Homework

Student Pechnikova Nadezhda

Master`s study in Biology

1. Underline the most suitable verb form in each sentence.

1. Your computer suspended/has been suspended from the campus network for violation of copyright policy.
2. The report makes/is made/has been made no mention of the so-far unexplained departure of the Finance Director
3. Construction work will begin only after appropriate safety and environmental reviews were
completed/complete/have been completed.
4. The weight of an atom is determined/determines/has been determined by the number of neurons that are present in
the nucleus.
5. Architect Robert de Palma was choose/is been chosen/has been chosen to design a new extension for the city
concern Hall.
6. In 2008 a jumping robot was developed/developed/has been developed by researchers at the Swiss Federal Institute
of Technology in Lausanne.
7. Meteorological data records/has been recorded/is recorded globally only for the last 100 years or so.
8. IK Rowling published/was published/ is published her first novel, “Harry Potter and the Philosopher`s Stone”, in
1997.
9. Basque and Lithuanian are generally considered/generally consider/are generally considering to be the oldest
European languages.
10. The Foreign Minister Lobo is being investigated/is investigating/is been investigated on corruption charges.

2. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Leave out any
unnecessary agents.
1. The company is importing the main components from Poland. The main components are being imported from
Poland.
2. Someone invented the magnetic compass about a thousand years ago in China. The magnetic compass was
invented about a thousand years ago (in China).
3. The government is increasing the price of fuel oil from tomorrow. The price of fuel oil is being increased from
tomorrow.
4. You must complete all projects by 31th March. All projects must be completed by 31th March.
5. Scientists use some radio telescopes to search for extra-terrestrial life. Some radio telescopes are used for
searching of extra-terrestrial life (by scientists).
6. While the authorities were transporting the painting from Paris to Rome, it was damage in a train crash. The
painting was damaged in a train crash while the authorities were transporting it.
7. The authorities have suspended both players for the next three matches. Both players have being suspended by
authorities.
8. Recently scientists are closing the laboratory until further notice. The laboratory is being closed until further
notice.
3. Complete the text by writing a passive or active of the verb in brackets in each space, as appropriate.
Lie detector tests.

Lie detectors are known technically as polygraph instruments. A polygraph instruments is a combination of
medical devices that are used to monitor changes occurring in the body. While a person is (or is being)
questioned about a certain event or incident, the examiner checks whether there are any changes in the
person`s heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, etc.
Fluctuations may indicate that the person is being deceptive. Today most polygraph tests are administered
using digital equipment. The familiar scrolling paper lie detector which was depicted in so many old films has
been replaced by a computer monitor. When you sit in the chair for a polygraph test, several sensors and wires
are connected to your body in specifical locations to monitor your physiological activities.
Deceptive behavior is supposed to trigger certain physiological changes that can be detected by polygraph
and a trained examiner, who sometimes is called a forensic psychophysiologist. Polygraphs are limited in their
use in the private sector, but they frequently are employed by government agencies and law-enforcement
bodies. Generally speaking, nobody can be forced to take such a test.
4. Rewrite each sentence changing the active to passive, or passive to active. Only include an agent if this is
needed, and make any other necessary changes.
1. The cell use glucose to provide energy. Glucose is used by the cells to provide energy.
 2. We provided all the athletes taking part with laptops and video cameras. All the athletes were provided taking
part with laptops and video cameras.
3. Health experts advise everyone to eat 400 grammes of fruit and vegetables per day. Everyone is advised to eat
400 grammes of fruit and vegetables per day.
4. Nobody knows how the fire began. How the fire began is known by nobody. It is not known how the first
began.
5. According to reports, coastal areas have been hit the hardest by the storm. Coastal areas are reported to have
been hit the hardest by the storm.
6. Worldwide we spent around $400 billion dollars on advertising last year. (Worldwide) Around $400 billion
dollars were spent on advertising last year.
7. If I were asked to rejoin the project, I would refuse. If the project was asked to return, I would refuse.
8. Smith has been forced to abandon the Tour de France after breaking his arm. Smith has forced to abandon the
tour de France because of his arm was broken.

1. Underline the most suitable option in each sentence.

1. From the very/former/only moment the inscription was uncovered, Richards realized that it was something
special.
2. As soon as I switched on the monitor, I could see that this/it/what wasn`t working
3. Temperatures as high as 140C are none whatsoever/not whatsoever/not are all unusual.
4. Never/Not only/No sooner had he taken up his new position, than his boos fell ill.
5. Marie and Pierre Curie both won the Nobel Prize, the former/this/the latter adding a price for Chemistry to her
earlier prize for Physics.
6. This model is very much/is very/is the slightest recommended for anyone looking for a high-quality low-price
camera.
7. Rarely/What/It worried the doctor most was the patient`s slow rate of breathing.
8. The blinds were down in all three rooms, and this/these/it was very dark inside.
9. When Henderson was what had happened, he was none whatsoever/not in the least/what surprised.
10. It was only when they checked the results a second time did they realize/ that they realized/ realized they
something strange had happened.
2. Complete the text by writing a phrase (a-o) in each space.
Studying abroad

