10

Mathematics
Quarter 1 – Module 5:
Division of Polynomials
(M10ALIg-1)
Mathematics – Grade 10
Self-Learning Module (SLM)
Quarter 1 – Module 8: Division of Polynomials
First Edition, 2020

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Writer: Edelina D. Bendigosa
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Introductory Message

This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies
and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated
for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by- step as you discover and
understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-test are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you
need to proceed on completing this module, or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s
assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the
post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that
you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teachers are also provided to the facilitators
and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate
sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. Read the instructions carefully before performing
each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do
not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the Division of Polynomials using long division and synthetic division. The scope of
this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to
follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them
can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1- Definition of Division of Polynomials
• Lesson 2- Assess their understanding of division of polynomials as
illustrated in some real – life situation
After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Explain the concept of division of polynomial.

2. Perform long division and synthetic division on polynomial.
3. Appreciate division of polynomials to justify how useful the
polynomials are in dealing with real-life problems.

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 What I Know

Let us check what you already know about division of polynomials by

answering the question below.
1. What is the quotient when x2 – 4 is divided by x+2?
A. -x - 2 B. x - 2 C. x + 4 D. x – 4
2. The following are the examples of polynomials except .
A. x2 + x − 2 C. x3 − y2
B. x4 − 3x2 + 4x3 − 3 D. 2x3 − 3x − 2
3. Which of the following polynomials is exactly divisible by (2x+1)
A. 2x2 − 5x − 3 C. −2x2 + 5x + 3
B. x2 − 5x − 3 D. x2 + 5x − 3
4. Use synthetic division to find the quotient if (-3x2+8x1+ 2x3 − 1) is divided by
(x+1) -3 is the remainder. The solution is shown below.

-1 -3 2 8 -1
3 -6 -2
-3 6 2 -3
What is the error?

i. The sign of the divisor was not changed.

ii. The items of the polynomial were not arranged according to
decreasing powers of x.
iii. The sum entries in the third row are incorrect.
iv. The numerical coefficients of the first row were not properly
written.

A. i only B. ii only C. ii and iv only D. ii and iii only

5. If (8x3 − 4x5 − 2 x + 7x4 + 3 ) is divided by (x-3) using synthetic division,

The numbers in the first row would be.
A. 8 -4 -2 7 0 3 C. 4 7 0 8 -2 3
B. -4 7 8 0 -2 3 D. 8 -4 -2 0 7 3

6. The numbers in the second row would be.

-2 -3 5 2 1

-3 11 -20 41
A. -6 22 -40 C. 6 22 -40
B. -6 -22 40 D. 6 -22 40

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 For items 7-10, use the illustration on long division that follows:
Divide (x4 − 3x3 + 2x2 − x − 3) by (x − 2)

x3 - x2 - 4x - 9
x - 2 x4 - 3x3 - 2x2 - x 3
-
- (x4 - 2 x3)

−1x3 − 2x2
- (- x3 + 2x2)

-4x2 - x
- (−4x2 + 8x)

- 9x - 3
- (-9x + 18)
-21

7. What is the remainder?

A. -21 C. x4 − 3x3 − 2x2 − x − 3
B. x3- x2 - 4x – 9 D. x − 2

8. What is the divisor?

A. x − 2 C. x3- x2 - 4x - 9
B. x4 − 3x3 − 2x2 − x − 3 D. -21

9. What is the quotient?

A. x3- x2 - 4x - 9 C. -21
B. x4 − 3x3 − 2x2 − x − 3 D. x-2

10. What is the process to obtain the 2nd line?

A. Subtracting x3 from (x − 2) C. Dividing x3 by (x − 2)
B. Multiplying x3 by (x − 2) D. Adding x3 by (x − 2)

Very Good! You did a good job. You’re now ready for the next set of activities.

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 Lesson

2 Division of Polynomials

Another module is set for you to explore. Some real-life situations require the
application of polynomials. Just like an engineers can use polynomials to create
building plans and entrepreneurs can use polynomials to design cost-effective
products.

Are you excited to know more about this? After going through this module,
you are expected to simplify the division of polynomials using long division and
synthetic division.

What’s In

Previously, you have learned about division of polynomials that are present and in.
Now. Let us try to look back and relate it to our discussion.

In your previous levels, you have learned the concept of dividing polynomials
same as dividing real numbers. See in the discussion below.

divisor
3
dividend← 23 ÷ 5 = 4 5 ← remainder

quotient

(6𝑥2 + 2𝑥 − 2) 𝑏𝑦 (𝑥 + 1).

6x - 4 ← Quotient
Divisor → x + 1 6x2 + 2x - 2 →
Dividend

-(6𝑥2 + 6𝑥)
_
- 4x - 2
-( -4x - 4)

2 ← Remainder

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 6𝑥2+2𝑥−2 2
= 𝑥+1+ or 6𝑥2 + 2𝑥 − 2 = (6x – 4) (x+1) +2
𝑥+1 𝑥+1

Examples: Division of polynomials

Quotient
𝑥2 - 3x + 6 ← Dividend
Divisor ← x + 1 x3 - 2x2 + 3x - 1

- (𝑥3 + 𝑥2) ←Subtract

−3𝑥2 + 3𝑥
- ( -3 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥) ←Subtract

6x - 1
- (6x + 6) ←Subtract

- 7 ←Remainder

Steps in solving division of polynomials

using long division

❖ Divide the first term to the 𝒙𝟐

dividend (𝒙𝟑) by the first x + 1 x3 - 2𝒙𝟐 + 3x - 1
term of the divisor (x)
and write the answer (𝒙𝟐)
directly above the term of
the dividend with the
corresponding variable
part.

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❖ Multiply this quotient 𝒙𝟐 to 𝒙𝟐
the entire divisor x+1. This
x + 1 𝒙𝟑 - 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 3x - 1
gives a product of 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 .
Write this product under −(𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐)
the dividend such that
each term is directly
under the corresponding
term contains the same
variable part.

❖ Subtract the product 𝒙𝟐

from the dividend. This x + 1 x3 - 2x2 + 3x - 1
gives the difference of -𝟑𝒙𝟐
-( 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 )

-𝟑𝒙𝟐

𝒙𝟐
❖ Bring down the next term
x + 1 x3 - 2x2 + 3x - 1
from the dividend 𝟑𝒙 to
form the expression - - (𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 )
𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙
-𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙

❖ Repeat the process until 𝒙𝟐 - 3x + 6

all the terms in the x + 1 X3 - 2x2 + 3x - 1
dividend are used up. Stop
- (𝒙𝟑 - 𝒙𝟐 )
when the degree of the
dividend is less than the
degree of the divisor. −𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙
- ( -3 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙)

6x - 1
- (6x + 6)

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What’s New
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 This module stresses on the understanding on division of polynomials
using long division. Study the problem below and answer the questions that follow.

SYNTHETIC DIVISION

Synthetic division is a shorter procedure when a polynomial is to be divided by a binomial

of the form (x-r).In this method we write only the coefficients.

Below are the important concepts and steps that you must learn in solving division of polynomials using
synthetic division.

Example: 6𝑥3 + 3𝑥2 − 2𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 − 2

STEPS IN SOLVING SYNTHETIC DIVISION

Arrange the coefficients of

P(x) in descending powers of x, placing 6 3 -2 4
0s for the missing terms. The leading
coefficient of P(x) becomes the first
entry of the third row.

. Place the value of r in the

upper left corner. In this example, x - r 2 6 3 -2 4
= x – 2 = x – (+2), so r = 2 and bring
down the first coefficient of the 6
dividend (6) in the third row.

Multiply the value to the (2)

and write the product (12) in the 2 6 3 -2 4
second row under the second 12
coefficient of the dividend (3) . 6

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 Add (3) and (12) and write
the sum (15) in the third row right after
(6). 2 6 3 -2 4
12
6 15

Multiply (15) and (2) and

write the product (30) in the second 2 6 3 -2 4
row right after (12) then repeat the 12 30
process until you reach the last 6 15
number in the third row.

What is It

Below are important concepts on operation of polynomials with emphasis on

division.

A polynomial expression P(x) is an expression of the form

𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1𝑥𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2𝑥𝑛−2+. . . +𝑎1x + 𝑎0, 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0
Where the nonnegative integer n is called the degree of the
polynomial and coefficient 𝑎0, 𝑎1 …, 𝑎𝑛 are real numbers.

Synthetic Division is a shorter procedure when a polynomial is to be

divided by a binomial of the form (x – r).

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Activity 1.1 Evaluating

What’s More

Let us try to answer more challenging set of problems on division of

polynomials using long division and synthetic division.

1. If a bus moving at a constant rate travels (2x3 − x2 − 4x + 3) Km in

(x2-2x+1) hours, what is the rate of the car in km per hour.

2. Find the quotient when x3 − 6x2 + 2x + 8 is divided by (x – 3).

.
A. Use synthetic division to find the quotient and remainder in each of the
following. Write your complete solutions on a separate sheet of paper.
1. (4𝑥3 + 𝑥2 − 6𝑥 + 2) ÷ (𝑥 − 1) Quotient:
Remainder:
2. (−6𝑥4 + 𝑥2 + 2𝑥 − 2) ÷ (𝑥 − 2) Quotient:
Remainder:

3. (3𝑥3 + 2𝑥2 − 3𝑥 + 4) ÷ (𝑥 + 1) Quotient:

Remainder:

4. (4𝑥3 + 𝑥2 − 6𝑥 + 1) ÷ (𝑥 + 3) Quotient:
Remainder:

5. (−3𝑥4 + 𝑥3 − 4𝑥 + 6) ÷ (𝑥 − 2) Quotient:
Remainder:

Good job! Get ready for another learning battle ahead.

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 What I Have Learned
Here is another activity that lets you apply what you learned about determining Fill
in the blanks with the correct answers that best fits the statement.

