Session 5

Learning Objectives
After this lesson, you will be able to:

• Determine whether a survey is valid or biased

• Draw inferences about surveys and data samples

p. 68
Surveys and Data Samples
Survey Validity

• For a survey to be valid, the sample must correspond to the larger

population.

• If the sample corresponds, then the mean and median of the larger
population are expected to be about the same as the mean and
median of the sample.

p. 68
Question 1
Question 1

1. An animal rescue group wants to determine if lowering adoption fees would increase the
percentage of people who choose to adopt pets from a shelter rather than buy them from a
pet store. To assess public opinion, the group surveyed 250 visitors of an animal shelter.
Over 77 percent of those surveyed said they would be more likely to adopt instead of buy
pets if adoption fees were lowered.

Which of the following is true about the survey’s reliability?

(A) It is unreliable because the survey sample is too

small.

(B) It is unreliable because the survey sample is not

representative of the general public.

(C) It is reliable because nobody in the survey

sample works for the animal shelter.

(D) It is reliable because the survey sample excludes

people who are not interested in getting a pet.

p. 69
Question 2
Question 2

2. A retail store conducts a survey to find out how many deliveries shoppers order per week. If
a representative and random sample of 475 people is chosen from a population estimated to
be 47,500, which of the following accurately describes how the mean of the sample data
relates to the estimated mean of the entire population?

(A) The mean of the sample data is equal to the estimated

mean of the population.

(B) The mean of the sample data cannot be used to

estimate the mean of the much larger population.

(C) The mean of the sample data should be multiplied by

100 to get the estimated mean of the population.

(D) The mean of the sample data should be multiplied by

1,000 to get the estimated mean of the population.

p. 69
Question 3
Question 3

3. A food company wants to determine what new flavor of popcorn would be the most popular:
steak seasoning, ghost pepper, or donut. The company asked 200 randomly surveyed
teenagers what flavor they prefer. Approximately 54 percent of them said they prefer steak
seasoning, while approximately 18 percent of them said ghost pepper.

These data best support which of the following conclusions?

(A) The majority of consumers prefer steak seasoning

flavored popcorn.

(B) Steak seasoning flavored popcorn will be consumed

three times more often than ghost pepper flavored
popcorn.

(C) Most teenagers prefer steak seasoning flavored popcorn.

(D) Approximately 28 percent of consumers prefer donut

flavored popcorn.

p. 69
Question 4
Question 4

4. A snack pack company sells snacks in four different categories: salty, sweet, spicy, and sour.
The company ships these products in crates, each of which can hold 60 boxes; each box
contains 25 snack items. As a quality control check, 1 box from each of 5 crates is selected at
random. An employee counts the number of snacks in each category in each box. The results
are shown in the table below.

Which of the following is the closest approximation of the total number of sweet snacks in the
five crates?
Category Box 1 Box 2 Box 3 Box 4 Box 5
(A) 48
Salty 12 10 13 9 11
(B) 600 Sweet 11 10 8 12 9

(C) 3,000 Spicy 1 4 3 2 3

Sour 1 1 1 2 2
(D) 15,000

p. 69
Learning Objective
After this lesson, you will be able to:

• Calculate probabilities based on data sets

p. 70
Probability
Memorize the probability formula before test day:

number of desired outcomes

Probability =
number of total possible outcomes

p. 70
Question 1
Question 1

1. Joe has five bags containing an assortment of colored marbles: blue, red, yellow, green, and
orange. The table below shows how many marbles of each color are in each bag. If bags #1
and #4 were combined into a new bag, what is the probability that an orange marble would be
selected from the new bag at random?

(A) 0.19 Bag Blue Red Yellow Green Orange Total

Bag #1 15 10 17 4 21 67
(B) 0.28
Bag #2 2 7 16 8 15 48
(C) 0.35
Bag #3 10 22 14 4 7 57
(D) 0.47 Bag #4 13 4 8 19 14 58
Bag #5 17 7 2 24 11 61
Total 57 50 57 59 68 291

p. 71
Question 2
Question 2

2. The participants in a marathon were asked to give their age and the number of miles they
completed in the first hour. The table shows the results of the data collected. If a participant
completed at least 7 miles of the marathon in the first hour, what is the probability that the
participant is at least 26 years old?

