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Diversity wild banana species (Musa spp.) in Sulawesi, Indonesia

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DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d200328

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 B I O D I V E R S IT A S ISSN: 1412-033X
Volume 20, Number 3, March 2019 E-ISSN: 2085-4722
Pages: 824-832 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d200328

Diversity wild banana species (Musa spp.) in Sulawesi, Indonesia

HASTUTI1,2,♥, PURNOMO3, I. SUMARDI4, BUDI S. DARYONO5, ♥♥

1
Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Jl. Teknika Selatan, Sleman 55281, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Tel.: +62-274-580839; Fax.: + 62-274- 6492354,

email: tutibio_03@yahoo.com
2
STKIP Pembangunan Indonesia Makassar. Jl. Inspeksi Kanal No 10, Gowa, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
3
Laboratory of Plant Systematics, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Jl. Teknika Selatan, Sleman 55281, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
4
Laboratory of Plant Structure and Development, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Jl. Teknika Selatan, Sleman 55281, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
5
Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Jl. Teknika Selatan, Sleman 55281, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Tel.: +62-274-580839; Fax.: + 62-274- 6492354, email: bs_daryono@mail.ugm.ac.id

Manuscript received: 12 November 2018. Revision accepted: 25 February 2019.

Abstract. Hastuti, Purnomo, Sumardi I, Daryono BS. 2019. Diversity wild banana species (Musa spp.) in Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Biodiversitas 20: 824-832. Indonesia is known as one of the centers of banana diversity in the world. There are 70 species of wild
banana in the genus of Musa, 12 of them it was found in Indonesia. Sulawesi was located in the Wallace Line, which is a meeting
between the Sunda and Sahul exposures, and has many endemic species, some of which are wild banana species. However, studies on
wild banana in Sulawesi are still limited. This study focuses on species of wild bananas found in Sulawesi. Purposive sampling was used
to select banana example from wild, cultivated area, residential areas and research garden. Observation was carried out in the field as
well as using a collection herbarium and living specimens. The observation was done by observing the characteristics of the sample
according to the guidance on Descriptor for Banana. Identification was done by matching the sample with herbarium and relevant
references. The results showed that there were four species of wild bananas found on the island of Sulawesi. These are Musa balbisiana
Colla, Musa acuminata Colla var. zebrina (v.Houtte) Nasution, Musa acuminata Colla var. banksii (F.Muell.) N.W Simmonds, Musa
acuminata Colla var. lutraensis, Musa acuminata Colla var. sigiensis, Musa acuminata Colla ssp. microcarpa Becc., Musa borneensis
Becc. and Musa textilis Nee. Four wild banana accessions had never been reported before. These were Musa acuminata var. zebrina,
Musa acuminata var. lutraensis, Musa acuminata var. siginenesis and Musa borneensis.

Keywords: Diversity, wild banana, identification, Musa, Sulawesi Island

INTRODUCTION of bananas (Nasution and Yamada 2001; Kulkarni et al.

