PHYSICS - I A BASIC MATHEMATICS

* BASIC MATHEMATICS : I. Quadratic equation : General form ax2 + bx

+ c = 0. x is unknown quantity .a, b and c are
b numerical factors called coefficients. This
1 Area of rectangle = ´ b
 equation has two roots because the highest
2. Circumference of rectangle = 2 (  + b) power on x is 2
- b± b 2 - 4ac
The roots are given by x = .
3. Area of square =  2  2a
If b 2 ³ 4ac the roots are real.
4. Circumference of square = 4  If x1 and x2 are roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 then
5. Area of circle = p r 2 sum of roots (x1 + x2) = – b/ a
and product of the roots (x1x2) = c/a
r II. Algebraic series :
6. Circumference of circle = 2p r a) Arithematic series : a, a + d, a + 2d......a(n-1)d.
where a is called the 1st term; d is the common
1 difference.The sum of the series upto n terms
7. Area of triangle = (base) height h
2 n éë2a + (n - 1)d ù
b û
Sn =
1 2
= (b) (h)
2 b) Sum of first n natural numbers
a n (n + 1)
1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + n is
h 2
8. Area of trepizum c) Sum of squares of first n natural number
b
n (n + 1)(2n + 1)
1 12 + 22 + 32 + ....+n2 =
= (a + b)h 6
2 The sum of cubes of the 1st n natural numbers
9. Surface area of sphere = 4p R 2 én (n + 1)ù
2

(R = radius of sphere) 13 + 23 + 33 + ....+n3 is S = êê ú

ú
ë 2 û
10. Surface area of disc = 2p R 2 (R = radius of
III. If the quantities increase or decrease by a
disc)
11. Curved surface area of cylinder = 2p RL constant common factor they are said to be in
(R = radius, L= length of cylinder) geometric progression.
4 Geometric series : a, ar, ar2 , ar3 ...... r is called
12. Volume of sphere = p R 3 (R= radius)
3 the common ratio
13. Volume of disc = p R 2 t The sum of 1st n terms of a Geometric series
(R= radius , t= thickness of disc) a (r n - 1)
S= for r > 1
14. Volume of ring = 2p rA (r - 1)
(r= radius of ring, A = area of crass section of
a (1- r n )
wire) S= for r < 1 .
1 2
(1- r )
15. Volume of cone = p R h (h = height of cone,
3 a
R = radius) and S¥ = for r < 1
1- r

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IV. Harmonic series : If every three consecutive C

terms a, b, c have this relation
a a- b
= then the quantities are said to be in
c b- c
Harmonic series q
A B
V. Bionomial expansion :
n
(1 + x ) » 1 + nx if x < < 1 Opposite side
tan q = ;cos ecq
Ex : A) If x = 0.01 Adjacent side
then ( 1+0.01)2 » 1+2X0.01 » 1.02 1 1
= ;sec q =
1/ 2
sin q cos q
B) 0.099 = (0.99)
1
cot q =
1
Sin 370 =tan q;
1
= (1- 0.01) 2
» 1- ´ 0.01 » 0.995 b. 3/5
2
Cos370 = 4/5 ; tan 370 = 3/4
VI . Trigonometry
In a right angle triangle 5 530

Opposite side 3
a. sinq = ; 370
Hypotenuse
4
c. sin 530 = 4 , cos 530 = 3
Adjacent side 5 5
cos q =
Hypotenuse Tan530 = 4
3

VII. The most important values of trigonometric functions.

q sin q cos q tan q cot q sec q co sec q

00 0 1
1 3
30 0
2 2
1 1
450
2 2
1 1
0 3
60
2 2
90 0 1 0
0 ¥ 1 ¥
1 2
3 2
3 3
1 1 2 2
2
3 2
3 3
¥ 0 ¥ 1

180 0 0 - 1 0 ¥ - 1 ¥
270 0 - 1 0 ¥ 0 ¥ - 1

3 60 0 0 1 0 ¥ 1 ¥

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VIII. Important trigonometric functional relationships