(A) 0.33 Age (years)

Miles 12-25 26-40 41 and older Total
(B) 0.42
1-3 35 21 42 98
(C) 0.63 4-6 26 33 17 76

(D) 0.71 7-9 19 41 5 65

p. 71
Question 3
Question 3

3. A book manufacturer’s production is summarized in the incomplete table below. The

manufacturer produces four times as many fiction books that have 250 or more pages
as it does books that are fiction and have fewer than 250 pages, and the manufacturer
produces three times as many nonfiction books that have 250 or more pages as it does
books that are non-fiction and have fewer than 250 pages. Which of the following is the
approximate probability that a book with 250 or more pages selected at random will be fiction?

(A) 0.14 Fewer Than 250 or More

Book Type
250 Pages Pages
(B) 0.52 Fiction

(C) 0.56 Nonfiction

Total 112 391
(D) 0.58

p. 71
Question 4
Question 4

4. The table shows the distribution of different automobile types a dealership has out of
a total of 2,000 cars to sell. The car dealership randomly tests 10 percent of each
automobile type for worn tires. The findings are shown in the table on the right. Based
on the car dealership’s findings, if a single 4-door hatchback is randomly selected
from those that were tested, what is the probability that this 4-door hatchback has worn
tires?
Worn Tires Test Results
Auto Type % of total
Number of Automobiles
(A) 0.003 Auto Type
2-door sedan 55 with Worn Tires
(B) 0.08 4-door sedan 25 2-door sedan 7

2-door hatchback 15 4-door sedan 13

(C) 0.1
4-door hatchback 5 2-door hatchback 5
(D) 0.6
4-door hatchback 6

p. 72
Learning Objectives
After this lesson, you will be able to:

• Extrapolate values from the line of best fit

• Determine the average rate of change

• Write an equation for a line of best fit

p. 77
Line of Best Fit
The line of best fit in a scatterplot should be drawn so that about half the
data points pass below it and the other half pass above it.

p. 78
Question 1
Question 1

1. The scatterplot below shows data a biologist collected on the number of cottontail rabbits
versus the number of red-shouldered hawks in a certain section of a national park. A line of
best fit is also shown for the data set. Based on the line of best fit, how many cottontail rabbits
could be expected in this section of the park if there are 48 red-shouldered hawks present?

p. 79
Question 2
Question 2

2. The scatterplot below shows the number of portable space heater units sold each
week by a local hardware store plotted against the average weekly noontime
temperatures, in degrees Fahrenheit, in the region. Which of the following best
estimates the average rate of change in the number of portable space heater units
sold to the change in average weekly noontime temperature?

(A) –0.95

(B) –0.55

(C) 0.55

(D) 0.95

p. 79
Question 3
Question 3

3. The scatterplot below compares the average per-square-foot home prices in two California
counties during a two-year period.

Which of the following equations best models the data in the scatterplot?

(A) y = –1.33x + 300

(B) y = 0.75x + 300

(C) y = 0.75x + 97.5

(D) y = 1.33x + 97.5

p. 80
Question 4
Question 4

4. The crop yield of a certain agricultural region can vary depending on the amount of
rain the region receives. The scatterplot shows the crop yield per acre, in hundreds of
bushels, versus rainfall received, reported as a percentage of the 20-year average
annual rainfall for the region.

For every 10 percent increase in rainfall, how much

greater is the expected crop yield, in bushels per acre?

p. 80
Learning Objective
After this lesson, you will be able to:

• Determine whether a linear, quadratic, or exponential model describes the

data presented in a scatterplot

p. 81
Scatterplot Modeling

p. 81
Question 1
Question 1

1. Given that a, b, and c are constants and that a > 0, which of the following equations best
models the data in the scatterplot?

(A) y = abx

(B) y = –ax + b

(C) y = ax2 + bx + c

(D) y = –ax2 + bx + c

p. 82
Question 2
Question 2

2. Which of the following is best modeled using an exponential regression

equation, y = abx, where 0 < b < 1?

(A) (C)

(B) (D)

p. 82
Question 3
Question 3

3. Identical dosages of a certain medication are administered to two patients at the same time.
The concentration of medicine in the blood is then measured for each patient at regular time
intervals. The scatterplot shows the measured concentration of medicine in the blood for the
two patients on the y-axis and time on the x-axis. Which of the following conclusions can be
drawn from the observations in the scatterplot?

(A) The concentration of medicine in the

blood decreases at a constant rate in
each patient.

(B) The concentration of medicine in the

blood decreases at a faster rate in
Patient A than it does in Patient B.

(C) The concentration of medicine in the

blood decreases at a faster rate in
Patient B than it does in Patient A.

(D) The relationship between the

concentration of medicine in the blood
p. 82
and time cannot be determined.
Question 4
Question 4

4. For which of the following values of a and b does the equation y = axb model the data in the
scatterplot?

(A) –1 < a < 0, b < –1

(B) a < 0, 0 < b < 1

(C) a > 0, b < 0

(D) a > 0, 0 < b < 1

p. 83
Learning Objective
After this lesson, you will be able to:

• Revise redundant and/or wordy writing

p. 240
Conciseness

Correct each sentence in order to make it more concise.

1. If we don’t deal with that leak soon, it is likely that the boat will probably sink.

2. Due to the fact that there is a blizzard, school must close.

3. An awful feeling of hunger churned in the dragon’s belly.

n/a
Question 1
American Chinese Food
In the nineteenth century, some Chinese immigrants to America, who faced
severe discrimination and were subject to exclusion from many economic opportunities,
1
became restaurateurs. By the twentieth century, their establishments had proved popular
among economically and ethnically diverse groups.

1. (A) NO CHANGE

(B) were subjected to exclusion

(C) were excluded

(D) were subjects to exclusion

p. 241
Question 2
By the twentieth century, their establishments had proved popular among
economically and ethnically diverse groups. 2 Varied clienteles including African
Americans, Jewish Americans, and Irish Americans, among others, often enjoyed
the inexpensive dish known as chop suey, which may have been invented by Chinese
immigrants in America. These developments helped make Chinese food a permanent
part of the culinary landscape of the United States.

2. (A) NO CHANGE

(B) Different clienteles such as

(C) A variety of clienteles including

(D) DELETE the underlined portion.

p. 241
Question 3
The complicated and intercultural history of Chinese food in the United States
raises a prickly question: are the dishes typically found in the Chinese restaurants in
America really Chinese? For some critics, the answer is a clear “no.” They point to the
dubious origin of 3 chop suey. They also provide examples of Westernized staples such
as crab Rangoon (which uses cream cheese, an ingredient unknown in and unused in
traditional Chinese cooking) and fortune cookies (which likewise are not traditional in
China, and may have been inspired by a Japanese sweet).

3. Which choice most effectively combines the sentences at the underlined portion?

(A) chop suey and to Westernized staples such as crab Rangoon

(B) chop suey, and they provide examples of Westernized staples such as crab Rangoon

(C) chop suey and to a Westernized staple and to crab Rangoon

(D) chop suey; in addition, they also cite Westernized staples such as crab Rangoon
p. 241
Question 4
The complicated and intercultural history of Chinese food in the United States
raises a prickly question: are the dishes typically found in the Chinese restaurants in
America really Chinese? For some critics, the answer is a clear “no.” They point to the
dubious origin of chop suey. They also provide examples of Westernized staples such
as crab Rangoon (which uses cream cheese, an ingredient unknown in 4 and unused in
traditional Chinese cooking) and fortune cookies (which likewise are not traditional in
China, and may have been inspired by a Japanese sweet).

4. (A) NO CHANGE

(B) but unused in

(C) and not used in

(D) DELETE the underlined portion.

p. 241
Question 5
However, by focusing solely on the Westernized elements of Chinese food in America,
these critics 5 neglect to consider the traditional techniques such as stir-frying that are
commonly used with these foods. They also ignore the role that Chinese restaurants
played in defining and supporting Chinese immigrant communities throughout America.

5. (A) NO CHANGE

(B) misunderstand

(C) overlook

(D) do not consider

p. 241
Question 6
To be sure, Chinese cuisine in America has evolved over time in response
to changing tastes. However, 6 the cuisine in China itself has also evolved over
time as tastes have changed.

6. (A) NO CHANGE

(B) the same is true of the cuisine in China.

(C) the cuisine in China has also changed to match different tastes.

(D) China has also evolved.

p. 242
Question 7
Moreover, within China, ingredients and culinary traditions are understood to be
regional—a spicy fried dish from Hunan province may vary in 7 flavor and
preparation from a Fujianese seafood dish. Since Chinese cuisine has long
incorporated such diversity, it does not seem too absurd to claim that Chinese
food in America is “really Chinese” as well.

7. (A) NO CHANGE

(B) flavor

(C) preparation

(D) the flavor of preparation

p. 242
Learning Objective
After this lesson, you will be able to:

• Determine the appropriate transition to establish logical relationships

(1) within and between sentences, or (2) between paragraphs

p. 243
Organization: Transitions

Select the appropriate transition:

1. There was an unusually large amount of rain this spring; (therefore/in addition), the water
levels of the area's lakes rose substantially.

2. (Unless/Because) the park is so appealing, I try to visit it several times each year.

3. The university's Mathematics department is considered among the most selective in the
country; admissions counselors, (similarly/in fact), recommend that only the highest-scoring
students apply.

n/a
Question 1
The Roanoke Mystery
The fate of the Roanoke Colony is one of the greatest mysteries in the history
of North America. The colony was the first attempt by England to establish a permanent
settlement in North America. Sponsored by Sir Walter Raleigh, the settlement was
initially established in 1585 on Roanoke Island, in what is now coastal North Carolina.
1 Similarly, inadequate supplies and tense relations with the area's Native American
tribes motivated most of the first settlers to return to England after the first winter,
leaving a detachment of just a few men behind. In 1587, John White led a second
expedition of 115 colonists to Roanoke. By the time this second group arrived, they found
no trace of the detachment that had remained at Roanoke.
1. (A) NO CHANGE

(B) However,

(C) Although,

(D) Therefore, p. 244

Question 2
In 1587, John White led a second expedition of 115 colonists to Roanoke. By the time
this second group arrived, they found no trace of the detachment that had remained
at Roanoke.
2 Like the members of the previous expedition, the 1587 colonists had insufficient
supplies and poor relationships with local tribes. Even so, the expedition's members persuaded
White to return to England to inform Walter Raleigh of their difficult situation.

2. Which choice provides the best transition from the previous paragraph to this one?

(A) NO CHANGE

(B) Despite their best efforts to survive,

(C) Although they had the best intentions,

(D) Unafraid of any challenges they might encounter,

p. 244
Question 3
Like the members of the previous expedition, the 1587 colonists had
insufficient supplies and poor relationships with local tribes. 3 Even so, the expedition's
members persuaded White to return to England to inform Walter Raleigh of their difficult
situation. White did travel to England to get badly needed supplies for the settlers.

3. (A) NO CHANGE

(B) Nevertheless,

(C) Ultimately,

(D) For example,

p. 244
Question 4
However, he encountered numerous obstacles in his attempts to return to the colony,
4 including pirate attacks and an ongoing war between England and Spain.
White finally managed to return in 1590. In addition to people, he found
only an empty, abandoned settlement.

4. Which choice provides the most specific connection to the information in the next paragraph?

(A) NO CHANGE

(B) which turned out to be unfortunate, in light of the events that followed.

(C) although he was able to overcome these obstacles.

(D) which delayed his return to Roanoke by over two years.

p. 244
Question 5
White finally managed to return in 1590. 5 In addition to people, he found
only an empty, abandoned settlement. A substantial fort remained, but all the colonists
were gone, and their houses had been dismantled and removed. This seemed to indicate
that the settlers had left of their own accord.

5. (A) NO CHANGE

(B) Instead of

(C) Despite the

(D) At the same time as

p. 245
Question 6
There were no clues as to their destination except for the word “Croatoan” carved into
a post and the letters “C-R-O” carved into a tree; the Croatoan were a local Native
American tribe with whom the colonists had enjoyed generally friendly relations.
Some Native groups, 6 on the other hand, had been quite hostile to the
colonists, so generations of historians accepted the idea that the English had been
wiped out in a massacre. Conflict between English colonists and Native Americans
was fairly common throughout the seventeenth century. In fact, a number of credible
reports from later European explorers and settlers in the region described encounters
with Native people who had gray or blue eyes and blonde hair. Therefore, it seems
probable that at least some of the Roanoke colonists were absorbed into the local tribes.

6. (A) NO CHANGE

(B) specifically,

(C) for example,

p. 245
(D) although,
Question 7
Some native groups, on the other hand, were far more hostile to the
colonists, so generations of historians accepted the idea that the English had been
wiped out in a massacre. 7 Hostility between English colonists and Native Americans
was fairly common throughout the seventeenth century. In fact, a number of credible
reports from later European explorers and settlers in the region described encounters
with native people who had gray or blue eyes and blonde hair. Therefore, it seems
probable that at least some of the Roanoke colonists were absorbed into the local tribes.

7. Which choice provides the most effective transition between ideas in the paragraph?

(A) NO CHANGE

(B) Indeed, historians have to use the evidence at hand when trying to establish facts.

(C) This idea would be strengthened if evidence such as human remains or native weaponry
were found at the site.

(D) Archaeological evidence for this idea, however, is lacking.

p. 245
Learning Objectives
After this lesson, you will be able to:

• Determine the most logical place for a sentence in a paragraph

• Determine the most logical place for a paragraph in a passage

p. 246
Organization: Sentence Placement

Would you expect each sentence to appear at the start, in the middle,
or at the end of a paragraph?

1. Of these, the orange oakleaf butterfly stands out.

2. Animals of many species use camouflage.

3. Ultimately, camouflage may be the most effective way to avoid a potentially

fatal encounter with a predator.

4. Cuttlefish, for example, can rapidly change colors.

p. 246
Passage
-1-

The Art of Christo: Larger Than Life

[1] Picturesque Lake Iseo in northern Italy is surrounded by lush mountains and

quaint medieval towns. [2] In the summer of 2016, visitors flocked to the lake in order to traverse

a network of yellow-orange fabric pathways crisscrossing its surface. [3] This two-week exhibit, called

The Floating Piers, was the work of the artist Christo. [4] Since the 1960s, Christo and his wife,

Jeanne-Claude, have created larger-than-life environmental art installations throughout the world.

[5] Christo’s art embraces contradiction: striking colors against natural environments, stark simplicity

requiring years—even decades—of complex logistical planning.

-2-

[1] Organizing each major project requires an arduous process of government approvals,

permit acquisitions, financial complications, materials production, and site logistics proposals. [2] For

instance, when planning The Floating Piers, Christo’s team had to create a 175-page parking document

to manage anticipated crowds of tens of thousands on the single main access road to the town. [3] He

sells these works to fully fund the large-scale projects; The Floating Piers cost approximately $17 million.
p. 247
[4] Concurrent with the planning, Christo creates more traditionally sized art in his New York studio.
Passage
-3-

[1] All this effort and cost to create a temporary exhibit strikes detractors as wasteful,

if not a downright blight on the landscape. [2] Yet these art installations are about much more than

the physical pieces themselves. [3] Both Christo’s planning process and final products unite world

communities, not just as viewers, but as participants, in an art encounter that is more profound than

any experience possible in a traditional art museum or gallery.

-4-

[1] Then comes the actual physical construction of the art installations. [2] Before assembling

The Floating Piers, Christo had commissioned factories to produce about a million square feet of fabric and

nearly a quarter million polyethylene cubes. [3] Teams tediously screwed the thousands of cubes together to

form the floating pathways, which were then laboriously connected to the anchors. [4] Divers spent weeks

placing dozens of five-ton anchors at the bottom of Lake Iseo. [5] Finally, workers attached the swaths

of fabric to the cubes, resulting in a network of piers over 1.5 miles in length.

p. 248
Question 1
The Art of Christo: Larger Than Life -1-
[1] Picturesque Lake Iseo in northern Italy is surrounded by lush
mountains and quaint medieval towns. [2] In the summer of 2016, visitors flocked to
the lake in order to traverse a network of yellow-orange fabric pathways crisscrossing
its surface. [3] This 2-week exhibit, called The Floating Piers, was the work of the artist Christo. [4] Since the 1960s,
Christo and his wife Jeanne-Claude have created larger-than-life environmental art installations throughout the world.
[5] Christo’s art embraces contradiction: striking colors against natural environments, stark simplicity requiring
years—even decades—of complex logistical planning. 1

1. Where is the most logical place in this paragraph to add the following sentence?
For instance, two of Christo’s works are Valley Curtain, more than 1,000 feet of orange
fabric draped across a valley in the Rocky Mountains, and Wrapped Trees, 178 trees
individually sheathed with translucent silver fabric in Basel, Switzerland.

(A) Before sentence 1

(B) After sentence 2

(C) After sentence 3

p. 247
(D) After sentence 4
Question 2
-2-
[1] Organizing each major project requires an arduous process of
government approvals, permit acquisitions, financial complications, materials
production, and site logistics proposals. [2] For instance, when planning The Floating
Piers, Christo’s team had to create a 175-page parking document to manage anticipated
crowds of tens of thousands on the single main access road to the town. [3] He sells these
works to fully fund the large-scale projects; The Floating Piers cost approximately $17
million. [4] Concurrent with the planning, Christo creates more traditionally sized art
in his New York studio. 2

2. To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 3 should be placed:

(A) where it is now.

(B) before sentence 1.

(C) after sentence 1.

(D) after sentence 4. p. 247

Question 3
-3-
[1] All this effort and cost to create a temporary exhibit strikes detractors
as wasteful, if not a downright blight on the landscape. [2] Yet these art installations
are about much more than the physical pieces themselves. [3] Both Christo’s planning
process and final products unite world communities, not just as viewers, but as
participants, in an art encounter that is more profound than any experience possible
in a traditional art museum or gallery. 3

3. Where is the most logical place in this paragraph to add the following sentence?
In explaining his work, even Christo himself refers to the massive art
as “absurd” or even “useless.”

(A) Before sentence 1

(B) After sentence 1

(C) After sentence 2

(D) After sentence 3 p. 248

Question 4
-4-
[1] Then comes the actual physical construction of the art installations.
[2] Before assembling The Floating Piers, Christo had commissioned factories to
produce about a million square feet of fabric and nearly a quarter million
polyethylene cubes. [3] Teams tediously screwed the thousands of cubes together to
form the floating pathways, which were then laboriously connected to the anchors.
[4] Divers spent weeks placing dozens of five-ton anchors at the bottom of Lake Iseo.
[5] Finally, workers attached the swaths of fabric to the cubes, resulting in a network
of piers over 1.5 miles in length. 4

4. For the sake of the logic and cohesion of the paragraph, sentence 3 should be:

(A) placed where it is now.

(B) placed after sentence 1.

(C) placed after sentence 4.

(D) DELETED from the paragraph. p. 248

Question 5
Question 5 asks about the previous passage as a whole.