The term "banana" generally includes a number of
species and hybrids, which are in the genus Musa in the
Musaceae Family. This family includes only two genera,
Ensete and Musa. Musa was divided into four sections
based on basic chromosome, which are Australimusa and
Callimusa with n =10 and Eumusa and Rhodochlamys with
n=11 (Cheesman 1947). Recently Hakkinen restructured
Musa species into two sections, Musa and Callimusa, based
on the DNA analyses (Hakkinen 2013). Most of the
cultivated bananas available today come from two wild
bananas ancestors which are M. acuminata and M.
balbisiana. These species generally seedy, not-pulpy and
are inedible (Mukunthakumar et al. 2013). However, other
plant parts have been used from M. balbisiana such as
pseudostems, leaves, and inflorescence (Borborah et al.
2016). Vegetative cultivation process can cause genetic
erosion, due to the limited source of genetic ancestors.
Genetic erosion produces plants vulnerable to disease, pests
and ecological changes (Miller et al. 2010; Perrier et al.
2011). Wild banana species could be of pathogen genes
that can be used to develop resistant commercial varieties
(Argent 1976; Nasution and Yamada 2001;
Mukunthakumar et al., 2013). Therefore, collection,
conservation, and characterization of wild banana
germplasm are needed to improve the genetic improvement
2012).
Indonesia is known as one of the centers of Musa
banana diversity (Daniells et al., 2001). There were 70
species of banana in the genus (Hakkinen 2013), 12 are
found in Indonesia (Nasution and Yamada 2001). Wild
banana species can be found on all major islands in
Indonesia, including Sumatra, Java, the Lesser Sunda
Islands, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku and Papua
(Sulistiyaningsih et al. 2014). Nasution and Yamada (2001)
reported three species of wild bananas on Sulawesi Island:
M. acuminata, M. celebica, and M. textilis. In a previous
study, Sulistiyaningsih et al. (2014) collected specimen
from Lore Lindu National Park, Palu (Central Sulawesi);
Manado, Tomohon (North Sulawesi); Soppeng (South
Sulawesi); and Mt. Watuwila, Kolaka (Southeast Sulawesi)
they reported two new record wild banana species in
Sulawesi, which were M. balbisiana and M. itinerans.
Wild banana exploration on the island of Sulawesi is
still considering its location in the transition zone and along
the Wallace Line, which is a meeting between the Sunda
and Sahul Exposures. In addition, Sulawesi Island is also
one of center of biodiversity in Indonesia (Wallace 1869).
Wallace noted that there are many species of endemic flora
and fauna found on the island. Geographically and
geologically, the island of Sulawesi has a more complex
history. The magnitude of complexity of the existing
 HASTUTI et al. – Wild banana in Sulawesi, Indonesia 825

landscape on the island of Sulawesi is associated with the Table 1. Wild Musa species and their site of collection
high diversity and endemic properties it possesses (Cannon
2005; Nugraha and Hall 2018). However, compared to Sample Location Latitude Longitude
Kalimantan Island records of plant collected in Sulawesi Collection
are still relatively limited. SLY-1 Selayar islands S 06 06.651 E 120 28.239'
Research on the taxonomy of bananas has long been SLY-2 Selayar islands S 06 07.420' E 120 27.427'
developing since the nineteenth century, however, even SLY-3 Selayar islands S 06 07.052' E 120 31.583'
now some species still had unclear taxonomic status. One BLK-1 Bulukumba S 05 32.092' E 120 14.537'
factor is limited number of wild species found (MusaNet BLK-2 Bulukumba S 05 32.111' E 120 14.539'
2016). For this reason, it is necessary to study the diversity LU-1 North Luwu S02 35. 195' E 120 14.714'
LU-2 North Luwu S 02 39.695' E 120 28.257'
of wild banana on the Sulawesi Island to complete the data LU-3 North Luwu S02 34. 508' E 120 28.565'
on the distribution and wild banana species, which might LT-1 East Luwu S 02 31. 827' E 120 45.559'
be useful as sources of gene variation in breeding programs LT-2 East Luwu S 02 31. 827' E 120 45.559'
and for improving the genetic characters of bananas in the KU-1 North Kolaka S 03 06.082' E 121 06.190'
future. KU-2 North Kolaka S 03 07.070' E 121 05.896'
PAL Sigi S 01 18.370' E 119 5. 155'
MND North Minahasa N 01 34.503' E 124 53.129'
MATERIALS AND METHODS GO-1 Gorontalo N 00 33.927 ' E 123 02.915'
GO-2 Gorontalo N 00 33.663' E 123 01.451'
Study area
Sampling was performed in several districts in the Sample collection
provinces on Sulawesi Island. Information about the The study was conducted from March to May 2016.
existence of wild bananas was obtained from local people. Samples were chosen using a purposive sampling method.
Sampling location can be seen in Figure 1. Surveys and samples included the Selayar Islands
(Kepulauan Selayar), Bulukumba, North Luwu, East Luwu
District (South Sulawesi), North Minahasa District (North
Sulawesi), Sigi District (Central Sulawesi), North Kolaka
District (Southeast Sulawesi) and Gorontalo (Gorontalo).
Samples were obtained from the wild, cultivated area,
residential areas, and research garden. Plants were observed
directly in the field and photographed with a digital
camera. Sucker was collected to planted and observed for
characters that were not clear in the field at the time of
collection. Currently, these banana are growing in private
gardens located in Bulukumba District, South Sulawesi.
Data taken at the sampling site include geographic data,
local names, local use and morphological characteristics
including pseudostems, leaves, bunches, male and fruit
flowers. Identification was done the aforementioned
vegetative and generative organ characteristics of Musa
spp. based on characters descriptions according to
“Descriptor for Banana” issued by IPGRI (1996).
Herbarium specimen from Bogoriense Herbarium (BO)
were also compared to sample and Musa spp. description.
Data analysis
Species identification was done by cross-checking
sample with images in the “Musalog” catalog of
germplasm (Daniells et al. 2001), Pisang-Pisang liar di
Indonesia (Nasution and Yamada 2001), Katalog Pisang
(Poerba et al. 2016), Deskripsi Pisang (Poerba et al. 2018),
herbarium collection from BO, herbarium collections of the
Kew Garden (https://www.kew.org/) and those reference
that are cited where relevant to particular species.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Sulawesi Island is the eleventh largest island in the

