be able to better nurture and grow them. But the difference
starts from the beginning of the plant’s cycle, which is the seed.
___________________________
CSU Department of Biology 2020