Conservation at

Multiple Levels

Emman Yoga Sara || Siti Shofa Assyifa'ul Qulbi Barid || Indah Muflihatul Barizah
180210103020 180210103060 180210103118
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Species and Population Level Conservation

01 -Important to species population-level conservation
-Parameters of a species being rare
-In situ and Ex situ Conservation

02 Community-ecosystem Level Conservation

-Modified Ecosystem
-Cultivated Ecosystem
-Built Ecosystem
-Restoring Ecosystem

03 Examples of Conservation Practices

 01
Species and Population Level
Conservation
 “
Why is it Important to Species-
population-level Conservation?

Because they are recognisable

units whose loss can be quantified,
but more importantly because the
public can relate to species or
population in a more direct way
than to ecosystems or to genes

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What are the Parameters of a Species Being Rare?

Based on Rabinowitz (1981) Based on IUCN

 Geographical range  Extinct
 Habitat specificity  Endangered
 Population size  Vulnerable
 Rare
 Indeterminate
 Insufficiently known

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 Based on Rabinowitz (1981)

Geographical range Habitat specificity Population size

species confined to a a species may be where a species

small geographical geographically occurs there may
range, but may be widespread but always be only a
numerous where confined to very small population.
they occur; specialized
habitats;

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 Based on IUCN
 Extinct – species that are no longer known to exist in the wild after
repeated searches of former localities and other known or likely places;

 Endangered – taxa in danger of extinction and whose survival is unlikely

if the causal factors of decline continue operating;

 Vulnerable – taxa believed likely to move to the ‘Endangered’ category in

the near future if the causal factors continue operating;

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 Based on IUCN

 Rare – taxa with small world populations that are not at present
‘Endangered’ or ‘Vulnerable’ but are at risk;

 Indeterminate – taxa that are known to be ‘Endangered’, ‘Vulnerable’ or

‘Rare’ but where there is not enough information to indicate which of the
three categories is appropriate;

 Insufficiently known – taxa that are suspected but not definitely known
to belong to any one of the above categories because of lack of
information.

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In situ and Ex situ Conservation
 In situ Conservation
What is being done on In situ conservation?
Managing small population  95% probability of the population living in the next
100 years.

Measuring Species Decline  estimate the distribution and number of a species

based on 2 different points in time

Genetic management of small population  Calculates reproductive variation, sex

ratio, and population fluctuation

❧ Genetic management of species  Gather information on the diversity of genes

that exist in each species to prevent minimal adaptation

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 Ex situ Conservation

What is Ex situ conservation?

conservation that is not in their natural habitat

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What is being done on Ex situ conservation?

Plant
�Seed preservation  Storing seeds with temperatures below 18oC
with 2-5% moisture content in seeds
�Pollen preservation  Pollen grains are either cryopreserved at
180 to 196oC or freeze-dried and stored between 5 and 18oC.
�Tissue preservation Propagation of plant cells and tissues on
aseptic artificial medium

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 Animals
❧Breeding  The process of breeding animals in indoor and
outdoor enclosures
❧Reintroduction  inserting individuals into wild populations or
relocating from elsewhere,
❧Species translocation Species translocations are increasingly
being used to found new populations or to reinforce existing ones.
The effectiveness of these strategies has not been fully assessed
and there are potential drawbacks to moving individuals around.

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 02
Community-Ecosystem Level
Conservation
 “
Biodiversity conservation while meeting
human needs can be carried out
simultaneously. This is very appropriate to
do in a seminatural ecosystem. Seminatural
ecosystems are ecosystems that have been
modified by human activities, such as felling
trees, but the original species of the
ecosystem are maintained.

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How to maintain the seminatural ecosystem?

Modified Ecosystem Cultivated Ecosystem

Built Ecosystem Restoring Ecosystem

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Modified Ecosystem
 Modified Ecosystem
Focused into 3 commodity management, namely livestock, wood and fish.

The process of maintaining natural

resources in the ecosystem

Foresters Range Managers Fisheries Managers

Forestry
 4 FACT ABOUT FOREST

Forests cover less than 6% of the earth's total surface area;

Forests are habitats for most of the known species on earth

Forests are disappearing much faster than they are expanding.

Most of the forest is not in reserves; they are available for logging and other uses.

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3 Ideas for Integrating Forest Management
and Preservation of Biodiversity
 1. Age Structure
Age structure is a critical problem because old forest biota is not the
same as young forest biota.

