NIACIN

DR. Beenish zafar

BIOCHEMISTRY
 NIACIN
Vitamin B3 , Nicotinic acid
Niacin is pyridine-3-carboxylic acid
 NATURAL SOURCES
Tuna
➢ Cottage cheese,
milk rich in
Tryptophan
➢ About half of the
Tryptophan
consumed is used
to make niacin
 CO-ENZYME FORMS

➢ Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)

➢ Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate (NADP+)

Niacin is attached to a ribose phosphate to

form a mononucleotide
Again attached to AMP, to form dinucleotide
 Biochemical role
Co-enzyme in oxidation-reduction
reactions:
Catabolic reactions:
NAD+/NADH
Anabolic reactions:
NADP+/NADPH
NAD+ Dependent Enzymes
Lactate dehydrogenase
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
dehydrogenase

• Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate →1,3-
bisphosphoglycerate
Pyruvate dehydrogenase

• Pyruvate → Acetyl CoA

Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Alpha ketoglutarate → Succinyl CoA

Beta hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase

Beta hydroxy acyl CoA → beta keto acyl

CoA
Glutamate dehydrogenase

Glutamate → alpha ketoglutarate

NADPH Generating Reactions
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Glucose-6-phosphate→6-phosphogluconolacton

6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
6-phosphogluconate →3-keto-6-phosphogluconate

Cytoplasmic isocitrate dehydrogenase

Malic enzyme (malate to pyruvate)

 NADPH Utilizing Reactions
Keto acyl ACP dehydrogenase
Beta keto acyl ACP→ beta hydroxy acyl ACP
HMG CoA reductase
HMG CoA → mevalonate
Folate reductase
Folate → dihydrofolate →tetrahydrofolate
Phenyl alanine hydroxylase
Phenylalanine →tyrosine
DEFICIENCY DISORDERS
Pellagra
3 Ds
Dementia
Diarrhea
Dermatitis (worse with sun exposure)
Poor appetite, weight loss, weakness
Bright red erythema in the feet, ankles and
face
Dermatitis is precipitated by exposure to
sunlight
Diarrhea with blood and mucus
Weight loss
Nausea and vomiting
Irritability, inability to concentrate
Poor Memory
RIBOFLAVIN,
VITAMIN B2
DR Beenish Zafar
Biochemistry
 INTRODUCTION

Lactoflavin (milk)
Ovoflavin (eggs)
Heptaoflavin (liver)
 SOURCES
Plants and
microorganisms
Milk
Liver
Kidney
Heart
Egg yolk
CONTD;
Leafy
vegetables
Fruits
Germinating
seeds
Human cannot
synthesize it
Intestinal
bacterial flora
 STRUCTURE
Dimethyl isoalloxazine ring
Ribityl alcohol
 COENZYME FORM
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
FMN and FAD active forms
 METABOLISM
Small intestine
FMN phosphorylated in presence of
ATP
FAD by addition of two phosphate
groups
 BIOCHEMICAL ROLE
Coenzyme in numerous H-transfer
reactions
FMN AS A PART OF REDOX
POTENTIAL
In respiratory chain
Transfers reversibly reducing
equivalents to CoQ
CONTD;
FMN : coenzyme for L-amino acid
oxidases
In liver and kidney
FMN: Cyt.C reductase
CONTD;
FMN: accepts 2H+ from NADH+H+
In presence of NAD reductase
Electrons passed to Fe-S in
respiratory chain
 FAD AS A COENZYME
FAD, a part of mitochondrial
respiratory chain
Participates in oxidative
phosphorylation
D-amino acid oxidases
CONTD;
Aldehyde oxidase
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (beta
oxidation)
Succinate dehydrogenase (citric
acid cycle)
Xanthine oxidase(nucleotide
metabolism)
Glucose oxidase (glucose estimation
in labs)
CONTD;
Glycine oxidase
Diaphorase (lipoate dehydrogenase)
DEFICIENCYMANIFESTATIONS
Cheilosis
Angular stomatitis
Glossitis
Dyssebacia
Inflammation of eyes
Vascularization of cornea
Redness of eyes, itching, burning
Low retics count
Erythroid hypoplasia
Thank you