7. Sum and difference of angles : Formula 2. sin 2 q + cos 2 q = 1; 3. 1 + tan 2 q = sec 2 q; 4.

a) sin (A + B)= sin A cos B + cos A sin B
1 + cot 2 q = cos ec 2q
b) sin (A - B )= sin A cos B - cos A sin B 12. sin2A = 2sinAcosA; sinA = 2sinA/2 cosA/2
13. cos2A = cos2 A – sin2 A = 2cos2A –1=1–2sin2
c) cos (A + B)= cos A cos B - sin A sin B
A
d) cos (A - B)= cos A cos B + sin A sin B 14. cosA =2cos2A/2–1=1–2sin2 A/2; 1+cosA =
tan A + tan B 2cos2 A/2
e) tan (A + B )=
1- tan A tan B
15. 1–cosA = 2sin2A/2
tan A - tan B
f) tan (A - B )= 2 tan A
1 + tan A tan B 16. tan 2 A =
1- tan 2 A
æA + B ö÷ æA - B ö÷ Properties of triangles
sin A + sin B = 2 sin çç ç
÷cos ççè 2 ø÷
8. çè 2 ø÷ ÷
1. In a triangle, if A, B and C are the angles and
æA + B ö÷ æA - B ö÷
sin A - sin B = 2 cos çç ç
÷sin ççè 2 ø÷
a,b and c are the opposite sides then
9. çè 2 ø÷ ÷
a b c
æA + B ö÷ æA - B ö÷ = =
10. cos A + cos B = 2 cos çç ÷cos ç ÷ sin A sin B sin C
èç 2 ø÷ çèç 2 ø÷
æA + B ö÷ æA - B ö÷
11. cos A - cos B = - 2 sin çç ÷sin ç ÷ c A
èç 2 ø÷ èçç 2 ø÷ b
B C
æA + B ö÷ æB - A ö÷
= 2 sin çç ç
÷sin ççè 2 a
çè 2 ø÷ ÷
ø÷

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2. a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cosA If y = f (x) , let the change in the value of x

b2 = c2 + a2 – 2ca cosB is D x. The corresponding change in the value of the
function is D y. The ratio of change in the function
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cosC Dy
to the change in the independent cariable is
3. Area of the triangle Dx
If the change in x i.e ., D x is very very small
1 1 1 i.e ., D x ® 0
D= bc sin A = ca sin B = ab sin C
2 2 2
D y dy
4. If two triangles are similar, then their then Lt = .
D x® 0 D x dx
corresponding sides are in the same ratio.
5. Centroid of a triangle divides a median in the dy
ratio 2 : 1 1) y = xn , = nx n- 1
dx
6. If the angle between the two equal sides each
of length L of an isoceles triangle is q , the dy
2) y = sin x; = cos x
dx
length of the third side is 2 L sin (q / 2).
dy
logarithmic identities : 3) y = cos x, = - sin x
dx
log xy = log x + log y
dy
log (x/y) = log x – log y 4) y = tan x, = - sec 2 x
dx
log xa = a log x
IV Co-ordinate geometry dy
5) y = cot x ; = - cos ec 2 x
dx
Equations of :
1. a straight line y = mx + c, where m is slope dy
6) y = secx = s ecx tan x
and c is y intercept dx
2. a circle of radius 'a' with its centre at the origin dy
7) y = cosecx ; = - cos ec cot x
y2 + x2 = a2 dx
3. a parabola y2 = 4ax dy
8) y = cos 2 x, = - 2sin 2 x
dx
x2 y 2
4. an ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 . dy
a b y = sin 2 x, = 2 cos 2 x
9)
x2 y2 dx
5. a hyperbola 2 - 2 = 1
a b dy 1
6. a rectangular hyperbola xy = c2 where c is a 10) y = log e x; =
dx x
constant.
dy
VI. Differentiation : 11) y= ex, = ex
dx
If y is a function of x, then the limit of the ratio Eg .
of the increment in y to the increment in x is called 2 dx dy
the i) y = x , = 2 x; y = sin wt , = w cos wt
dy dt
dervative of y with repect to x as the increment Rules for finding the derivatives of composite
in x tends to zero. The process of finding the deriva- functions
tive is called differentiation.. d dy
1) (cy)= c (c is a constnat)
dx dx

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d du dv
ò sec
2
2) (u + v)= + 5. x dx = tan x
dx dx dx
ò cos ec x dx = -
2
d dv du 6. cot x
3) (uv)= u + v
dx dx dx
7. ò s ec x tan x dx = sec x
vdu dv
- u
4)
d æ u
çç ÷
ö
÷= dx 2 dx
8. ò co s ec x cot x dx = - cos ecx
dx çè v ÷
ø v
1 1
dy æ dy öæ ö 9. òx = tan- 1 (x / a )
5) = çç ÷ ÷çç dt ÷
÷
2
+a 2
a
dx èç dt øèç dx ø÷
÷
VII. Integration : It is the reverse process of 1
10. ò = sin- 1 (x / a)
2 2
differentiation a - x
Lt0 å D x = Rules for finding the integration of composite
If x = D x  ò dx functions
useful frmulae of integration
x n+ 1
1. ò c f (x)dx = c ò f (x)dx where c is a con-
ò x dx = n + 1 + c
n
1. stant

dx 2. ò f (x)dx = F (x)
2. ò x
= log e x + c
1
then ò f (cx)dx = C
F (cx )
3. ò sin xdx = cos x + c
4. ò cos xdx = sin x + c ò éëf (x)+ g (x)ùûdx = ò f (x)dx + ò g (x)dx
U

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