Douglas-fir region of the Pacific Northwest

 Age Structure
❧When a tree finally dies, it continues to have ecological value due to a unique and
very diverse set of species depending on the dead and dying trees

❧The conflict between the need for timber production and the need for old trees and
dead trees can be resolved, or at least reduced, by allowing some trees to grow old
and die.

❧Forest managers can also cut down to larger trees and thus enable them to
provide habitat for species. for example, cutting down forest that is the same age as
125 years and 80 years. Forest managers also make up for the shortage of dead trees
by killing live trees, but this is only a short-term solution.

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 2. Spatial Pattern

Forest tree felling can be done by single felling, namely cutting one tree in
each area and logging done by cutting down all the trees in a certain area.

The pattern of cutting forests should be adjusted to the scale of felling

with the scale of natural disturbances
 3. Species Composition

Many certain species are preferred to be logged because they are not
profitable and are eventually replaced with more profitable species.

This manipulation can have negative consequences for other forest biota
Living stock Grazing
 Living stock Grazing

Native Grazers Natural Range

Disturbances Management
Regimes Techniques

Natural Grazing Predators and

Patterns Competitor
 Native Grazers

❧One obvious tactic is to use livestock that are as close as

possible to the native species of a particular ecosystem.

❧In North America, some herders use cattle as a substitute for

bison, as it is a fairly close relative. There are several differences,
such as cows needing water and shade more than bison.
 Natural Grazing Patterns

❧It is important to maintain the

spatial distribution of livestock as they
tend to lean and graze excessively
precisely where the most important
native biota.

❧If there is overgrazing, it will not be

easy to restore to native vegetation.

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 Natural Disturbances Regimes
❧ Forests and grasslands can also be formed by natural
disturbances such as fires, floods, droughts and tornadoes.

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 Predators and Competitor
❧Livestock managers can minimize livestock loss without
destroying the entire predator population with shepherd dog.

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 Range Management Techniques
❧Unwanted vegetation is often removed
❧Fences are erected to control the movement of livestock and
sometimes wild animals.

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Fisheries
❧ Overfishing of fish can cause the aquatic ecosystem to
become unbalanced. So that there needs to be rules for
fisheries in a seminatural ecosystem.

❧ Several rules were established to regulate how many fish

and a certain size could be caught.

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35
 Source : Tim Perikanan WWF Indonesia. 2015

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 Regulating fishing standards is not sufficient in managing this ecosystem, because
BUT, many other factors such as water pollution, dam construction disrupt ecosystem
activities.

Bilis Fish, Endemic at

Lake Singkarak

Batak Fish, Endemic 37

at Lake Toba
 Extractive Reserve

❧ In the broad sense, an extractive reserve is an area of

land, generally state-owned where access and use rights,
including natural resource extraction, are allocated to
local groups or communities.

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 Ecological Management

❧ In order to integrate natural resource management and

maintenance of biodiversity, ecosystems must be
managed in a manner that is as consistent as possible
with natural ecological processes.

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Cultivated Ecosystem
❧ Changes in natural ecosystems into cultivated
ecosystems are one of the causes of the loss of
biodiversity.

Supposedly, with careful management, several important

elements of biodiversity can survive in the aquaculture
ecosystem

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 I. Biodiversity in Cultivated Ecosystems

❧In a cultivated ecosystem, it

is better if not all parts of the
ecosystem are used as a
cultivation system. Wild life has
an important role in such an
ecosystem.

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43
II. Minimizing Negative Effects of Cultivated
Ecosystems

❧Integrated pest management (often abbreviated as IPM)

is a good example of this, as it uses natural enemies of
pests, certain cultivation practices (eg mixing crops), and
conservative use of pesticides to control pests.

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Built Ecosystem
 Built Ecosystem
Not a major focal point for conservation biologists because they are primarily
habitat for very adaptable species that are in no danger of extinction..

3 reasons why we shouldn't

ignore the smallest ecosystem

Habitat for Biodiversity in Imports and

People Built Exports
Ecosystems
 Habitat for People

❧When all people live only in rural areas, the remaining land conditions for natural
and seminatural ecosystems will be less, that's why in some industrialized countries
some of the people already live in urban or suburban environments. Consequently,
conservationists have a duty to make the ecosystems that are built into a pleasant and
healthy place so that people will live there. Another reason is as a place of recreation.
One way to make urban and suburban life more enjoyable is by facilitating positive
interactions with wildlife. For example, by taking an evening walk in the park. Such
contacts can also encourage people to support conservation with their voice and
money and can provide nutrition and inspiration for young conservation biologists

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 Biodiversity in Built Ecosystems

❧Many of the built ecosystems harbor a surprising variety of wildlife.

