Course No: GEO 102

Course Title: Fundamentals of Geoinformatics

Number of Credits: 3
No. of Lectures-Tutorial: 36-6
Course Instructor: Dr. Shamita Kumar

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 Course Outline
The course provides a firm understanding of
the conceptual and technical issues of
geospatial technologies and an overview of
applications in various aspects of wildlife,
natural resource management, environment
management, etc.
It introduces the students to the
fundamentals of geographic information
systems, navigation systems, data models,
data sources, cartography as well as multi-
criteria analysis.

Dr. Shamita Kumar
Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 Learning Outcomes
Students will:
 Demonstrate a good understanding of the
basics of geospatial technologies
 Demonstrate an understanding of building
geodatabases.
 Develop abilities to think about and
implement geographic data management
and analysis for research and a variety of
planning and management applications.

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 Course Evaluation
Evaluation Procedure : Evaluation
Procedure: 60/40: University Exam /
Internal Assessment

Assignment 2 20% Internal

Assessment
Minor Test 2 20% Internal
Assessment
Major Exam 1 60% University
Assessment

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 Geoinformatics: An
introduction
Dr. Shamita Kumar
shamita@bvieer.edu.in

Dr. Shamita Kumar

BVIEER
 The blue planet: Would we have known this?

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
What do you think it is??

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
GIS, Geomatics, Geoinformatics????

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
GIS, Geomatics, Geoinformatics????

Source: Kerala Police Crime Mapping

Geographical Information
Dr. Shamita Kumar
Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics Systems
GIS, Geomatics, Geoinformatics????

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 Big Data
IoT Remote
Sensing

Geospatial
Technology
Satellite Geographical
Navigation Information
Systems Systems
Artifical IT
Intelligence
Dr. Shamita Kumar
Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 REMOTE SENSING

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 What is remote sensing?

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 Is the science (and to some extent, art) of acquiring
information about the Earth's surface without actually
being in contact with it. This is done by sensing and
recording reflected or emitted energy and processing,
analyzing, and applying that information

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Dr. Shamita Kumar
Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Dr. Shamita Kumar
Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Remote sensing gives us the big view
Charting changes in the earth’s system is
quicker, less expensive and accurate

https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=78677

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Dr. Shamita Kumar
Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 12 Dec 2004
Dr. Shamita Kumar
Banda Aceh Island (Indonesia) before Tsunami
Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 27 Dec 2004
Dr. Shamita Kumar
Banda Aceh Island (Indonesia) after Tsunami
Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 DUBAI- ARABIAN TOWERS
Burj Al Arab

Dubai, UAE
(Boat Shale Hotel 321 m
above the Arabian Gulf)

IKONOS data
5 December, 2000

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Deforestation in Rondonia, Brazil

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Urbanisation in San Jose

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Coal mines in West
Rhinephilea,
Germany

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 What is this??

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Dr. Shamita Kumar
Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 scales

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Remote sensing gives us the big view

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Source:
Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics GeoEye-1 Satellite Map (0.5m) Wildebeest Migration
 Visualisation..

Human Bee Butterfly

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 How does RS help us see??
This true-color image shows the area
in actual colors, e.g., the vegetation
appears in green. It covers the full
visible spectrum using the red, green
and blue / green spectral bands of the
satellite mapped to the RGB Colour
Space of the image.
Dr. Shamita Kumar
Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
The same area as a false-color image
using the near infrared red and
green spectral bands mapped to
RGB – this image shows vegetation
in a red tone, as vegetation reflects
most light in the near infrared.
Different combinations show different things

3,2,1 6,5,4

Mount Etna Volcano

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 The electromagnetic spectrum

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 Carbondioxide concentration

TOMS image

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 Ozone hole

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Dr. Shamita Kumar
Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Applications in fisheries

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 WHAT IS GIS ?

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 What is a GIS?(Geographic Information System)
A Method of Organizing Data
 A Method of Analyzing Data
 A Method of Visualizing Data

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
GIS – Describing Our World

We can describe any

element of our world
in two ways:
Location Information: Attribute Information:
Where is it? What is it?
Species: Oak
Height: 15m
Age: 75 Yrs
Condition:
51°N, 112°W Good

Dr. Shamita Kumar

BVIEER
 GIS - Links Datasets
 GIS software links
the location data
and the attribute
data:

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 How GIS works

 In a GIS, different types of

information are represented as
separate map layers

 Each layer is linked to

descriptive information

 Layers are combined to make a

map

 All layers must be tied to the

same location.
Dr. Shamita Kumar
Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Major Questions that a GIS answers
 Location : What is at…..?