5. Think about the previous passage as a whole as you answer question 5. To make
the passage most logical, paragraph 4 should be placed:

(A) where it is now.

(B) before paragraph 1.

(C) after paragraph 1.

(D) after paragraph 2.

p. 248
Learning Objective
After this lesson, you will be able to:

• Identify the appropriate word or phrase for a given context

p. 249
Development: Word Choice

Choose the appropriate word in each sentence:

1. The soup was too (humid/hot) to drink.

2. If we are to accept the philosopher's premises concerning utilitarian ethics, we must

conclude that to take any further action would be (unwise/dumb).

3. After years of mining, there was no more ore to (withdraw/extract).

n/a
Question 1
Spelunking on the Moon
NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter has found over 200 holes on the
surface of the moon—not craters, but pits with steep walls and shadowed floors that
could lead to deeper caverns. Scientists 1 feel like these pits may have developed
when lava on the moon's surface partially cooled, forming a thin solid crust on top.
Then, the still-hot lava beneath flowed away, leaving a void in the rock that became
a pit when the crust collapsed. Researchers are devising a mission to explore one of
these pits using an extreme-terrain rover with a tether that would allow it to rappel
down the sharp slopes.

1. (A) NO CHANGE

(B) hypothesize

(C) proclaim

(D) spell out p. 250

Question 2
The proposed rover, like other exploratory vehicles, would bear 2 a
cascade of instruments for collecting information about its surroundings. A trio
of cameras would offer both stereo imaging of nearby walls and long-distance
views of the pit’s opposite side. An x-ray spectrometer would help researchers
identify the composition of rock layers, and a multispectral microscope would
help them watch the layers' mineralogical characteristics.

2. (A) NO CHANGE

(B) an army

(C) an array

(D) a lot

p. 250
Question 3
The proposed rover, like other exploratory vehicles, would bear a
cascade of instruments for collecting information about its surroundings. A trio
of cameras would offer both stereo imaging of nearby walls and long-distance
views of the pit’s opposite side. An x-ray spectrometer would help researchers
identify the composition of rock layers, and a multispectral microscope would
help them 3 watch the layers' mineralogical characteristics.

3. (A) NO CHANGE

(B) analyze

(C) ponder

(D) divide

p. 250
Question 4
The scientists who proposed the mission hope to learn more about the
formation and evolution of the moon’s crust. Unlike Earth, the moon is fairly simple
geologically, so evidence of these processes could still be 4 natural, even billions
of years later. Exposed rock layers could provide information about the types of lava
expelled on the moon as well as the volume and frequency of eruptions.

4. (A) NO CHANGE

(B) easy

(C) transparent

(D) intact

p. 250
Question 5
Exposed rock layers could provide information about the types of lava expelled on
the moon as well as the volume and frequency of eruptions. This would 5 improve
scientific understanding of not only the moon but also other rocky planets, such as
Venus or Earth itself. Furthermore, the composition of the lava will show what gases
were expelled with it and could reveal whether the moon once had an atmosphere,
as Mars does.

5. Which choice best maintains the style and tone of the passage?

(A) NO CHANGE

(B) tell about

(C) help people know more about

(D) fundamentally alter human knowledge of

p. 251
Question 6
Exploring the depths of these pits may also benefit future lunar research: the caverns
could 6 award shelter from the hazards of the moon’s surface.

6. (A) NO CHANGE

(B) prepare

(C) offer

(D) produce

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Question 7
On the surface, any expedition must contend with radiation, micrometeorites, damage
caused by lunar dust, and extreme temperature fluctuations between day and night.
Below, however, equipment or even a crewed station would enjoy a far less 7 alien
environment.
There is, scientists say, a pleasing symmetry to this mission as well: they
plan to have the rover explore the depths of the moon’s Sea of Tranquility, the very
location humans first walked on the moon fifty years ago.
7. (A) NO CHANGE

(B) hostile

(C) malicious

(D) habitable

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