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Morinda citrifolia L (Noni)

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Pharmacological Benefits of Natural Products (ISBN: 978-81-934054-2-0)

First Edition,
Chapter – 13, Page: 213 - 237

13
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF
Morinda citrifolia L (Noni)
P. Pandiselvi, M. Manohar, M. Thaila and A. Sudha,
Department of Microbiology, Vivekanandha College of Arts and Science for Women (Autonomous).
Elayampalayam, Tiruchengode, Namakkal District, Tamil Nadu, India.

*Corresponding author: mothimrsa@gmail.com; gansun1@gmail.com

1. Introduction
Herbal and natural products of folk medicine have been used for centuries in
every culture throughout the world. Scientists and medical professionals have shown
increased interest in this field as they recognize the true health benefits of these remedies.
“Let food be your medicine and let medicine be your food” was advised by the father of
medicine, Hippocrates, over two millennia ago (Zhu et al., 1995). Morinda citrifolia L. has
been recognized as an important medicinal plant for treating various physiological
disorders worldwide. M. citrifolia is commonly known as Noni or Indian mulberry in
India (Potterat et al., 2007). Noni has been used widely as a alternative and comple-
mentary therapy in many countries owing to its potent antioxidant activity and proven
health benefits. Traditionally, it finds used as a therapeutic remedy to various diseases as
an antihelminthic, analgesic, antibacterial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory,
immunostimulant. Also it has proved beneficial in conditions like gastritis, skin diseases,
respiratory infections, menstrual and urinary tract disorders, fever, diabetes and venereal
diseases. The Polynesians utilized the whole Noni plant in their medicinal remedies and
dye for some of their traditional clothes. The roots, stems, bark, leaves, flowers, and
fruits of the Noni plant are all involved in various combinations in almost 40 known and
recorded herbal remedies (Bruggnecate, 1992).

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2. Botanical Description
Domain : Eukarya
Kingdom : Planteae
Phylum : Magnoliophyta
Class : Magnoliopsida (dicot)
Order : Rubiales
Family : Rubiaceae (coffee family)
Genus : Morinda
Species : citrifolia

The scientific name of Noni is Morinda citrifolia L. Derived from the two latin
words morus, mulberry, and indicus, Indian, in reference to the similarity of the fruit of
Noni to that of true mulberry (Morus alba). The species name indicates the resemblance
of the plant foliage to that of some citrus species. It belongs to family Rubiaceae (coffee
family) and subfamily Rubioideae. Noni is the common name for Morinda citrifolia L and
is also called great morinda, beach mulberry, Tahitian noni, Indian mulberry,
Mengkudu (Malaysia), cheese fruit or noni (from Hawaiian) in various cultures
throughout the world (Yashaswini et al., 2014) 131 Morinda species are accepted. Some
of them,

Morinda angustifolia
Morinda asperula Standl.
Morinda asteroscepa K.Schum. (Malawi, Tanzania)
Morinda citrifolia L. – Great Morinda, Noni, Aal (Indian Ocean)
Morinda citrifolia var. bracteata (Roxb.) Hook.f.
Morinda citrifolia var. citrifolia L.
Morinda fasciculata Benth. (Ecuador)
Morinda jasminoides A.Cunn. – Sweet Morinda (Eastern Australia)
Morinda longiflora
Morinda lucida Benth.
Morinda nana
Morinda officinalis F.C.How (China)
Morinda panamensis Seem.
Morinda parvifolia
Morinda pubescens
Morinda royoc L.
Morinda tinctoria Roxb.
Morinda trimera Hillebr. – Noni kuahiwi (Hawaii)
Morinda yucatanensis Greenm (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morinda)

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3. Other Names
Canary wood - Australia
Cheese fruit - Australia
Indian Mulberry - English
Lada - Guam
Kura - Fiji
Mora de la India - Spanish
Noni - Hawaii
Nono - Tahiti
Mangal’wag - Yap
Doleur - Haiti
Wild pine - Barbados

4. Distribution
M. citrifolia originated from Southern Asia and subsequently distributed by
humans or other means into the islands of the Western pacific. The distribution of Noni
is pantropical at latitudes of 19o West or South. Distribution of Indo-pacific includes
eastern Polynesia (Marquesas, cook Islands, Hawaii, lime Island), western Polynesia
(Samoa, Tonga, Rothmas and Tuvalu), Melanesia (New Guinea, Fiji, Solomon Islands)
and Micronesia (Pohnpei, guam, Palau the Marshall Islands and Northern Marianas),
Indonesia, Australia and South East Asia. Noni has also become naturalized on the
open, shores of central and South America and on many islands of West Indies, the
Florida, the Bahamas, Bermuda and parts of Africa.