What interested (a) me in studying abroad was my awareness that I had never lived in a foreign country, and
that this was something (m) I needed to do. It was when It wasn`t until (e) I started thinking about a future
career that I decided I`d like to learn German. Of course, it meant (g) being away from friends and family, but
Berlin is not so far away, and I didn`t find it at all (o) a problem. What I was interested in (n) was business
studies course combined with learning German, and this turned out to be (l) quite easy to arrange. The very
process of (k) signing up on my courses and finding somewhere to stay was good practice for my German. Up
that that point it hadn`t been (c) very good, I have to admit, but I soon learned a lot. It wasn`t until (e) I`d been
there a few months, however, that I began to feel at home. It all seemed (b) just like home, and I really had no
problems whatsoever (i). Of course, I suppose it is (f) a fairly easy country to live in, but it is having (d) the
experience of being in a foreign country which is important. What pleases me (j) most about the time I spent
there is that now I feel more confident, more able to get on with people.

Briefly about “Can we, as adults, grow new nerve cells?”

https://www.ted.com/talks/sandrine_thuret_you_can_grow_new_brain_cells_here_s_how/transcript

A short video on the topic " Can we, as adults, grow new nerve cells?".
In this video, Sandrine Thuret told to the audience about a new phenomenon in the field of neurobiology,
namely the ability of humans to create new neurons using the hippocampus as an example.
At one time, she found that her friend, a doctor, could not understand that depression was associated with
chemotherapy patients. Sandrine Thuret told him that it is most likely caused by the fact that the patients'
neurogenerative process is disturbed. The chemo drugs had blocked neurogenesis in the hippocampus. This was
a revelation to her friend.
They subsequently have been working (it was took from this video-record) together on some projects related to
depression and neurogenesis.
 Sandrine Touré spoke very passionately about what the hippocampus is for. It is responsible for our emotions
and memory.
In the recording, the speaker mentioned several ways to influence the growth of new neurons. For example:
food (frequency of intake, quality), good sleep, running, absence of stress, etc. All these contribute to the
creation of new neurons in the hippocampus, improving memory and psychosomatic well-being.
She also pointed out other factors that have a negative effect on neurogenesis: alcohol, stress, sleep deprivation.
From my point of view, the information provided is very interesting in that some points have been mentioned
here that may be of benefit to people. This is quite encouraging information that can be widely used in medical
practice.

If it is necessary:

Review of "Drug-induced phospholipidosis confounds drug repurposing for SARS-CoV-2".

This article reviews screening studies to find potential drugs against COVID -19, with a focus on the
relationship between phospholipidosis and an antiviral activity of a few drugs against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and
in vivo.
One pattern emerged among the 23 drugs tested. The antiviral activity of these drugs worked through the
induction of phospholipidosis (a condition characterized by the accumulation of phospholipids in body tissues).
In this condition, structures in cells known as myeloid bodies appear, leading to changes in cellular metabolism.
This condition can be considered toxic early in the discovery of new drugs. However, researchers have
suggested that the antiviral activity of a few drugs that act through phospholipidosis may be applicable in
medical practice.
Scientists have hypothesized that phospholipidosis (which forms in the background of the drugs) causes
disturbances in catabolism and lipid transport in lysosomes. This in turn may disrupt the double membrane
vesicles that the virus creates and on which its reproduction depends.
The authors found that quantitatively there is a strong correlation in vitro between drug phospholipidosis and
antiviral activity, both for each drug and for the set of drugs tested in this work. But unfortunately, such a
system may not work in practice. The induction of phospholipidosis by the drugs (analyzed in this paper) is not
translatable in vivo. More encouragingly, this study illuminates a method for rapidly identifying errors in
cellular antiviral screens, allowing us to exclude them from further study and focus on molecules with true
potency.
However, the scientists suggest that this data should not close the way for research into phospholipidosis-
inducing drugs. However, more care should be taken when translating in vitro data to in vivo or for use in
clinical practice.

Tummino TA, Rezelj VV, and all. Drug-induced phospholipidosis confounds drug repurposing for SARS-CoV-
2. Science. 2021;373(6554):541-547. doi: 10.1126/science.abi4708
№ Word Part Definition Translation
1 obscure adjective not known to many people неясный
2 tentatively adverb in a way that shows you are not certain or confident предварительно
to confuse and very much surprise someone, so that they are unable to explain or
3 confound verb deal with a situation сбивать с толку
4 irrespective adverb without considering, not needing to allow for независимо
to prevent something, especially a system, process, or event, from continuing as
5 disrupt verb usual or as expected нарушить
6 intense adjective extreme and forceful or (of a feeling) very strong интенсивный
7 notable adjective important and deserving attention, because of being very good or interesting заметный
8 viable adjective able to work as intended or able to succeed жизнеспособный
9 eliminate verb to remove or take away someone or something устранить
10 cautionary adjective giving a warning предостережение
11 implement verb to start using a plan or system реализовать
12 repurpose verb to find a new use for an idea, product, or building перепрофилировать
used when you want to give more detail or be more exact about something you have
13 namely adverb just said а именно
14 whatsoever adverb used after a negative phrase to add emphasis to the idea that is being expressed что угодно
15 moderate adjective average in size or amount and not too much умеренный
16 minute adjective extremely small крошечный
17 mediocre adjective not very good посредственный
18 marginal adjective very small in amount or effect незначительный