Figure 1. Location map of wild banana samples on the island of world and the fourth largest island in Asia after New
Sulawesi, Indonesia Guinea, Borneo, and Sumatra. Sulawesi Island has high
826 B I O D I V E R S I T A S 20 (3): 824-832, March 2019

biodiversity and complex geological history and has 4. a. Fruit shape curved-slight and pedicle hairless
attracted the attention of geologist since the nineteenth ………………………… M.. acuminata ssp. microcarpa
century. The complex history is mirrored in the geology of b. Fruit curve and pedicle hairy ……………
Sulawesi, which is a composite island at the center of a …………………………….. M. acuminata var. sigiensis
collision zone. Sulawesi is located along the transition zone
commonly called the Wallace Line. Many species of
Morphological description
animals endemic in the region. Therefore, the island of
Musa balbisiana Colla
Sulawesi is important for study because of its diversity of
Synonymous name: M. balbisiana Colla, Mem. Gen.
animals and plants, the distributions of animal and plant are
Musa. 56 (1820). M. XI Pissang batu seu pissang bidjii
strongly influenced by past geological history (Nugraha
Rumph. Herb. Amb. 5, 132, t. 60 Figure f. (1750). M.
and Hall 2018)
troglodytarum L. Sp. Pl. ed. II. 1478 p.p. (1763). M.
The results of this study showed that there were four
seminifera Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 644 p.p. (1790). M.
species of wild banana found on the island of Sulawesi: M.
sapientum L. (“the wild sort”) sensu Roxb. Hort. Beng. 19
balbisiana, M. acuminata var. zebrina, M. acuminata var.
(1814); Corom. Pl. t. 275 (1819); Fl. Ind. 2, 484 (1824) et
banksii, M. acuminata var. lutraensis, M. acuminata var.
ed. 2. 663 (1832); non L. M. paradisiaca L. sec. Trimen,
sigiensis, M. acuminata ssp. microcarpa, M. borneensis
Flora of Ceylon 4, 265 (1898); non L. M. sapientum ssp.
and M. textilis. There were four accessions of wild banana
seminifera form. pruinosa King MSS ex Baker, Ann. Bot.
that never have recorded before: M. acuminata var.
7, 214 (1893); Cheesman, Kew Bull. 1948, 327. M.
zebrina, M. acuminata var. lutraensis, M. acuminata var.
sapientum var. pruinosa King MSS ex Cowan and Cowan,
sigiensis, and M. borneensis. Hakkinen (2007) state many
Trees of North Bengal, 135 (1929). M. balbisiana Colla,
areas in the center of the range of wild bananas in
Cheesman, Kew Bull. 1948, 327. Type: India orientalis, ex
Southeast Asia that have not been systematically explored
H. Rip 1820 Anonymous (lecto designed by Hakkinen and
and the discovery of new species likely continues. Wild
Vare: TO, n.v) (2008).
banana species were found to grow at an altitude of 10-
Local name: utti batu (Bugis), loka batu (Selayar),
1513 m above sea level (asl), in gardens, swamps to the
pisang batu, abati (Gorontalo).
edge of forest. According to Argent (1976) the genus Musa
Description: Pseudostem aspect medium to robust,
mainly grow spread out along the margins of tropical
heigth 3-5,15 m, color medium green to green (Figure 2.A)
rainforests and streams. Wild banana is pioneer plants and
with pink-purple, brown to black or absent blotch color.
can grow in open habitats and they grow limited as separate
Sap color milky to red-purple. Number of sucker 1-7 and
small populations. For this reason, they can develop very
are close to parent. Petiole green with brown to black
large genetic variations (Hakkinen and Meekiong 2004).
blotch color, length 20-48 cm. Petiole canal leaf wide, erect
The most common species is M. acuminata, which was
and curved inward (Figure 2.B). Leaf habit intermediate to
found in almost every province except Gorontalo. Specific
erect, length 125-193 cm, width 47-77 cm, upper surface
characters each wild banana species and description of each
dark green and shiny, lower surface light green and dull,
species can be seen below.
midrib dorsally and ventrally green, leaf base rounded on