 Condition: Where is it….?

 Trends : What has changed since…?

 Patterns: What spatial patterns exist…?

 Modelling: What if this condition occurred at this
place…..?

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Dr. Shamita Kumar
Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 Concepts are most important!
 What remains constant
 Spatial analysis concepts are relatively stable
 All GIS software programs support basic analysis concepts

 What changes frequently

 Tools, user interfaces, inclusion of additional capabilities
(e.g., 3D, spatial statistics)
 Data formats

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Basic Data Types in GIS
 Location Data How to
decide the
 Vector (Feature) Themes data type?
 Points - Cities, buildings...
 Lines - Rivers, roads…
 Polygons - Service areas, lakes…

 Raster Themes
 Images - Scanned map, air photo, satellite
 Grids - DEM, Surfaces

 Attribute Data
 Stored in tables.

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 Components of GIS
 Organized collection of
 Software
 Hardware
Software
 Network People
 Data
Data
 People
 Procedures Network

Procedures

Hardware

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 Why study GIS?

WHAT CAN GIS DO?

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 GIS - Analysis

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Dr. Shamita Kumar
Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Dr. Shamita Kumar
Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Landuse Landcover as a water quality indicator

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Dr. Shamita Kumar
Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Proximity Analysis

Dr. Shamita Kumar

BVIEER
 Satellite navigation system

 A revolutionary navigation
system
 36 satellites orbiting the
earth
 Provide location within
metres or less anywhere on
the globe.
 Now available in many cars
as an option

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 Location based services

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 Hurricane Tracking and Response

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 Municipalities / Planning

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Health Care

Dr. Shamita Kumar

BVIEER
 Telecommunication

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 Setting up biogas plants

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 Setting up wind farms

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 NEW TRENDS WITH
GEOSPTIAL TECHNOLOGIES

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Dr. Shamita Kumar
Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Internet of Things/Big data/Cloud

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 Nano satellites = Swarms

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Rise of the crowd
(Unintentional data generators)

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 Wearables

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Analyzing landscapes
Habitat
conversio
n

Habitat
loss

Habitat
fragement
ation
Subdivid
ed Compres
Isolation
populati sion
on
Linkages

Species
survives

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Analyzing landscapes
Grassland Patch Size in the GIBWLS

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Analyzing landscapes
Probable corridors in the GIBWLS

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Analyzing landscapes
Blackbuck herds in the probable corridors

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Road Development and wildlife

Habitat loss and degradation

Road kills Barriers and habitat fragmentation

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 Modeling Roadkills

Study by: BVIEER

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Modeling effects of climate change
Climate change is bringing in enormous
changes…

Predicting the fate of a

living fossil: how will
global warming affect sex
determination and hatching
phenology in tuatara?
Mitchell Nicola J et al
Specialist species
Climate Change, Elevational Range Shifts,
and Bird Extinctions, Sekercioglu C et al,
2008
Sex ratio
Extreme weather
Climate change and the
effects of temperature
extremes on Australian
flying-foxes, Welbergen et
al, 2008 Fecundity
The effects of climate on
breeding in the Helmeted
Migration Honeyeater, Chambers L et al
Source: Climate Change Poses Challenges to Plants and Animals, State of the Planet, 2015
Hibernation

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Species habitat modeling

Study by: Harshal Jaywant, BVU, IEER

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Species habitat modeling
Future Distribution Under Changed Climate Scenarios: For CCSM4 Climate Model and Year
2050

RCP 6.0 RCP

8.5

Area with predicted probability greater than 60% in 2050 under RCP 6.0 reduces to 7.74 %
and
Study by: under
Harshal RCP
Jaywant, BVU,8.5
IEER reduces to 7.28 % from 9.32% of the baseline scenario.

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
New Technology Trends
 The real time revolution
 Miniaturization of technologies
 Proliferation of new mobile geospatial
sensor platforms
 Expanding wireless and web networks
 Advances in computing capacity for
geospatial research, apps

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
We have new data sources and types today….