Figure – 1: Geographical distribution of Morinda citrifolia L. The grey area denotes the current
geographical distribution of M. citrifolia as presently delimited and the large-fruited M. citrifolia var.
citrifolia; the black dashed line delimits that of M. citrifolia var. bracteata (including M. bracteata var.
celebica); the grey line delimits that of M. citrifolia var. potteri; and the black line delimits that of the
Micronesian small-fruited M. citrifolia var. citrifolia (Razafimandimbison et al., 2010)

© 2019 by JPS Scientific Publications, India

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5. Morphology
Size
A small evergreen tree or shrub 3 to 10 m in height at maturity.

Form
Small trees, shrubs or sometimes lianas. There is much variation within the
species Morinda citrifolia in overall plant form, fruit size, leaf morphology, palatability,
odor of ripe fruit and number of seeds per fruit.

Leaves
Leaves opposite, pinnately veined and glossy. Blades membraneous, elliptic to
elliptic-ovate, 20 to 45 cm long, 7 to 25 cm wide, glabrous. Petioles stout, 1.5 to 2 cm
long. Stipules connate or distinct, 1 to 1.2 cm long, the apex entire or 2 to 3 lobed
(Figure - 2).

Flowers
Flowers perfect, with about 75 to 90 in ovoid to globose heads. Peduncles 10–30
mm long; calyx a truncated rim. Corolla white, 5–lobed, the tube greenish white, 7 to 9
mm long, the lobes oblong-deltate, approximately 7 mm long. Stamens 5, scarcely
exserted; style about 15 mm long (Figure - 3).

Fruit
Fruits (syncarp) are yellowish white; fleshy, 5 to 10 cm long, about 3 to 4 cm in
diameter, soft and fetid when ripe (Figure - 4).

Seeds
Seeds have a distinct air chamber, and can retain viability even after floating in
water for months. [2n = 22, 44] (Figure – 5) (Species Profiles for Pacific Island
Agroforestry).

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Figure – 2: Noni leaves ( Copyright 2015 Noni Island Herbals)

Figure - 3: Noni flower (https://grahamsisland.com/2017/01/05/morinda-

citrifolia/)

Figure - 4: Noni fruit (http://food.ndtv.com/opinions/the-big-benefits-of-the-little-

noni-juice-753159)

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Figure - 5: Noni seed Noni seed (https://www.etsystudio.com/

listing/398858809/noni-plant-indian-beach-mulberry-great)

6. Growing Habitats
Indian mulberry grows in shady forests as well as on sandy shores or open rocky.
Maturity of the time is 18 months and then yields between 4 to 8 kilograms (8.8 to 18 lb)
of fruit every month throughout the year. It is tolerant of drought conditions, saline soils
and secondary soils. It is therefore found in a wide variety of habitats: lavastrewn coasts,
volcanic terrains and clearings or limestone outcrops. It can grow up to 9 meters (30 feet)
tall, and has dark green, shiny, large, simple and deeply veined leaves.

The Noni flowers and fruits all year round and produces a small white flower.
The fruit is a multiple fruit that has a pungent odor when ripening, and is hence also
known as cheese fruit or even vomit fruit. It is oval and reaches 4 to 7 centimetres (1.6 to
2.8 in) in size. At first green, the fruit turns yellow then almost white as it ripens. It
contains many seeds. It is sometimes called starvation fruit. Despite its strong smell and
bitter taste, the fruit is nevertheless eaten as a famine food (Krauss et al., 1993) and in
some Pacific islands, even a staple food, either raw or cooked (Morton 1992). Southeast
Asians and Australian Aborigines consume the fruit raw with salt or cook it with curry.
The seeds are edible when roasted. Noni is especially attractive to weaver ants, which
make nests out of the leaves of the tree. These ants protect the plant from some plant-
parasitic insects. The smell of the fruit also attracts fruit bats, which aid in dispersing the
seeds.

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7. Major Phytochemical Components

A number of major components have been identified in the Noni plant such as
scopoletin, octoanoic acid, potassium, vitamin C, terpenoids, alkaloids, anthraquinones
(such as nordamnacanthal, morindone, rubiadin, and rubiadin- 1-methyl ether,
anthraquinone glycoside), b-sitosterol, carotene, vitamin A, flavone glycosides, linoleic
acid, Alizarin, amino acids, acubin, L-asperuloside, caproic acid, caprylic acid, ursolic
acid, rutin, and a putative proxeronine (Levand and Larson 1979 and Heinicke et al.,
1985 ) Noni fruit powder is high in carbohydrates and dietary fiber. According to the
College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources at the University of Hawaii at
M_noa, a 100g sample of the powder contains 71 percentage carbohydrate and 36
percentage fiber. The sample also contained 5.2 percentage protein and 1.2 percentage
fat. These macronutrients evidently reside in the fruit pulp, as noni juice has sparse
amounts of macronutrients. The main micronutrients of noni pulp powder include 9.81
mg of vitamin C per 1200mg sample, as well as 0.048 mg niacin (vitamin B3), 0.02 mg
iron and 32.0 mg potassium, Vitamin A, calcium and sodium are present in moderate
amounts ( Nelson 2006).