both sides, apex truncate (Figure 2.C). Male bud ovoid,
Identification key species wild Musa on the island of
normal and waxy (Figure 2.D). Bract with small shoulder
Sulawesi, Indonesia
and an intermediate apex, color externally red-purple and
1. a. Flower and fruit in one series ..……Musa borneensis Becc. internally pink-purple of bract, tinted with yellow and not
b. Flower and Fruit at two series …………………........ 2 revolute. Male flower biseriate, compound tepals white,
free tepal translucent white and apex greatly developed, 5
2. a. Bract not revolute before falling …………………… 3 stamens, filaments white, straight style, stigma cream
b. Bract revolute before falling ……… Musa acuminata Colla colored, ovary cream colored and straight, dominant male
flower cream. Peduncle green and hairless, bunch position
3. a. Bract color surface red, imbricate with green tinted at hanging at angle 45 and rachis position at angle. Fruit in
tip and shiny ...........................……………..Musa textilis Nee bunch compact to lax, persistent, length 6-13 cm; 6-16
b. Bract color surface purple, imbricate with yellow
tinted at tip and waxy ............……….. Musa balbisiana Colla
pieces per hand in two rows, straight and apex blunt-tipped
without any floral relict (Figure 2.E). Peel green on
immature fruit, yellow on mature fruit. Seed globular,
Identification key intraspesies Musa acuminata Colla brown and wrinkled (Figure 2.F).
Distribution: Found on Selayar Island (Kepulauan
1. a. Bract imbricate when young ….. M.acuminata var. zebrina Selayar), Bulukumba, North Luwu District (South
b. Bract not imbricate …………………...……………… 2 Sulawesi) and Gorontalo.
Geographical Distributions: Distributed in the
2. a. Bract color green and surface waxy …….....………… Philippines, Thailand, and Indonesia (Daniells et al. 2001).
………………………..................… M.acuminata var. banksii Habitat: Grows in backyard as well as wild in open
b. Bract color purple and waxy ………………………… 3 areas, and flatlands that get enough sunlight.
Altitude: Grows at elevations 10-249 m above sea level.
3. a. Peduncle very hairy/short hairs (similar to velvet) ........
………...……………................... M.acuminata var. lutraensis Utilization: Based on personal communication with
b. Peduncle slightly hairy …………….....……………… 4 local people young fruit are used as a medicine for gastritis;
 HASTUTI et al. – Wild banana in Sulawesi, Indonesia
suckers are used for ear medicine; pseudostems are used
instead of rope; plants are cultivated to use the stems as
animal feed; young fruit and male bud are used in
vegetable blends.
Noted: M. balbisiana has a local name of banana stone (utti
batu, pisang abati, loka batu), this name is based on the
number of seeds found in the fruit. M. balbisiana from
Sulawesi Island has special characters such as medium to
large size pseudostem, that are green to dark green with
reddish, brown to black blotch, sap purple-red to milky.
The bract are pink-purple and tips overlap, colors are not
uniform because there is a yellow color on the tip, and the
bract not rotate before falling. The characters found were
the same as those reported by Sulistyaningsih et al. (2014)
and Sunandar (2017).
Musa acuminata Colla var. zebrina (v.Houtte) Nasution
Synonymous name: in Van Houtte, Flore des Serres 10:
223 (1854) — Type: Planchon (1854), Flore des Serres 10:
223, t. 1061 (lecto-, here designated). Musa acuminata var.
zebrina (Van Houtte ex Planch.) Nasution, Journal Biologi
Indonesia 1: 282 (1993).
Local name: forest banana (loka utang)
Description: Pseudostem aspect slender to medium,
heigth 2.83-4.60 m, color green-yellow with brown blotch
and shiny (Figure 3.A). Sap color watery. Number of
sucker 2 and close to parents. Petiole 25-47 cm long, green
with brown blotches and petiole canal leaf open with
margins spreading (Figure 3.B). Leaf habit intermediate,
length 87-237 cm, width 58-59 cm, upper surface green
and shiny, lower surface green-yellow and dull, midrib
dorsally yellow and ventrally green, leaf base pointed on
both sides, apex truncate (Figure 3.C). Male bud shape like
a top, normal and waxy (Figure 3.D). Bract have bases with
large shoulders and intermediate apex, color externally red-
purple and internally orange-red; imbricated when young
and revolute before falling. Male flower biseriate,
compound tepal white, free tepal transparent white, and
apex very developed, 5 stamen, white filaments, stigma
yellow and ovary arched, style curved under stigma and
dominant male flower pink-purple (Figure 3.E). Peduncle
dark green and slightly hairy. Bunch position horizontal,
rachis position at angle. Fruit in bunch compact,
deciduous, length 11-14 cm with 13-18 pieces per hand in
two rows, shape slightly curved and blunt apex without any
floral relict. Pedicel length 1,5-2 cm and hairless. Peel on
immature fruit green, yellow with brownish spots on
mature. Seed angular, brown, wrinkled (Figure 3.F).
Distribution: Found in Selayar Island (Kepulauan
Selayar District).
Geographic distributions: Grow on open area in Java at
250-900 meter from sea level (Nasution and Yamada
2001).
Habitat: Grow wild in altitude areas with high humidity
levels.
Altitude: 1513 m above sea level.
Utilization: unknown.
Noted: This subspecies also commonly called blood
banana, because when young the leaf is red like blood.
827
Male bud imbricate when young and male flower is
dominant pink color. This characters not common was
found in M. acuminata species.
Musa acuminata Colla var. lutraensis
Synonymous name: -
Local name: Forest banana/monkey banana (pisang
unye).
Description: Pseudostem aspect slender, height 5.83 m,
color green-red and shiny with red-purple blotches (Figure
4.A). Sap color watery. Number of sucker 2 and close to
parents. Petiole 42 cm long, petiole canal leaf open with
erect margins (Figure 4.B). Leaf habit erect, length 320 cm,
width 85 cm, upper surface dark green and shiny, lower
yellow-green and dull, midrib dorsally and ventrally green
color, leaf base pointed at both side, apex truncate. Male
bud shape like a top, normal and waxy (Figure 4.D). Bract
with large shoulders and slightly pointed, color red-purple
externally and yellow-purple internally, not tinted and
revolute before falling. Male flower biseriate, compound
tepals cream colored free tepal transparent white; 5
stamens, filament white, stigma cream, style shape curved
under the stigma, ovary arched, dominant male flower
cream. Peduncle green and very hairy with short hair
(Figure 4.C). Bunch position hanging vertically, rachis
position falling vertically. Fruits in bunch compact,
deciduous, 6 cm long, 21-22 pieces per hand in two rows,
shape slightly curved with bottlenecked apex without any
floral relict. Pedicle 1.5-2 cm long and hairless. Peel green
on immature fruits; yellow on mature fruits (Figure 4.E).
Seed brown, angular and wrinkled (Figure 4.F).
Distribution: Found in the North Luwu District, South
Sulawesi.
Habitus: Grows wild in the region close to the rivers.
Altitude: 270 m above sea level
Utilization: unknown
Noted: This species is different from other species in
the pseudostem color green-red and the peduncle very hairy
with short hair (similar velvet touch).
Musa acuminata Colla var. banksii (F.Muell.) N.W
Simmonds
Synonymous name: Fragmenta Phytographiae
Australiae 4: 132 (1864). — Type: Australia, Queensland,
Mt. Elliot, Elliot Fitzalan, (lecto-, MEL 621531!,
designated by Simmonds [1957: 464] “type”; iso-, BRI).
Musa acuminata Colla subsp. banksii (F.Muell.)
N.W.Simmonds (1957: 463).
Local name: forest banana.
Description: Pseudostem aspect slender to medium,
height 3.54-3.71 m, color green with pink blotches and
shiny (Figure 5.A). Sap color watery. Number of sucker 1-
6 in number and close to parent. Petiole 26-62 cm long
