Signals & Systems

Lecture#01
COURSE CONTENT
 Signals & Systems, Classification of Continuous and Discrete Time signals, Standard
Continuous and Discrete Time Signals
 Block Diagram Representation of System, Properties of System
 Linear Time Invariant Systems (LTI)
 Convolution, Properties of Convolution, Performing Convolution
 Differential and Difference Equation Representation of LTI Systems
 Fourier Series, Dirichlit Condition, Determination of Fourier Coefficeints, Wave Symmetry,
Exponential Form of Fourier Series
 Fourier Transform, Discrete Time Fourier Transform
 Laplace Transform, Inverse Laplace Transform, Properties of Laplace Transform
 Z-Transform, Properties of Z-Transform, Inverse Z- Transform
BOOKS
Text Book
Signal & Systems (2nd Edition)
By A. V. Oppenheim, A. S. Willsky & S. H. Nawa
Signal & Systems
By Prentice Hall

Reference Book
Signal & Systems (2nd Edition)
By S. Haykin & B.V. Veen
Signals & Systems
By Smarajit Gosh
WHAT IS SIGNALS?
 A signal is a function of independent variable that
carries information.
 Physical quantity that varies with time, space or any
other independent variable.
 E.g. Electrical Signals Voltage varies with time
v

t
SIGNALS (EXAMPLES)
 Acoustic Signals Audio or speech signals

 ECG Signals
IMAGE
SIGNAL
 The image

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SIGNAL
• It is the variation pattern that conveys the information, in a
signal

• Signal may exist in many forms like acoustic, image, video,

electrical, heat & light signal 8
SIGNALS

One –Dimensional Signal

Depends on single variable e.g. Speech signal
Multidimensional Signals
Depends on two or more variables e.g. image
WHAT IS SYSTEM?
 An entity that manipulates one or more signals to
accomplish a function, thereby yielding a new signal.

input system output

 E.g Speech recognition system

Identified
The camera

Image

Signal & Systems

o Study of signals and their interaction with systems.
MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION
A signal can be represented as a function of one or more
independent variables
 Examples

v t   sin t  0  t  2

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s t 
MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION
 The image is a function of two spatial (3D)variables

s  x, y 
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TYPES OF SIGNALS
 Two types of signals
Continuous time signals
• Continuous time signals are defined for all instant of
time
• Independent variable enclosed in parenthesis (.)

• Denoted by x(t)

• Represented by function or graph

v
V(t)=sin(t) o≤t≤2
t
CONTINUOUS-TIME SIGNALS
A value of signal exists at every instant of time

Independent variable

t
Independent variable
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DISCRETE TIME SIGNAL

• Defined on discrete instant of time.

• Independent variable is enclosed in brackets [.]
• Denoted by x[n]
• Discrete signal is obtained by taking samples of analog
signal at discrete instant of time.

X[n]
X[2]
X[-1] X[1]

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 n
CONTINUOUS AND DISCRETE SIGNALS
 Examples of continuous signals

3/26/2019
 Speech, video, image
 The variation of atmospheric pressure, wind speed
Examples of discrete signal

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
 Demographic data, weekly stock position of a company
REPRESENTATION
OF DISCRETE TIME
SIGNALS
REPRESENTATION OF DISCRETE TIME
SIGNALS
 Fours ways for representing discrete time signals.
Graphical representation of signal
Consider a signal x[n] having values
x[-2]=-4,x[-1]=1,X[0]=2, x[1]=1,x[2]=2

X[n] X[2]

X[-1] X[1]

-2 -1 0 1 2 n
FUNCTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF DISCRETE
SIGNALS

 Signals can be represented using functional

representation as:
x[n]= -4 for n= -2
1 for n=-1
2 for n=0
1 for n=1
2 for n=2
Tabular representation of discrete signals
• In this method, sampling instant n and the magnitude of
signal at the sampling instant are represented in tabular
form.
n -2 -1 0 1 2
X[n] -4 1 2 1 2
SEQUENCE REPRESENTATION OF DISCRETE
SIGNALS
 A finite duration sequence can be represented as:
x[n]= { 2, -4, 3, 0, 1, 3, 2 }

o The arrow denotes n=0 term.

o When no arrow is indicated then first term indicates the n=0 term.
x[n]= { 2, 4, 3, 1, 5 }