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Rise of the crowd
(Unintentional data generators)

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Dr. Shamita Kumar
Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 The
Google
boomalone
of the
IOTprocesses
will meanonthat
average
the amount
over forty
of
devices
thousand connected
search
queries
to the internet
per second,
will
rise
making
fromitabout
over 3.5
13
billion
billion todayto
in a single
50
billionday
by 2020

Source:http://wikibon.org/blog/big-data-statistics/

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
How does Big Data differ from traditional datasets used for
over 15 years?

Traditional You can see that the traditional

datasets could be quite large, but
Data characteristic Big Data analytics they were traditionally formatted
Type of data Unstructured Formatted in in spreadsheets or data-bases,
tended to be static, and were
Formats columns and rows designed to prove hypotheses.
Volume of data 100 terabytes to 10s of terabytes or
By contrast, Big Data has the 5 Vs
petabytes less and can use machine learning,
Flow of data Continual flow Static pool of data which pushes out solutions by
Analytical Machine learning Hypothesis-based seeing what works in big
datasets. The statistical term is
methods exploratory.
Primary purpose Data-based Internal decision
products support and
services
(Modified from Davenport, 2014)

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Big Data Analytic Traditional Techniques

What is enabling them?

 Classification
 Clustering
 Regression
 Simulation
 Anomaly Detection
 Numerical Forecasting
 Optimization
 Geographic Mapping
 …

Limitations. For Big Data, they often

cannot handle well the 3 V’s of
volume, velocity, and variety
They tend to work best with “Small (modified from Brian Hilton)
Data”
Dr. Shamita Kumar
Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
“Non-traditional” Big Data Analytic Technique
 Ensemble methods
 Combine multiple models, e.g.
linear regression, decision tree,
neural network, spatial
autocorrelation work together to
yield one answer.
 Commodity models
 Apply complex models to address
only the high-value data.
 For most of the data, use simple,
less resource-intensive model(s)
 Modern Data Visualization
 Multiple graphs and charts linked to
the same underlying Big Data, and
displayed in Dashboards, including
maps
 Space-Time slider
visualizations, showing locational
changes in a movie-like sequence.
 3-D Displays. 3-D Mapping.
(Partial source: Franks, 2012)
Dr. Shamita Kumar
Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 Text Analysis (Content Analysis)
 Appropriate for unstructured text.
Opens up social media, call center
conversations, etc. for powerful
analytics. Parse the text and use the
components to extract meaning,
valence, and feelings.
 Spatial Analysis
 Spatial sampling, auto-correlation,
continuous contours (ocean, air), etc.
 Analytic Point Solutions
 Software to solve very specific Big
Data, Analytics problems. (e.g. Esri’s
ArcLogistics.
 Virtual Reality
 Google VR
 Can include fictional or actual
geographic mapping
 Machine Learning
 AI-based programs that can learn
without having been specifically pre-
programmed them for the application.
 “Intelligent” Robotics is one type
 Neural networks verges on ML, but they
are often restricted to learning in
specialized ways
Google Earth Engine Changes Everything

Study by: GEE

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Assessing wetlands using GEE

Number of Ramsar sites in India

10 9 (2020)
8
8 7
6 5
4 3 3
2 1 1
0 0
Wetlands of Maharashtra 0

Study by: M. Muzammil , BVU, IEER

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Dr. Shamita Kumar
Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
…eyes on the ground
Encouraging citizen engagement
Conservation is successful if it is backed by
local knowledge, input and participation.

The three levels of contribution to citizen science (Source: De

Betekenaar, Marieke van der Velden)

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 India Biodiversity Portal

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 Volunteer GIS Mapping

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 Social Media Data..a new source

69

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 Ascertaining visitor patterns in Mulshi..

Study by: Ashlesha Devlekar, BVU, IEER

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Assessing biodiversity posts from Instagram..

Study by: Ashlesha Devlekar, BVU, IEER

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
An Open Source Geospatial Learning Portal

Dr. Shamita Kumar www.dst-iget.in

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
Dr. Shamita Kumar
Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics
 Welcome to the world
of Geoinformatics !

Dr. Shamita Kumar

BVIEER
 Suggested Books
 Textbook of remote sensing and GIS
 Anji Reddy

 Concepts and Techniques of Geographical

Information Systems
 Yeung Albert K., Lo C.P.

 Fundamentals of geographical information

systems
 Michael DeMers

 Introduction to geographic information

systems
 Kang-tsung Chang

Dr. Shamita Kumar

Class 1: Introduction to Geoinformatics