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Human and Social Biology Study Guide Autosaved Compress
Human and Social Biology Study Guide Autosaved Compress
Movement
Respiration
The release of energy from food substances to do work in the body.
Oxygen from the air combines with food.
Water and carbon dioxide are produce and excrete as waste materials.
Also known as cellular respiration.
Sensitivity or Irritability
The ability to detect or sense changes in the environment (stimuli) and to
make responses.
For example moving towards the sent of food when you smell it.
Growth/Development
This characteristic is when there is a permanent increase in size or weight of
a living thing.
—It includes the replacement of worn-out parts of the body.
An increase in cell number or cell size or both.
—Growth requires an organism to take in material from the environment and
organize the material into its own structures.
Reproduction
This is the processes which make more of the same kind of organism.
—Humans must reproduce if the group is to survive.
Reproduction is often an extension of the growth process. e.g.
—There are two types of reproduction. (Sexual Reproduction and Asexual Reproduction.
Excretion
—This characteristic is the removal from organisms of toxic materials, the waste
products of metabolism (chemical reactions in cells including respiration) and
substances in excess of requirements.
—Excretion is only responsible for the removal of waste produced by metabolism
in body cells.
Removal of undigested food from the intestine is called elimination or egestion.
Nutrition
This is the intake of food into the human body, so that body cells can make
energy and provide the materials for building up the body structures.
——The taking in of nutrients which are organic substances and mineral
ions, containing raw materials or energy for growth and tissue repair,
absorbing and assimilating them.
Plant
cells
have a
rectangular shape.
Have all the components of Animal cells and other parts.
Microbes are single-cell organisms so tiny that millions can fit into the
eye of a needle.
Bacteria
A bacterium is a unicellular organism, with a cell wall, cell
membrane and cytoplasm.
It contains genetic material but no true nucleus.
Bacteria are single-celled microbes, which are generally
smaller than other cells.
A line of 1000 bacteria stretch about 1 cm.
Bacteria can be ball shaped or rod shape.
Structure of a Bacterium
It has a cell wall.
It has a cell membrane.
It contains DNA but not a true nucleus.
Bacterium does not have parts such as those found in animal
and plant cells.
The flagella help the bacterium to move
Viruses
Viruses have two main parts.
An outer capsule made mostly of protein.
An inner core of nucleic acid (DNA /RNA).
Viruses reproduce, but they can only do this inside a living cell.
Because viruses cannot carry out life functions such as growth and
reproduction, is they are not inside a living animal or plant cell.
All viruses are called parasites.
A parasite is an organism which lives on or in another organism.
Viruses are classified as parasites.
Structure of a Virus
A virus does not has cell wall or cell membrane.
Surrounded by a protein coating.
The protein coat protects genetic information of the virus.
A virus has no cytoplasm or cell parts.
Fungi
Yeast is a fungus that is unicellular.
Yeast cell contains mitochondria, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum,
ribosomes and a large vacuole.
(3) State the functions of cell structures;
Cell membrane
Forms the boundary between the cell contents and the
surroundings.
Chloroplast
The green pigment chlorophyll is found in it.
This is where photosynthesis take place.
NERVE CELL
Sperm cell
Specialize to fertilize egg.
the tail allows the sperm cell to swim towards the female sex cell.
Egg cells
Have a large nucleus containing genetic information from the female.
Store food in the cytoplasm.
Osmosis: