BUS TERMINAL

LITERATURE STUDY
INTRODUCTION
A bus terminus is a designated place where a bus or coach starts or ends its scheduled
route. The terminus is the designated place that a timetable is timed from. Termini can be
located at bus stations, interchanges, bus garages or bus stops. Termini can both start and
end at the same place, or may be in different locations for starting and finishing a route.
Termini may or may not coincide with the use of bus stands.

History of bus terminal

Since the 1820s, various forms of public transportation have come and gone throughout
TYPES OF BUS TERMINAL the world, making an impact not only on how we travel but also on today’s general
structuring of cities. As the earliest bus services started springing up all over the world,
• Intercity bus terminal getting from point A to point B became easier than ever, furthering the divide between
urban city centers and suburban neighborhoods. Technological advances gave way to an
• Airport city bus terminal evolution of public transit systems that started with horse-drawn cars and developed into
• Urban-sub urban commuter terminal cable cars, heavy- and light-rail systems, and eventually electric and self-driving buses. The
first-ever public bus line was launched in France by Blaise Pascal in 1662. Various routes of
• Sub urban interstate terminal horse-drawn carriages with a capacity of 7-8 passengers each were scheduled to run
through the Parisian streets throughout the da
TERMINALTYPOLOGY
Local Bus Terminal – Bus services at a local bus terminal cater to routes whose starting
and terminating points connect two different places in the same city. On these routes,
buses stop to board and offload passengers at short intervals, usually about 0.5 km.

Interstate Bus Terminal (ISBT) – Starting and terminating points connect two
different states, regions/districts, or cities; long intervals between stops, usually greater
than 10 km

TERMINAL OPERATIONS This characteristic determines the operations type of a bus

terminal, in terms of allocating boarding bays to different routes. The categorization is
based on the current preference and norms followed by the terminal operator (usually
state or city transport undertakings). In India, two operations types are observed

Design considerations
Principles of Terminals

• Access and approach • Feeder infrastructure

• Location • Seating
• Operational parameter • Hardscape and landscaping
• Existing capacity and future demand estimation • Lighting
• Enhanced level of service • Signage
• Integrating multi-modal accessibility and feeder infrastructure • Public art
• Crime prevention through environmental design • In-terminal breakdown services
• Integrating universal design
• Integrating sustainable development practice
• Essential Requirements
• Primary Infrastructural Requirements
• supporting infrastructur
ABUS TERMINALSHOULD SATISFY:
• Passenger protection from passing traffic
• Access for people with disabilities
• All-weather surface to step from/to the bus
ZONING • Proximity to pedestrian crossings
• Proximity to major trip generators
ENTRIES • Street lighting
• SITE ENTRIES
• Main entry
• Local transport
• Public vehicular entry
• Service entry

BUILDING ENTRIES
SITE ENTRIES
• Main entry
• Local transport
• Public vehicular entry
• Service entry

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LITERATURE STUDY

ACCESS AND APPROACHACCESS AND APPROACHACCESS AND APPROACH

Traditional bus terminal facilities fail to provide convenient access to public buses; their closed confines make access extremely
difficult for passengers. Current attempts to improve bus based public transport access are only concerned with improvement of
street infrastructure, and focused mainly on pedestrian facilities and bus stops

Access to the terminal should be convenient, barrier free and facilitate streamlined
internal circulation. Additionally, the ingress and egress points should be so located
that they are not in conflict with traffic circulation at the peripheral road network
(Planning Department Hong Kong 2014). One way of achieving this is by creating
alternative access/egress points by integrating multi modal facilities with the bus
terminal; this can further convenience commuters by providing access/egress choices.

Requirements efficient workability of terminal

•
•
Main entry
Travel • Segregation of bus and non-bus traffic
• Ticket • Segregation of pedestrian and vehicular movement
• Enquiry and booking • Elimination of vehicular traffic conflict
• Office • Segregation of pedestrian flows
• Kiosks • Minimum processing for the buses
• Dispatch office • Segregation of transportation and no-transportation activities
• Baggage room
• Public lockers
• Telephones
• Left luggage
• Waiting room
• Dispatch office BASIC AMENITIES IN BUS TERMINUS:
• Rental space Car parking : size of the parking depends upon the type of parking will provide at the given location. When the parking
• Dormitories demand is high (>3000), automated car parking can be suggested
• Buffet
• Public seating bike parking : When the parking demand is high (>35000), automated bike parking can be suggested
• Telephone booths Restaurant
• Restaurant Hospital
• Public toilets , police terminus Toilets
• Car/bike/auto parking Adminstrative Block: It is an area where bus related activities such as ticket counter, help desk, etc.. Available. The concept of
• Staff facilities planning should be given due importance to avoid the unnecessary movements and congestion.
• Vehicle maintenance
• Drivers rest rooms Passage For City Bus: The width depends upon turning radius of the bus. Minimum width provided should be 40’ with
• Filling station[petrol] turning radius as 50
• Security check post
Subway Width And Height: In general, the minimum height and width of the subway provided as 16’ and 10’ respectivel

Green Vegetation
Other Factors:

SHOP The shops to be provided depend on the passenger Capacity

Sight Distance: The eye level of a driver for safe riding of a bus or vehicles should not have any obstructions. The obstruction
height should not exceed 0.5’ from a drivers eye level of 3.9’ high
Width Of The Main Road: depends on main road crossing and movement of the vechicles.

Circulation
VERTICAL CIRCULAION: STAIRCASE
• The maximum practical flow on a stair is approximately 17 persons per foot width of stairway per minute (PFM)
in the upward or design direction
• An average of about 20 square feet per person or more is required before stair locomotion becomes normal

• For passenger waiting concourse,an average of 10 sq ft per person is required

LIFTS:
• It shall be made mandatorily for all buildings which are 15m and above
(without stilts) /18m and above (with stilts) in height
• Grounding switch, at ground floor level, to enable the fire service to ground
the lift shall also be provided.
• All the floors including basement and terrace shall be accessible for
24hours by the lifts
• The lift machine room shall be separate and no other machinery shall be
installed there in.
• The minimum width of step should be 1.5m
• The height should be 15cm
• The minimum thread should be 30cm
• A staircase shall not be arranged round a lift shaft for buildings above 15.0m (18m with stilts) height
• Handrails shall be provided with a minimum height of 90cm from the centre of the tread.
• The minimum headroom in a passage under the landing of a staircase and under the staircase shall be 2.2 m.
• No electrical shafts/AC ducts or gas pipe etc. shall pass through the staircase
• RAMPS
• The maximum gradient of a ramp approach intended for the differently abled persons shall not exceed 1 in 10 and
shall be finished with approved non-slippery materials. The minimum width of the ramp shall be 1.2m and provided
with handrails of height not less than 80cm.
• A ramp shall have handrails on at least one side, and preferably two sides, that are 900mm high, measured from the
surface of the ramp, that are smooth, and that extend 300mm beyond the top and bottom of the ramp. Where major
traffic is predominantly children, the handrails should be placed 760 mm high.

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LITERATURE STUDY
Bus design geometry

Bays arrangements :
• linear arrangement.
• angular arrangement.
• radial arrangement .

Platform types :
•STRAIGHT SAW -TOOTH LOADING:
• Efficient – employed where lot is comparatively low Narrow and deep.
• Passenger has direct approach to loading door

RADIAL SAWTOOTH LOADING: • Most efficient – buses swing into position along natural driving arc.
• Space required at front is minimum – wide space at rear making maneuvering easy.

Parallel loading: • Require excessive amount of space.

• Buses must usually wait until first bus exits.
• Large terminal requires pedestrian under/overpass

STRUCTURE BUS PARKING Per bus parking size represents floor area occupied
per bus. For a three floor structured bus parking, to estimate ground coverage per bus,
the floor area value may be divided by three

AT GRADE BUS PARKING 90 degree bus parking consumes least area per bus for
any parking angle or size. For angled bus parking, 60 degree parking consumes the least
space up to 400 bus parking size, beyond which 45 degree angle parking consumes
lower per unit space per bus.

Area calculation
• the inter state bus terminus is to be designed to handle 1938 trips ~ 2000 trips per day
• peak hour flow is equal to10 % of total daily flow.
• in coming buses(at un loading bays)= 50% of total buses=1000 no's
• incoming buses(at loading bays)=50% of total buses= 1000 no's
• occupancy in peak hour=50 passenger/bus
• total passenger to be handled by terminal= 50 x 2000 = 1,00,000 no . of bays for loading and
• unloading have been calculated as =total no of buses in peak hour/ bay capacity in 1 hour.

Design capacity for bus parking: Passenger lounge Demand ( Inter-district)

Peak hour (15:00-16:00) active bus parking :per hour 70
Bus waiting time: 15 mins
So,Bus Standing in every 15 mins in departing and arriving lots:20
Space Needed for 20 buses: (45’X13’)x20=11700sft
Space needed for 140 buses : (45’x13’)x140=81900sqft=81900sft
Peak Departing passenger: (23x 52) = 1196 person
Average no. of passenger arriving anytime : (12.75x 52) = 663
No of passenger departing & arriving in peak hr = (1196 +663)=1859 person
Passenger lounge facility = 1/3 of peak hour departing
Space needed = 1/3 x 1196X 10 sft =3987= 4000sft

Restaurant
Passenger lounge Demand ( International)
Restaurant facility (Inter-district) = V* of peak hour departing passengers.
Peak Departing passenger: (2x 40) = 120person = % (1196x 12sft)= 3600sft
Average no. of passenger arriving anytime : (3x40) = 120 Kitchen (lnter-district)= 1/3 Of restaurant
No of passenger departing & arriving in peak hr = (120 +120)=240 person =1/3x 3600= 1200 sft
Passenger lounge facility = 1/3 of peak hour departing • Restaurant facility (International) = % of peak hour departing passengers.
Space needed 1/3 x 120X 10 sft = 400sft Passenger lounge facility = 1/3 of peak hour departing
Space needed 1/3 x 120X 10 sft = 400sft
= 1/4 (120x 12sft)= 360sft
Kitchen (International) = 1/3 Of restaurant
=1/3x 360= 120 sft
Restaurant facility for crew : 100 x 12sft = 1200sft
Kitchen = 1/3 Of restaurant= 1/3 x 1200
= 400sf

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LITERATURE STUDY

Washroom Facility
According to standard hourly one toilet is needed in every 40 passenger
Inter-district
So, peak hour toilet needed : 1196/40 = 30 toilets
Toilet ratio, male : female = 60:40 Ratio of different modes of transport to the terminal
Gents’ toilet =60 % x 30=18 Female toilet= 40% x 30=12
Car parking : 10% of peak departure =10/100 (1196+120)= 132
Space needed for 30 toilets = 30 x28sft = 840 sft=900sft
3 person for each car = 132/3= 44 cars
International Space needed for 44 cars = 44 x(16’x8’)= 5632sft
So, peak hour toilet needed : 120/40 = 3 toilets
Toilet ratio, male : female = 60:40 Auto rickshaw parking : 30% passenger of total passenger in peak hour
Gents’ toilet =2 Female toilet= 2 = 30/100 x (1196+120)=395
Space needed for 4 toilets = 4 x28sft = 112sft 1 for 15 person, therefore autorickshaw needed = 395/15=26
Space for parking = 26 x (6 ’x8 ’)= 1248 sf

Ticket Counter
Total area for interdistrict = 11 x 50sft= 550 sft
Total area for international 3 x 50sft= 150 sft

SERVICES
LIGHTING Lighting plays a key role in enhancing terminal facilities - through ambient illumination in order to allow a safe,
comfortable, and functional environment, and to highlight key architectural aspects to create an iconic and attractive bus terminal
a) Continuous lighting: b) Standby lighting: c) Mobile lighting:

Light properties:
• The light signals should be of sufficient power and/or size to be unmistakably noticeable from a distance of 250 m in bright sunshine
• Lights should flash at 3-4HZ. The type of light used should give instantaneous light, with little or no rise time Each light should be able to give at least 70° visual range
360° lights should not be used

• WATER SUPPLY
• Fire Fighting Sump of 1 Lakh
Liters Capacity with Fire
Hydrants and Fire Extinguishers are Provided at Vintage Points. It Is Also Equipped With Rain Water Harvesting Unit. S

FIRE

• 1. Wet riser 2. Hose reel 3. Automatic sprinkler system 4. Fire hydrant 5. under ground water tank with draw off connection 6. Terrace water tanks 7. Fire pump 8. Terrace
pump 9. First aid firefighting appliances 10. Auto detection system 11. Manually operated electrical fire alarm system 12. Public assistance system with talk back facility
13. Emergency lights 14. Auto D.G. set 15. Illuminated exit sign 16. Means of escape, or fire exits
• ELECTRICALSERVICES
• It is highly recommended to have a 380 v (32 amp) sockets outside. With good quality lighting (minimum 500 lux) throughout the whole terminal building. It is highly
recommended to have a TV socket per pit box connected to the Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) signal. Street lights should be placed at around the building. Electric
Sub Station: 600 KAV Capacity The main power distribution rooms are located ground floor. Every single zone is dived by distributor box
• SANITARYSERVICES
• All sewage pipe lines through the underground. External drains should be given for all buildings. The used water must be evacuated, with no atmospheric contact,
through a flexible pipe to the device provided for this evacuation.
• COMMUNICATIONS SERVIC
• The following communications networks must be installed These services mainly provided the main terminal staff and administration. Wifi services should be
provided for passengers. Surveillance services should be provided.

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