When Noni juice alone is analyzed and compared to pulp powder, only vitamin
C is retained at a high level, 33.65 mg per 100g of juice (Nelson 2006). Although the
most significant nutrient feature of Noni pulp powder or juice is its high vitamin C
content, Noni fruit juice provides only about half the vitamin C of a raw navel orange.
Sodium levels in the noni juice blend (about 3 percentage of DRI) are multiples of those
in an orange.

Although the potassium content appears relatively high for Noni, this total is
only about 3 percentage of the recommended dietary allowance and so would not be
considered excessive. Noni juice is otherwise similar in micronutrient content to a raw
orange. Noni fruit contains a number of phytochemicals, including lignans, oligo- and
polysaccharides, flavonoids, iridoids, fatty acids, scopoletin, catechin, beta-sitosterol,
damnacanthal, and alkaloids. Although these substances have been studied for
bioactivity, current research does not conclude anything about their effects on human
health (Deng, 2007; Mohd et al., 2007). Laboratory experiments demonstrated that
dietary Noni juice increased physical endurance in mice (Ma et al., 2007).

© 2019 by JPS Scientific Publications, India


Table - 1: Phytochemical compounds in Noni plant parts
Noni plant organ(s)
Fruit and fruit juice
Foliage and cell suspensions
Roots
220
Compound(s) Proposed or documented
effects of compounds
Alkaloids (xeronine) In theory, xeronine enhances
enzyme activity and protein
structure
Polysaccharides (glucuronic Immuno-stimulatory;
acid; galactose; arabinose; immuno-modulatory; anti-
rhamose; glycosides; bacterial; anti-tumor; anti-
trisaccharide fatty acid ester) cancer.
Scpoletin Dilates vasculture and lowers
blood pressure; anti-bacterial
and anti-fungal; anti-
zinflammatory;analgesic;
histamine-inhibiting; arthritic
conditions; allergies; sleep
disorders;migrane headaches;
depression; Alzheimer’s
disease.
Vitamins and Minerals: The positive medical effects of
Magnesium; iron; potassium; the vitamins and minerals in
selenium; zinc; copper; sulfur; noni juice are well
ascorbic acid (vitamin c) documented. For any question
or medical and health
concerns, consult a physician
or dietician.
Anthraquinones Antiseptic and antibacterial
(damnacanthal) effects in digestive tract
(staphylococcus, shingela,
salmonella)
Glycosides (flavonol Anti – cancer effects: (DPPH
Glycoside, irioid glycoside, free radical scavenging activity,
“citrifolinoside”) inhibition of UVP-induced
Activater Protein-1activity in
cell cultures..
Anthraquinones Inhibits formation of lung
(damnacanthal) carcinoma in mice.
Morindin and Morindone Dyes yellow and red colorants
used for tapa cloth:
antibacterial
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8. Medicinal uses of Noni

Analgesic – “The Tree For Headaches” or “The Painkiller Tree” is a nickname of
Noni. Noni effectively reduced pain for arthritic and other joint pains comparable to the
drugs tramadol and hydrocortisone.

Immune system booster – strengthens the immune system and macrophages are
activated from Noni, which then produces most of the lymphocytes. It also found
antibacterial agents that fight with infectious bacteria, including Escherichia coli and
Staphylococcus aureus.

Antidepressant/sedative – The two very important hormones of seratonin and

melatonin are stimulated from Noni. Seratonin emotions, mood and sleep; imbalance in
levels of serotonin may contribute to depression. Circadian rhythm is regulated from
Melatonin, which the help of sleep.

Skincare/hair – Noni’s properties are very useful on skin and scalp conditions,
such as ringworm and eczema; also rubbed on scalp for lustrous hair; and will keep your
skin young. Just rub Noni juice on affected skin/scalp, leave on for 15 minutes, rinse off.
Ingestion of juice may help our nails to grow stronger.