Some speculation suggests that urban populations of some species may be
genetically different from their peers living elsewhere. for example, some
urban plant populations are more tolerant of ozone than rural populations
of the same species. There are also phenomenal examples that are often
heard of moths living in industrialized areas.

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 Imports and Exports
❧Built ecosystems interact with other ecosystems in a far-reaching network.
Huge amounts of energy and imported materials (used for the needs of living
things, especially humans) - especially fossil fuels, electricity, food and building
materials - often come from thousands of kilometers away. An extraordinary
amount of waste is exported (the result of the use of the activities of living
things, especially humans). the pollutants and wastes that living things create
don't just stay in certain places. The movement of pollutants will be assisted by
wind blowing and waste carried by the current so that it will not only pollute the
area but others as well.

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Restoring Ecosystem
Some Terminology for Improving Degraded
Ecosystems

Restoration Rehabilitation Reclamation

Actively trying to Returns it to a greater Synonym for

return the ecosystem value or higher than rehabilitation
to its original state current usage

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Six Basic Steps for Restoring an Ecosystem

1 2 3

Set a goal Determine a Remove the source

strategy and of degradation
methods

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Six Basic Steps for Restoring an Ecosystem

4 5 6

Restore the physical Restore the biota Be patient

environment

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 1. Set a goal
Do we wish to restore the pre-existing ecosystem, or is it only feasible to rehabilitate the degraded
ecosystem? it must be based on a realistic attitude because it is associated with high costs of ecosystem
restoration. once a general goal is established, it can be translated into a specific set of objectives,
usually by comparison with a benchmark ecosystem indicating the desired state, or reference condition.
In short, setting goals requires answering ethical (what do we want?) And technical (exactly what is
that?) Questions.

2. Determine a strategy and methods

Restorationists need to understand the ecosystem as completely as possible. Understanding the
ecosystem aims to determine the strategies and methods that will be used. Ecosystem restoration can
both provide and take ecological science because it is an experimental application of our knowledge of
ecosystem function and structure 54
 3. Remove the source of degradation
In some cases, particularly on islands, exotic species are the main source of degradation and must be
removed to initiate restoration. In other cases, exotic species can be removed later while enhancing the
ecosystem restoration process, and may even play a role in advancing the restoration process; for
example, by stabilizing the soil.

4. Restore the physical environment

In some cases, restoring the physical structure is sufficient, but often restoring the physical
environment is much more complex.

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 5. Restore the biota
Plants are usually a priority for restoration projects because they provide habitat for animals, and many
animals are mobile enough to colonize on their own after suitable vegetation.

6. Be patient
It can take many years for reintroduced individuals to grow, populations to increase, other species to
colonize, and so on. In the meantime the site should be carefully monitored so that the next restoration
project will be based on a larger foundation of knowledge.

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 03
Examples of Conservation Practices
Ujung Kulon National Park
 Javan rhino population in TNUK

The Javan rhino population growth rate shows a relatively good level of development because there are many
young and adult rhinos. In addition, there were also 7 female mothers and their children (Rahmat, 2007).
Tanjung Putting National Park
 Orangutan population

The data taken is based on the total population from all over Indonesia. Monitoring data indicates a
more or less stable orangutan population (Meijaard et al. 2018; KSDAE 2019). Some government
monitoring data comes from locations used for orangutan introduction or translocation (for
example, Bukit Baka - Bukit Raya National Park), which implies that any positive net change in the
monitored location will inevitably be preceded by at least a balanced negative change in the
population that is being monitored. not monitored where the orangutans were originally taken. So
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that there are differences in data published by experts and the government (Sherman et al, 2020).
 Welwitschia mirabilis
Conservation at Namib Dessert
Koala Conservation
Reserve at Australia
 Koala population

MBKR sighting and rescue records indicate a rapid decline in urban and peri-urban koala
populations of the Moreton Bay region, with an estimated 72% decline in koala records between
2012-2017, and a 53% decline between 2012-2019 (moretonbaykoalarescue, 2021).
THANKS

Any questions?
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