HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

A SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted by

Anup Oli (19UECV0013)

Arbind Kumar Yadav (19UECV0014)
Ngim Sange Sherpa (19UECV0051
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Guided by

Mr. K. Cheran
Assistant Professor in Civil Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL & CONSTRUCTION

OCTOBER 2021
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this seminar report titled “ EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE STRUCTURE” is

the Bonafide work of ANUP OLI (19UECV0013), ARBIND KUMAR YADAV 19UECV0014),
NGIM SANGE SHERPA (19UECV0051) who carried out the work under my supervision.
Certified further that to the best of my knowledge the work reported Herein does not form part of
any other report or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an
earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

Sign Of The Supervisor Sign Of HOD

K.Cheran Dr. Geeta Selvarani

Assistant Professor Professor & Head

Dept. Of Civil Engineering Dept. Of Civil Engineering

Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D

InstituteOf Science and Technology InstituteOf Science and Technology

Chennai -600 062 Chennai -600 062

 CERTIFICATE OF EVALUATION

PROGRAM : Bachelor of Technology

SPECIALIZATION : Civil Engineering

SEMESTER :V
Name of the Student Anup Oli
Arbind Kumar Yadav
Ngim Sange Sherpa

Title of the Project “Earthquake Resistance structures”

Name of the Guide K.Cheran
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D
Institute of Science and Technology,
Chennai – 600 062

The report of the seminar work submitted by the above student in partial fulfillment for the
award of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering of Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala
R&D Institute of Science and Technology for the Viva – Voce examination held on 21-10-2021
has been evaluated and confirmed.

INTERNAL EXAMINER

Name :

Designation :
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

1.2 NEED FOR THE STUDY

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 INTRODUCTION

3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 REFERENCE
LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO TABLE NAME PAGE NO

2.1 Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 10
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO FIGURE NAME PAGE NO

3.1 Yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy 20

3.2 Zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz 22
 LIST OF SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS AND NOMENCLATURE

SYMBOL ABBREVIATION PAGE NO

µ - Poisson’s Ratio 15
 ABSTRACT

Hazardous waste material and their management are of prime importance to society. Due

to Industrialization, largely economic development, and changing lifestyles the quantity

of hazardous waste in India is rising significantly. The management of hazardous solid

waste in India is largely ineffective. One exception to this is the state of Gujarat ,which

implement a number of strategies to better manage the rising quantities of hazardous

solid waste being produced. International movement of harmful materials from

industrialized nations to the developing and emerging world shows that Africa ,most

notably Nigeria has become a dumping ground for hazardous waste materials as a result

of high importation of scrap computers and electronics devices into country. The public

health hazards such as birth deficiencies ,Cancers , and even infectious diseases such as

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B & C respectively, have been traced

to the improper management of these waste materials. Few methods for the hazardous

waste management are source reduction , recycling , and landfill options. This

presentation focused on adaptive technologies for the hazardous waste management all

over the country more specifically in the state of Gujarat. For a sustainable environment a

keen attention must be paid to hazardous waste management globally.

 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL
The daily activities of work day to day generation of Hazardous waste in many parts of
the world poses tremendous threats to humans, animals and the whole ecosystem at large
scale. Due to increase in the global population along with leading to a rapid boost in
industrial activities, which are a significant source of hazardous contaminants in the
world. According to research by the United Nations Environment programme (UNEP),
about 400 million tons of hazardous waste are generated globally every year, which is
estimated to be about 60 kg for every individual in the world.

In India, Ineffective Solid waste management is a significant problem, especially in urban

centers. About a third of the population lives in urban areas. By 2050, it is expected that
50% of India’s population will be leaving in urban areas, & waste generation will grow
by 5% per year. It is anticipated that by 2021, 2031, &2050, waste arising will be around
101 million metric tons (MMT), 164 MMT, & 436 MMT per year respectively. These
waste rise in the generation of solid waste is mainly due to population growth, economic
development, and changing lifestyles. Municipal solid wastes which are hazardous are
often simply collected, transported, and dumped without treatment on processing. Thus
despite significant socio-economic development, Solid Hazardous waste management
systems in India have remained relatively unchanged and are inefficient. The 3 Rs
(reduce, reuse and recycle) are seldom used, despite being part of the country’s policy
framework.
1.2 NEED FOR THE STUDY
The management of hazardous wastes is of great important due to environment health,
social, and economic impacts. Hazardous waste not only poses risks to the surroundings
air, water, and soil, but also do harm to ecological environment and human health
through diversified channels.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

●To reach the goal of “Zero Disposal of Hazardous Waste”

●To minimize waste and its disposal.

● To prevent the environment health, social and economic impacts.

●To reduce the extraction of resources along with reducing pollution and energy

Consumption which is associated with manufacturing new materials .

 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 SOURCES OF HAZARDOUS WASTES

On a global scale , several studies have been conducted on hazardous waste materials
,which have indicated the rate of generation of unsafe contaminants. Most hazardous
wastes are produced in the manufacturing of products for consumption or further
industrial application. Hazardous waste sources include industry, institutional
establishments, research laboratories, mining sites, mineral processing sites, agricultural
facilities and the natural environment.
 HAZARDOUS WASTE BY COUNTRY

COUNTRIES x1000 tons/year Kg/person/year

Estonia 6206 4774
Kyrgyzstan 6780 1329
Russia 139,194 966
Iraq 15,091 616
Lebanon 2217 616
Syria 10,714 616
Hungary 3413 345
Luxemburg 101 253
Germany 15,532 188
United kingdom 5568 94
Cuba 941 83
Argentina 2530 67
Israel 325 52
Nigeria 2469 20
India 7244 7
2.2 PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN

Developed, developing, andunderdeveloped nation genuinely understand the

threats that this influx and generation of hazardous waste materials could cause.
Hazardous wastes usually contain toxic chemical substances such as mercuric,
lead, sulfur, arsenic and cyanide, which are dangerous both to individuals and
ecosystem. Harmful contaminants that escape into the environment have a high
tendency of polluting both water and surrounding air, thus causing significant
harm to humans, animals, and the ecosystem . Exposures to lead can lead to an
increase in blood pressure, sleep disorders, kidney damage, nerve disorders,
amongst others . A report shows that over 400 children were affected by lead
contaminations in Zamfara state in 2013 . Similarly, lead poisoning has led to the
death of about 28 children so far in the Rafin Local Government of the Niger states
in Nigeria . Similarly, Mercury is known to be a neurotoxin in several forms,
which could lead to mental deficits in low exposure levels and severe neurologic
effects at extreme levels of exposure . Another study on 248 patients in Malaysia
reveled some high levels of toxicity due to exposures to arsenic-contaminated
water. Other manifestations ranged from burning eye sensations, leg swelling ,
liver fibrosis , chronic lung disease to skin cancer. The World Health Organization
(WHO) in a report revealed that as of the year 2010,unsafe injections accounted for
about 33,800 new HIV infections, 1.7 million hepatitis B infections, and 315,000
hepatitis C infections. Hazardous waste requires a high level of monitoring and
management , as humans interact with them everyday . An action as simple as
burning hazardous waste is reported to release dioxins ,which are said to be one of
the most toxic chemicals known. Hazardous waste management is extremely
critical for a healthy environment.