Anti-tumor/anti-cancer – Production of nitric oxide stimulated from Noni. Nitric

oxide is an extremely useful substance, it is a base of many of Noni benefits. It can
reduces the tumor growth and body fight against the replication of cancerous cells. It
also contains an immunomodulatory polysaccharide rich substance known as Noni
properties that further fights cancer. Many numbers of phytochemical compounds are
used to treat cancer. Phytochemicals are found in vegetables and herbs, if eaten regularly
will build up preventive amounts.

Hypertension – Noni is high in phytonutrients, selenium, and vitamin C, which

are fight with free radical damage on blood vessel walls; scopoletin, is a compound that
may lower blood pressure; it is alkaline, which are keep body fluids from becoming too
acidic, therefore hurting free radicals. Xeronine produced from body which needed for
proxeronine. Xeronine helps coordinate the cells to work harmonious, blood pressure,
lowering stress and in turn. Also has the amino acid, tryptophan. When tryptophan
enter from blood stream and goes to cells, it can produce important other substances
such as seratonin, which is great for lowering blood pressure by way of its relaxing
effect.

Cholesterol – Absorption of LDL cholesterol prevent from Noni. So that

reducing plaque in arteries, keep healthy and alive longer.

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Memory – Noni directly helps to our brain stay healthier, and plaque does not
build up in arteries feeding the brain, keeping it properly oxygenated.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome/constipation – Noni is a high soluble fiber, which

helps to strain on our intestines and softens stool. Also has necessary for vitamins and
minerals to keep our intestines healthy.

Antibacterial/antifungal/antiviral – Noni has properties to fight infections

comparable to that of prescription drugs. It contains scopoletin, anthraquinones and
terpenes, among others all work together to fight diseases.

9. Pharmacological activity of Noni

Preclinical Investigations
Effect on Lung and Colon Cancer
Lv et al. (2011) demonstrated in two new chemical compounds and six known
compounds are isolated from Noni plant root. Human lung and colon cancer cells are
proliferate because the Noni chemical compounds are significantly inhibit the effects of
proliferations.

Effect on Esophageal Cancer

Stoner et al., 2011 showed in-vivo and in-vitro method used Noni, blueberries,
wolfberry, black or red raspberries, strawberries. These are all significantly inhibiting
cancer cells. Both curative and preventative effects on esophageal cancer cells are
induced by N-nitrosomethyl benzylamine from rat.

Effect on Breast Cancer

William et al. (2012) tried carcinogenesis of mammary in MMTV-neutransgenic
mice were tested from effect on Tahitian Noni Juice (TNJ). Treatment of TNJ did not
affect mammary multiplicity, tumor latency and metastatic incidence are showed. So the
results of TNJ significantly diminution in tumor size, weight, and longer tumor
repetition times in mice. Equal dose are inject to mouse and human (less than 3 dose per
day) inhibit the growth of mammary gland cancer cells are observed. Noni juice effects
are investigated on Ehrlich ascites tumors bearing Balb-c mice. The treatment of breast
cancer used for Noni juice or the combination of doxorubicin. This is because of the
effect of Noni juice on Ehrlich ascites tumors bearing Balb-c mice, which produced
significantly smaller, short and long diameters of the tumor tissues in each treated group
compared to those in control group either alone or with doxorubicin (Taskin et al.,
2009).

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Wang et al. (2013) reported from anti-growth effect of TNJ in one hundred and
sixty female Sprague-Dawley rats. TNJ was found successful in reducing number of
palpable tumors per group significantly in all the groups in which 3 percentage, 5
percentage and 10 percentage TNJ was administered. TNJ also found to significantly
reduce the multiplicity and malignancy of lesions, and the survival rate of animals when
compared with positive controls at different time points.

Effect on Colorectal Cancer

Nualsanit et al. (2012) experimented on damnacanthal is an anthraquinone,
component of M.citrofolia. this component exhibits antitumorigenic activity in human
colorectal cancer cells.

Effect on Cervical Cancer

Gupta et al. (2013) observed Noni juice and the compination of cisplatin, was
able to induce cancer cell death (apoptosis) through the mitochondrial pathway on HeLa
and SiHa cells. However, Noni juice and cisplatin effects are compared, the results
showed cisplatin are slightly higher cell killing when compared to Noni juice. While the
combination of Noni juice and cisplatin have a additive effects. So the treatment of
cervical cancer we are suggest Noni juice because it is used as a chemo adjuvant.

Antitumor activity
Hirazumi et al. (1999) experimented on Noni juice has been found to improve
survival time and produce curative effects when Noni-ppt (Noni-ppt obtained from Noni
juice) was combined with sub-optimal doses of the standard chemotherapeutic agents
like cisplatin, doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil and vincristine. Their result suggests that
Noni-pptis a good supplemental agent in cancer treatment. Reports of 10%
concentration of Noni juice in growth media induce vessel degeneration and apoptosis
within a few days. They also found that 10% Noni juice in media was an effective
inhibitor of capillary initiation in explants from human breast tumors (Hornick et al.,
2003).

