Vitamins Other name Sources Deficiency Toxicity Functions

Vitamin A retinol Liver, milk, Xerophthalmia - Hypervitaminosis A - a. Vision - component

cheese, egg characterized by night symptoms include of visual purple
yolk, fish, yellow blindness headaches, (rhodopsin in the
and green leafy dizziness, etc.. rods and iodopsin in
vegetables the cones) which is
necessary for vision
in dim light
b. Growth - cellular
differentiation and
proliferation
c. Health of epithelial
cells - synthesis of
mucoproteins which
maintain the integrity
of the epithelial cells
d. Skeletal and tooth
development -
release of enzymes
required for bone
remodeling and for
the development of
healthy enamel-
forming epithelial
cells necessary for
sound tooth
structure.
e. Normal reproduction
f. Integrity of the
immune system
g. Hematopoiesis -
facilitates the
availability of iron for
hemoglobin
synthesis

Vitamin D Calciferol Irradiation of 1. rickets - a. Promotes normal

Antirachitic precursor in the characterized bone and teeth
 vitamin skin, fish, liver, by soft and formation
oils, milk, egg, fragile bones, b. Regulates the
butter, yeast, enlarged joints, absorption, transport,
fungi bowed legs and and deposition of
deformities of calcium and
the chest, spine phosphorus in the
and pelvis body
2. Tetany - c. Plays a role in renal
characterized phosphate clearance
by low serum
calcium level of
7.5 mg/100ml
or less, muscle
twitching,
cramps and
convulsion. It is
due to
insufficient
calcium or
vitamin D
absorption, or
from a
malfunctioning
parathyroid
gland.
3. Osteomalacia -
bone softening;
results when
vitamin d and
calcium are
inadequate

Vitamin E - tocopherol oils Hemolysis of RBC It is an antioxidant, it

least toxic protects vitamin A and C,
among the carotene and unsaturated
fat-soluble fatty-acids
vitamins

Vitamin K Anti- Malunggay, Hemorrhagic a. Normal blood

hemorrhagic liver, cabbage, disease in clotting; vitamin k is
factor egg yolk newborn essential in the
synthesis of
prothrombin
b. Vitamin k is possibly
involved also in
respiratory enzyme
systems,
photosynthesis and
oxidative
phosphorylation
c. Therapeutic uses -
treatment of neonatal
bleeding, impaired
intestinal synthesis
and in pre- and
postoperative
conditions to prevent
bleeding.
vitamins Other name sources deficiency toxicity functions
Vitamin C - Ascorbic acid Citrus fruits, a. Adult scurvy - Occasional large 1. Promotes bone
most guava, ripe symptoms intakes: Stomach and teeth
unstable papaya, include cramps, nausea, and formation
pineapple, petechiae or diarrhea 2. Promotes healing
guyabano, hemorrhagic Prolonged large of wounds and
tomato, spots on the intakes: fractures
peppers, and skin , swelling, ● Uricosuria 3. An antioxidant
raw cabbage, infection, ● Reduced 4. Enhances non-
liver, kidney, bleeding of the bactericidal heme iron
spleen gums, activity of absorption
tenderness of leukocytes 5. Enhance immune
the legs and ● Enhanced function
anemia. mobilization 6. It blocks the
b. Infantile scurvy - of bone formation of
symptoms calcium carcinogen
include pain, ● Impaired
tenderness, blood
swelling of coagulation
thighs and legs, time
loss of weight, ● Lowered
diarrhea, fever, plasma
and vomiting vitamin B12
are often ● Interruption of
present. pregnancy
● Reduced
insulin
production
● Interface with
anticoagulant
therapy

Vitamin B1 thiamin Wholegrain a. Dry beriberi - Needed for carbohydrate,

cereals, essential protein, and fat
enriched flour, features are metabolism
peanuts, generalized
legumes, polyneuropathy
stringbeans, and progressive
 monggo, peas, muscular
dried yeast paralysis
patani, liver, b. Wet beriberi -
egg yolk, characterized
beans, pork by pitting
and other organ edema and
meats. enlarged heart
c. Infantile beriberi
- seen in infants
breast-fed by
mothers
suffering from
beriberi.
Cyanosis,
tachycardia and
cardiac failure
are the
advanced
features
d. Wernicke-
Korsakof
syndrome - in
alcoholics, is
characterized
by loss of
memory, mental
deterioration,
abnormal
perception, and
loss of eye
control. Without
treatment, heart
failure would
occur.

Vitamin B2 Riboflavin Whole grain Ariboflavinosis 1. Needed for

cereals, dried Clinical signs: carbohydrate and
beans, kadios, a. Photophobia protein
leafy (abnormal metabolism
vegetables, sensitivity to 2. Acts as a control
milk, egg, liver, light) and agent both in
organ dimness of energy production
meats,lean vision and tissue building
meats b. Angular and rebuilding.
stomatitis - 3. Involved in the
cracks or conversion of
fissures at the tryptophan to
angles of the niacin
mouth 4. Plays a role in
c. Cheilosis - maintaining
vertical fissures normal skin tone
or cracks on the and normal vision.
lips
d. Glossitis -
swollen and
magenta
colored tongue
e. Nasolabial
seborrhea -
scaly, greasy
eruption may
develop
especially in
skin folds
f. Seborrheic
dermatitis -
scaly, greasy
eruption may
develop
especially in
skin folds
g. lacrimation ,
burning and
itching of eyes.
h. Corneal
vascularization -
extra blood
vessels develop
at the cornea
i. Growth
retardation and
congenital
malformation (if
deficiency
occurs during
period of
conception)
Vitamin B3 Niacin Organ meats, Pellagra includes the Needed for carbohydrate
- most liver, poultry, triad of dermatitis, protein and fat
stable fish, lean meat, dementia and diarrhea metabolism
among the peanuts, bread, and can result in death
water- cereal, dried
soluble beans, nuts,
cereals
Vitamin B9 Folate Green Symptoms: Necessary for
Folic acid vegetables, megaloblastic anemia regeneration of RBC
dried beans,
nuts, cereals,
liver, kidney,
lean beef
Vitamin B6 pyridoxine Whole grain Microcytic anemia Needed for carbohydrate,
cereals,nuts, protein and fat
seeds, green metabolism
leafy In amino acid
vegetables, metabolism, it is involved
yeast, liver, in incorporation of amino
organ meats, acids into heme, an
lean meat essential component of
hemoglobin
Vitamin B5 Pantothenic acid Liver, kidney, Essential for fat, protein,
glandular and carbohydrate
organs, egg metabolism
yolk, milk,
yeast, grains,
seeds
Vitamin B7 Biotin - the Whole grain Essential for fat, protein,
micronutrient cereals, and carbohydrate
legumes, nuts, metabolism
fruits,
vegetables,
liver, egg yolk,
fish, muscle
meat, milk
Vitamin B12 cobalamin Liver, milk, Pernicious anemia Cofactor in DNA
meat, eggs, synthesis for fat and
fish, cheese protein metabolism
Role in the maturation of
RBC