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Chapter 1 CHM 131
Chapter 1 CHM 131
MEASUREMENT
CHM 131
ROZAINA BINTI SALEH
UiTM Perak
Kampus Tapah
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Objectives:
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SI Units
International System of Units
Length Meter m
Mass Kilogram Kg
Time Second S
Temperature Kelvin K
Amount of substance Mole mol
Electric current Ampere A
Luminous intensity Candela cd
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SI DERIVED UNITS
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SI PREFIXES
Selected Prefixes Used in the Metric
A prefix used in
System Exponential
the International
Prefix Symbol Numerical
System to
Tera T 1,000,000,000,000 1012 indicate a power
Giga G 1,000,000,000 109 of 10.
Mega M 1,000,000 106
Kilo k 1,000 103
Hecto h 100 102 Example:
Deca da 10 101
No prefix means: 1 100
Gigahertz
Deci d 0.1 10-1 (GHz)
Centi c 0.01 10-2 Kilogram (kg)
Milli m 0.001 10-3
Micro μ 0.000001 10-6
Nano n 0.000000001 10-9
Pico p 0.000000000001 10-12
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A prefix name attaches directly to the name of a unit, and a
prefix symbol attaches directly to the symbol for a unit.
Example:
• One kilometer = 1 km = one thousand meters =1000 m or 103m.
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COMMON
MEASUREMENTS
AND
CONVERSION
COMMON UNITS IN LAB
MEASUREMENTS
Length Density
Volume Mass
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LENGTH
Meter (m), is too large for most laboratory purposes.
Centimeter (cm) and the millimeter (mm) are more
convenient to use.
1 m = 100 cm = 1000 mm
1 cm = 10 mm
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EXAMPLE 1
(CONVERSION) 1pm = 1 x 10-12 m
= 100 m X p m
(10-12) m
= 1 x 1014 pm
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EXAMPLE 2
(CONVERSION) 1nm = 1 x 10-9 m
1mm = 1 X 10-3 m
Convert 210 nm to mm
• 210 nm ? mm
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AREA (M2)
• The most basic area formula is the formula for
the area of a rectangle
• That is, the area of the rectangle is the length multiplied
by the width.
• As a special case, as l = w in the case of a square,
the area of a square with side length s is given by
the formula: A = s2 (square)
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EXAMPLE : CONVERSION
Convert 212 dm2 to km2
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VOLUME
Volume is a derived unit with
dimensions of (length)3.
SI unit for volume is the cubic
meter, m3.
Volume units typically use the
Liters base
Very convenient for measuring
the volume of irregularly shaped
containers
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Some volume equivalents:
• 1 m3 = 1000 dm3
• I dm3 = 1000 cm3 = 1 L = 1000 mL
• 1 cm3 = 1000 mm3 = 1 mL = 1000 µL
• 1 mm3 = 1 µL
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EXAMPLE: CONVERSION
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MASS
In the SI, the base unit for mass is the kilogram
(kg).
However, gram (g) is a more convenient unit for
laboratory measurements.
1 kg = 1000 g
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EXAMPLE: CONVERSION
Convert 414 pg to cg
414 pg ? cg
DENSITY
The density of an object is its mass per unit
volume,
m
d
V
where d is the density, m is the mass, and V is
the volume.
The SI unit of density is kilogram per cubic meter
(kg/m3).
Typically, density is in units of g/L (g/dm3) or g/mL
(g/cm3).
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PROBLEM 1
Density = mass
volume
12.4 g
=
1.64 cm3
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EXAMPLE: CONVERSION
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TEMPERATURE
Temperature is a measure of the
intensity of heat.
The Celsius scale is the temperature
scale in general scientific use.
The SI base unit of temperature is the
kelvin (K).
K = °C + 273.15
°F = (1.8 x °C) + 32
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EXAMPLE: CONVERSION
Convert 100 °C to °F
°F = (1.8 x °C) + 32
= (1.8 x 100) + 32
= 212 °F
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Example: Conversion
Convert 38 °F to °C
°F = (1.8 x °C) + 32
200 °F to K…………..?????
Answer: 366.45 K
SIGNIFICANT
FIGURES
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
(S.F)
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An exact number is a number that arises
when you count items or when you define a
unit.
Example:
You have nine coins in a bottle, you
mean exactly nine.
There are 12 inches in a foot, you mean
exactly 12.
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SF IN CALCULATIONS
Multiplication and Division:
the number of s.f. in the answer
should not be greater than the
factor with the fewest s.f.
1.827 m × 0.762 m = ?
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Addition and Subtraction: the reported results
should have the same number of decimal places
as the number with the fewest decimal places
NOTE -
Be cautious of
round-off errors in
multi-step problems.
Wait until calculating
the final answer
before rounding.
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EXERCISE
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SCIENTIFIC
NOTATION
PURPOSE OF SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
Solve the
problem of
writing very
large and small
numbers
Maintain
correct number
of significant
figures
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CONVERTING NUMBERS TO
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
Numbers written in scientific notation have two parts:
a stem and a power of 10.
The power of ten has two parts. There is a base
and there is an exponent.
Base
always be 10
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ADDITION & SUBTRACTION:
Example:
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MULTIPLICATION & DIVISION:
Example:
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EXERCISE
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