Anti-Tubercular Effects
In the International Chemical Congress of the Pacific Basin Societies of
Honolulu, Saludes and colleagues from the Philippines to arranged the Meeting.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis are killed from Noni juice. Eighty nine percent of the
bacteria were killed from concentrated extracts of Noni leaves. Leading effective anti-TB
drug of Rifampcin, inhibition rate of 97 percent at the same concentration.

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Chemoprotective effect
Karamcheti et al. (2014) observed ethanolic extract of M. citrifolia (EEMC) fruits
are evaluate the chemoprotective effect by simultaneous administration orally at the
dose of 100 and 200 mg per kg between in rats. Cisplatin 5.0 mg per kg was administered
through therfore route to induce nephrotoxicity. They determined biochemical
parameters of serum like serum creatinine, protein and urea as indicators of kidney
damage. In result both doses has shown significant nephroprotective activity, which was
confirmed by histopathological study.

Effect on Cardiovascular system

Kamiya et al. (2004) demonstrated on arteriosclerosisis disease are prevent by
Noni fruit because it is related to oxidation of low density lipoproteins (LDLs). They
state that Noni fruit beneficial effect could be due to found in lignans.

Anti-psychotic activity
Pandy et al. (2012) reported acute treatment of Indian mulberry (1, 3, 5, 10 g per
kg, p.o) significantly decreased apomorphine so induced cage climbing time and
climbing behavior’s are induced in mice in a dose dependent manner. This is similar to
methamphetamine-induced stereotypy behavior and climbing time in mice was observed
dose dependently. The mice are treat with TNJ in 7 and 21 days. TNJ in drinking water
at 50 and 100 percentage volume per volume significantly improved the apomorphine
induced climbing behavior and climbing time in mice. These reports suggest that TNJ
has potential effect in the treatment of psychiatric disorders.

Anti-depressant activity
Deng et al. (2011) tried many of the scientists have investigated the potential
action of some plants therefore, Valeriana officinalis, Melissa officinalis, Hypericum
perforatum, Ginkgo biloba, Apocynum venetum, and M. citrifolia for the treatment of
depression and anxiety.55 In recent study showed M. citrifolia as an inhibitor of MAO-A
and MAO-B.

Effect on Cognitive function

Muto et al. (2010) tested different investigation of M. citrofolia fruit juice effects
on stress-induced impairment of cognitive function in mice using Morris water maze.
They recommend that Noni juice protect brain from stress-induced impairment of
cognitive function and reported this protective effect may be related to improvement in
stress-induced decrease in blood vessel density in the hippocampal dentate gyrus.

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Effect on Nervous system

Harada et al. (2010) experimented on researchers evaluated the effect of Noni
juice protective on brain damage caused by ischemic stress in mice focused on the effect
of fruit juice on the development of the post-ischemic glucose intolerance as a cerebral
protective mechanism. This mechanism may provide the neuronal protective effect of
Oral Noni Juice (ONJ) against ischemic stress as derived from the above results.

Effect on Alzheimer’s disease

Uma et al. (2014) demonstrated on neuroprotective disease are evaluated from
effect of Noni juice against scopolamine induced memory loss in mice. So they are
indicated oral administration of Noni juice developed reversible impairment of retention
in step down latency inhibitory test. From the above result, researchers assumed that
Noni juice offers a protective effect against oxidative damage induced by scopolamine
by maintaining the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and concluded that Noni
juice might be a potential therapeutic alternative in either the prevention or the treatment
of Alzheimer’s disease.

Wound healing activity

Rasal et al. (2008) tried leaf extract of M. citrifolia was found to possess wound
healing activity. The results are decrease in lipid peroxide level in Noni treated group
which may be because of the presence of β-carotene, flavonol and iridoid glycosides that
are antioxidant in nature was reported.

Immunostimulant activity
Nayak et al. (2010) reported M. citrifolia fruit has immune enhancing properties
are enable the plant to exhibit immunostimulant activity on T and B lymphocytes as
reported.

Hepatoprotective activity
Wang et al. (2008) experimented on Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced acute
liver injury by female rats of Sprague-Dawley (SD) was found reversed by Noni juice. In
the placebo group, administered CCl4 with drinking water which was induced liver
damage in rats. While in control group, CCl4 markedly plus pretreatment with 20
percentage Noni juice in drinking water decreased hepatotoxic lesions. Noni juice shave
liver protective effect from extrinsic toxin exposure was concluded.