2x3 + - 2x - 1
3
x - 1 2x4 - x - 3x2 + x - 1
3
- 2x
x3 - + x - 1
x3 - x2
- 2x2 + - 1
- 2x2 + 2x
- x -
- x + 1

- 2

- 1 -3 0 2 4 1
-3 -5
-3 3 5

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 What I Can Do

Here is another activity that lets you apply what you learned about the division of
polynomials using long division and synthetic division by relating it to real-life
situations.

Solve, then Decide

Solve the problem. Show your complete solution

➢ A rectangular garden in a backyard has an area of (3𝑥2 + 5𝑥 − 6)

square meters. Its width is (x + 2) meter

a. Find the length of the garden.

b. You decided to partition the garden into two or more smaller
congruent gardens. Design a possible model and include
mathematical concept in your design

AMAZING!!!! YOU DID A GOOD JOB…

You may now proceed to the next activity.. and have
fun…

Assessment

I hope you had a good time going over this module. For you to determine
how much you’ve learned, please identify. the divisor, dividend, and quotient
in each item below. Write your answers on the space provided.

1.
2 -1 -2 2 4
-2 -8 -12
-1 -4 -6 -8

Answer: Divisor Dividend Quotient

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 2.
2 -3 1 0 -4
-6 -10 -20
-3 -5 -10 -24

Answer: Divisor Dividend Quotient

3.

2 -5 3 0 -4
-10 -14 -28
-5 -7 -14 -32

Answer: Divisor Dividend _ Quotient

4.

-1 3 1 4 -4
-3 2 -6
3 -2 6 -10

Answer: Divisor Dividend Quotient

5.

-4 -1 -2 3 4
4 -8 20
-1 2 -5 24

Answer: Divisor Dividend Quotient

For 6-10 Problem Solving:

Solve the following problems. Show your solutions.

6. What must be multiplied to (𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 1) to get (𝑥4 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥2 + 3𝑥 + 2)?

7. Find the quotient when −6𝑥2 + 3𝑥 + 8 is divided by x – 2?
8. What is the quotient when 𝑥2 − 25 is divided by x – 5?
9. Suppose the area of a rectangle is (6𝑥2 − 7𝑥 + 14)square units if its
width is 2x – 5 units. What expression represent its length? How about
its perimeter?
10. A tailor earns (12𝑦2 + 𝑦 − 35) pesos for working (3y – 5) hours.
How much does he earn per hour?

Good Job! You did well on this module! Keep going!

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 Additional Activities

Try this problem to boost your understanding on division of polynomials use

what you have learned either using long division or synthetic division.
In solving division of polynomials. WHAT do you think is the best method for
you and WHY? Try to express your insights based from what you have learned in
this module.

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Answer Key
Evaluate
A. 1. 2x+3 km/hr
− − −
1.Quotient: 4𝑥2 + 5𝑥 1 2. 2𝑥3 3𝑥2 + 4𝑥 6
Remainder: 1
2. Quotient: -6𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 − 23𝑥 − 44
Remainder:-50
3. Quotient 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 2
Remainder: 2
4. Quotient: 4𝑥2 − 11𝑥 + 27
Remainder:-80
5. Quotient:-3𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 24
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Assessment
-
1. A.divisor: x 2 6. 2X+3
10
-
B. dividend : -𝑥3 − 2𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 4 7. 6x 9 -
𝑥− 2
C.quotient: −𝑥2 − 4𝑥 − 6 8. x+5
34
-
2. A..divisor: x 2 9. 3x +4 +
2𝑥− 5
−
-
B. dividend : 3 𝑥3 + 𝑥2 + 0𝑥 4 10. 4y -1
C.quotient: −3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 10
-
3. A..divisor: x 2
−
B. dividend : -5𝑥 3 + 3 𝑥 2 + 0 𝑥 4
− − −
C.quotient : 5𝑥 2 7𝑥 14
4. A..divisor: x+1
−
B. dividend: 3𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 4
C.quotient: 3𝑥2 − 2𝑥 + 6
5 A..divisor: x+4
-
B. dividend : 𝑥3 − 2 𝑥2 + 3 𝑥 + 4
C.quotient: −𝑥2 + 2𝑥 − 5
References

Mathematics Learning Module for Grade 10

Teachers Guide
https://en.m.wikipedia.org
https://owlcation.com

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 Disclaimer
This Self-learning Module (SLM) was developed by DepEd SOCCSKSARGEN
with the primary objective of preparing for and addressing the new normal.
Contents of this module were based on DepEd’s Most Essential Learning
Competencies (MELC). This is a supplementary material to be used by all
learners of Region XII in all public schools beginning SY 2020-2021. The
process of LR development was observed in the production of this module.
This is version 1.0. We highly encourage feedback, comments, and
recommendations.

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SOCCSKSARGEN

Learning Resource Management System (LRMS)

Regional Center, Brgy. Carpenter Hill, City of Koronadal

Telefax No.: (083) 2288825/ (083) 2281893

Email Address: region12@deped.gov.ph