Antioxidant activity
Saminathan et al. (2014) demonstrated beneficial effects of Noni juice was
evaluated on haematological, antioxidant, and biochemical changes caused by N-

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Methyl-N-Nitrosourea (NMU) induced by mammary carcinogenesis in Sprague-Dawley

rats. Results observed that treatment of Noni juice significantly increased antioxidant
enzymes level such as catalase, SOD and significantly decreased lipid peroxidation level
in NMU challenged group when compared to NMU control group. Noni juice also
showed a preventive effect against anemia, neutrophilia and lymphocytosis when
compared to NMU control group. The final report is Noni juice have liver and kidney
protective effect in NMU induce carcinogenesis and could be useful to treat mammary
gland in humans and animals.

Zin et al. (2007) tested ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Noni fruit, leaf and
root have a antioxidant properties assessed by thiobarbituric acid methods (TBA) and
ferric thiocyanate method (FTC) thiobarbituric acid methods (TBA) which are indicated
the root extract found higher activity than the fruit or leaf extracts.

Anti-Inflammatory activity
Mckoy et al. (2002) tried Bradykinin induced inflammatory response was
inhibited and rapid collapse in rat paw edema were pretreated either by oral or i.p
administration with Noni juice extract. This effect may be a result of interference with
the B2 receptor mediated mechanism by which bradykinin induces rat paw edema.

Su et al. (2001) concludes that M. citrifolia juice selectively inhibits cyclo-

oxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2) involved in breast, colon and lung cancer and
shows anti-inflammatory activity.

West et al. (2008) reported recent applications for the use of oil from noni seeds.
Noni seed oils are abundant in linoleic acid that can be useful properties when applied
topically on skin, example anti-inflammation, acne reduction, moisture retention
(Letawe 1998; Darmstadt et al., 2002).

Antidyslipidemic activity
Evaluated the antidyslipidemic effect of aqueous ethanolic extracts of M. citrifolia
different parts of fruits, roots, leaves and concluded that the mechanism of
antidyslipidemic effects of leaves, fruits, and roots of M. citrifolia through various
pathways i.e. inhibition of biosynthesis, secretion of lipids, and absorption. The results
indicate that Noni can be used as a potential medicine for cardiovascular diseases
(Mandukhail et al., 2010).

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Antilipidemic activity
Pazos et al. (2011) reported the effect of Noni seed oil on serum lipid levels in
hyper lipidemic and normal lipidemic mice were evaluated and found a reduction in
total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in both models are reported.

Antimicrobial activity
Usha et al. (2010) observed various extracted powder form of Noni leaves
increased the growth inhibition activity of E. coli, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus
and Aspergillus niger in a dose dependent order. Solvent extracts of Noni leaves are very
effective in the treatment of infectious disease.

Antibacterial activity
Atkinson (1956) tested antibacterial compounds of acubin, L-asperuloside, and
alizarin are found in Noni fruit, as well as some other anthraquinone, compounds are
found in Noni roots. These compounds are against infectious bacterial strains such as
Staphylococcus aureus, Baciillis subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus morgaii, Escherichia
coli, Salmonella, and Shigela. These antibacterial elements within Noni are responsible for
the treatment of fevers, skin infections, colds, and other bacterial-caused health
problems.

Bushnell et al. (1950) reported on many of the Hawaii medicinal plants are found
in antibacterial properties including Noni. Noni also used to treat deep cuts, bruises,
sores, broken bones and wounds. Extracts from the ripe noni fruit exhibited moderate
antibacterial properties against Salmonella typhosa, Salmonella montevideo, Salmonella
schottmuelleri, Shigella paradys, BH and Shigella paradys, III-Z and were also shown to
have moderate antibacterial properties against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Micrococcus
pyrogenes and Escherichia coli.

Leach et al. (1988) demonstrated that extracts of acetone obtained from Bridelia
penangiana, Tridax Procumbens, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Cycas circinalis, Morinda citrifolia, and
Hypericum papuanun showed antibacterial activity.

Locher et al. (1995) reported that selected many plants including Morinda citrifolia.
It is a Polynesian traditional medicine used for the treatments of infectious disease.
These plants were investigated for anti-fungal, anti-viral, and anti-bacterial activity in
vitro. Their study using biological assays in vitro confirmed that some of the
ethnobotanical reports of Hawaiian medicinal plants have curative properties against
infectious diseases.

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Scopoletin is a health promotor in Noni, inhibits the activity of E coli, commonly

associated with recent outbreaks resulting in hundreds of serious infections and even
death. Noni also helps stomach ulcer through inhibition of the bacteria Helicobacter pylori
(Duncan et al., 1998).

Antifungal activity
Jayaraman et al. (2008) reported M. citrifolia have a many antifungal properties,
these properties are extract from three different solvents, methanol, ethyl acetate and
hexane were tested in an in vitro assay on different fungi including Trichophyton
mentagrophytes, Penicillium species, Fusarium species, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger,
Aspergillus fumigates, Rhizopus species, Aspergillus flavus, and Mucor species. The maximum
inhibition was in the methanol and ethyl acetate extract of 79 percentage and 62.06
percentage respectively against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, while almost 50 percentage
inhibition was recorded in the methanol extract against Penicillium, Fusarium and
Rhizopus species, and none of the extracts were active against either Candida albicans or
Aspergillus species.

Antiviral activity
Umezawa (1992) demonstrated Noni roots are found in 1-methoxy- 2-Formyl-3-
hydroxyanthraquinone was isolated they are suppressed the cytopathic effect of HIV
infected MT-4 cells, without inhibiting cell growth and removal of endothelium.

Hypoglycemic activity
Nayak et al. (2011) reported Noni juice are fermented and then used to investigate
the hypoglycemic activity in diabetes-induced rats. After treatment of diabetic
experimental animals, observed significant decrease in fasting glucose from an excess of
300 mg per dl (day 3) to 150 mg per dl (day 20) on 20th day. It can be assumed that M.
citrifolia either potentiates the action of insulin directly or that it increases peripheral
tissue sensitivity to the storage hormone.

Smooth muscle stimulatory activity

Joseph (1997) reported that the Noni fruit are dried. Smooth muscle stimulatory
activity and histaminergic effects are found in fruit based on tests conducted for
biological activities in animal and anti-microbial studies.

Spasmolytic activity
Gilani et al. (2010) tested root part of Noni plant extract possess antispasmodic,
vasodilator and cardio depressant activities which are mediated through blockade of

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calcium channel as well as release of calcium from intracellular calcium which are used
to treat of M. citrifolia in diarrhea and hypertension.

Anti-osteoporotic activity
Wu et al. (2009) demonstrated on seven anthraquinones are isolated from an
ethanolic extract of M. citrifolia roots. All the isolated components were found to inhibit
osteoclast Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase (TRAP) activity and bone resorption
including the inhibitory effects on osteoclastic bone resorption in osteoporotic rats are
reported. Finally they suggested all the components have positive therapeutic effect
against osteoporosis.

Immunomodulatory effect
Palu et al. (2008) reported in In vitro study, TNJ and fruit juice are activated on
cannabinoid 2 (CB2), but inhibit the Cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptors in a concentration-
dependent manner. But, In vivo studies reported production of IL-4 decreased and
production of IFN-γ increased. These results suggested that Noni juice modulates the
immune system via activating of the CB2 receptors and suppressing of the IL-4 but
increasing the production of IFN-γ cytokines.

Bone protective effect

Bao et al. (2011) investigated on roots of Morinda citrifolia reports its protective
effect against bone loss in sciatic neurectomized and ovariectomized osteoporotic rats,
which was due to the present of anthraquinone (1,3,8-trihydroxy-2-methoxy-
anthraquinone 2-hydroxy-1-methoxyanthraquinone and rubiadin) in the plant.

Analgesic activity
Joseph Betz (1997) reported that analgesic and tranquilizing activites are
possesses Noni fruits. A French research team led by Younos et al. (1990) tested the
analgesic and sedative effects of extracts from the Morinda citrifolia plant. The extract did
“show a significant, dose-related, central analgesic activity in the treated mice.” They
stated that “these findings validate the traditional analgesic properties of this plant”. The
analgesic efficacy of the Noni extract is 75 percentage as strong as morphine, yet non-
addictive and side effect free (Younos et al., 1990).

Anthelmintic activity
Raj (1975) demonstrated on Noni leaf ethanol extract was induced paralysis and
death of the human parasitic nematode worm, Ascaris Lumbricoides, within a day. Morton
reported that Noni has been used in the Philippines and Hawaii as an effective
insecticide.

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Hypotensive activity
Dang Van Ho of Vietnam demonstrated that a more extract of the Noni roots has
a hypotensive effect (Youngken 1996). Moorthy and Reddy et al. (1970) found that an
ethanol extract of the Noni roots lowered the blood pressure in an anesthetized dog.
Youngken’s research team determined that a hot water extract of Noni roots lowered the
blood pressure of an anesthetized dog (Davison, 1927) A Hawaiian physician reported
that Noni fruit juice had a diuretic effect (Asahina et al., 1994).

Mental health and Improved high frequency hearing

Langford et al. (2002) reported a small human clinical trial of the effect of TNJ on
auditory function and quality of life in the patients with decreased bone mineral density
and auditory function has been conducted in UIC College of Medicine, Rockford, IL.
This study showed that TNJ provided a positive benefit on mental health and improved
high frequency hearing. The data suggests that increased amounts or extended duration
of TNJ intake may be required to affect this disorder.`

Anti-arthritic activity
Saraswathi et al. (2012) experimented an M. citrifolia fruit juice was orally
administered to arthritic rats at doses 1.8 ml per kg and 3.6 ml per kg, and showed a
dose dependent significant reduction in arthritic index, secondary lesions, paw thickness,
mononuclear infiltration and pannus formation. Similar changes were also recorded by
the administration of indomethacin except for the reduction of secondary lesions.
Flavonoids and phenols are present in anti-arthritic activity. Precise investigations can
add a therapeutical value by specifying the chemicals owning such activities and their
effective and safe doses.

Effect on Gut
Mahattanadul et al. (2011) experimented M. citrifolia juice inhibits gastric
emptying by stimulation of Cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion which occurs
simultaneously with an increase in plasma CCK cholecystokinin 1 (CCK1) receptors
that are involved in the Noni induced inhibition of gastric emptying (Pu HF et al., 2004).
Scopoletin is a phytoconstituent present in Noni fruit found to be effective as a potential
preventive and therapeutic agent for gastro-esophageal inflammatory diseases through its
anti-secretory and prokinetic activities including an inhibitory activity on serotonin, free
radicals, and cytokine-mediated inflammation.

Nephroprotective activity
Buranakarl et al. (2008) experimented fruit juice can modify renal function and
catecholamine contents in doxorubicin induced nephrosis, it was reported that Noni

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juice reduced plasma cholesterol; doxorubicin induced impaired renal function in rats
along with compensatory increase in renal dopamine content. But no beneficial effects
on renal function were observed when fruit juice was administered with doxorubicin.

Immunological activity
Asahina et al. (1994) found that an alcohol extract of Noni fruit at various
concentrations inhibited the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), which is
an endogenous tumor promotor. Therefore the alcohol extract may inhibit the tumor
promoting effect of TNF-a. Hirazumi found that noni ppt contains a polysaccharide-rich
substance that inhibited tumor growth. It did not exert significant cytotoxic effects in
adapted cultures of lung cancer cells, but could activate peritoneal exudate cells to
impart profound toxicity when co-cultured with the tumor cells. This suggested the
possibility that noni-ppt may suppress tumor growth through activation of the host
immune system. Noni-ppt was also capable of stimulating the release of several
mediators from murine effector cells, including TNF-a, interleukin-1beta (IL-1b), IL-10,
IL-12, interferon gamma (IFN-g) and nitric oxide (NO) (Hirazumi et al., 1999). Hokama
separated ripe noni fruit juice into 50 % aqueous alcohol and precipitated fractions that
stimulated the BALB/c thymus cells in the [3H] thymidine analysis. It is suggested that
inhibition of Lewis lung tumors in mice, in part, may have been due to the stimulation
of the T-cell immune response (Hokama et al., 1993). Wang and coworker in University
of Illinois College of Medicine observed that the thymus in animals treated with TNJ
was enlarged. The wet weight of the thymus was 1.7 times that of control animals at the
seventh day after drinking 10 % TNJ in drinking water. The thymus is an important
immune organ in the body, which generates T cells, involved in the aging process and
cellular immune functions. TNJ may enhance immune function by stimulating thymus
growth, and thus affecting anti-aging and anticancer activities, and protecting people
from other degenerative disease.

10. Conclusion
M. citrifolia is an medicinal remedy commonly known as Noni. Various parts of
Noni plant were traditionally used in Polynesian island as an herbal medicine in various
ailments. Many scientific literatures that it contains many chemical components are
found in Noni plant like amino acids, anthraquinones, fatty acids, flavonoids, iridoids,
lignans, polysaccharides, sterols etc so the researchers suggests that plants in
complementary or alternative therapy of clinical diseases. minerals, vitamins, micro and
macro nutrients which are effective in many ailments. Researchers have proven in both
preclinical and clinical models that Noni is pharmacologically active and can prevent
heart disease, diabetes, cognitive dysfunction, cancer, hypertension etc., and maintain
overall good health.

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Acknowledgement
The authors are thankful to Professor Dr. M. Karunanithi, Chairman and
secretary, Vivekanandha Institutions, and Dr. B.T. Suresh Kumar, Principal, .
Department of Microbiology, Vivekanandha College of Arts And Science For Women,
(Autonomous), Elayampalayam, Thiruchencode, Namakkal (Dt), Tamilnadu for
providing all the facilities for our research work.

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