with brown blotch; petiole canal leaf wide with erect
margin (Figure 5.C). Leaf habit erect, length 1.9-2.69 m,
width 64-74 cm, upper surface green and shiny, lower
surface yellowish-green and dull. Midrib dorsally and
ventrally green. Leaf base pointed at both sides, apex
truncate (Figure 5.B). Male bud shape intermediate,
normal, and waxy (Figure 5.D). Bract small shoulders and
828 B I O D I V E R S I T A S 20 (3): 824-832, March 2019
apex slightly pointed, color green externally and white-
yellowish internally; revolute before falling. Male flower
biseriate, compound tepals white, free tepals transparent
white, 5 stamens, filaments white, stigma brown, style
white, straight ovary, dominant male flower cream (Figure
5.E). Peduncle green and slightly hairy, bunch position
horizontal, rachis position falling vertically. Fruits in
bunch lax, deciduous, length 6-9 cm, 15-16 pieces per hand
in two rows, shape curved with bottlenecked apex without
any floral relict. Pedicle 1 cm long and hairless. Peel green
on immature fruits and yellow on mature fruit. Seed. Seed
brown, angular and wrinkled (Figure 5.F).
Distribution: Found on East Luwu District, South
Sulawesi.
Geographic distributions: New Guinea, Australia
(Queensland), Samoa (Daniells et al. 2001).
Habitat: Grows edge of backyard.
Altitude: 117 m above sea level.
Utilization: unknown.
Noted: This species is different from other species, the
bract color is green and male bud intermediate shape. In
general M. acuminata species have purple bract color and
like a top shape.
Musa acuminata Colla var. sigiensis
Synonymous name:-
Local name: monkey banana (loka ibo).
Description: Pseudostem aspect slender, height 4.60-
5,50 m, reddish-whiten with red blotch and shiny (Figure
6.A). Sap color watery. Number of sucker 2 and close to
parents. Petiole 56-75 cm long, red-brown color, petiole
canal leaf straight with erect margins (Figure 6.B). Leaf
habit erect, lenght 227-390 cm, width 49-69 cm, upper
surface dark green and shiny, lower surface green and dull,
midrib dorsally and ventrally light green. Leaf base pointed
on both sides, apex truncate (Figure 6.C). Male bud shape
like a top, normal and waxy. Bract base large shoulders and
slightly pointed apex, color red-purple externally and red-
yellow internally (Figure 6.E), revolute before falling. Male
flower biseriate, compound tepals white, free tepal
transparent white and apex very developed, 5 stamens,
filament white, style white, stigma cream, ovary arched,
style curved under stigma, dominant male flower cream.
Peduncle dark green and slightly hairy (Figure 6.D). Bunch
position horizontal, rachis position falling vertically. Fruits
in bunch lax, deciduous, 6-9 cm long with 10-16 pieces per
hand in two rows, shape slightly curved and bottleneck
apex without any floral relict. Pedicle 1 cm long and hairy.
Peel on immature fruit green, yellow on mature fruit
(Figure 6.F). Seed brown, angular and wrinkled.
Distribution: Found in the Sigi District, Central
Sulawesi.
Habitat: Grow wild in upland areas.
Altitude: 828 m above sea level.
Utilization: unknown.
Noted: This species is different from other species in
the pseudostem color is reddish-whiten with red blotch and
the pedicle is hairy.
Musa acuminata Colla ssp. microcarpa Becc.
Synonymous name: Nelle Foreste di Borneo 612
(1902). — Type: [Malaysia], Borneo, Ragiato di Sarawak,
186[6], [O. Beccari] no. 3351 (lecto-, FI!, here designated).
ISONYM. — Musa microcarpa Becc., Webbia 5: 548.
(Martelli 1923) “sp. n.”. Musa acuminata Colla subsp.
microcarpa (Becc.) N.W.Simmonds, Kew Bulletin 11: 467
(1957, “1956”); Musa acuminata var. microcarpa (Becc.)
Nasution, Memoirs of the Tokyo University of Agriculture
32: 86 (1991).
Local name: Monkey banana (punti lanceng).
Description: Pseudostem aspect slender, height 2.75-
3,99 m, color green with red-purple blotch and shiny
(Figure 7.A). Sap color watery. Number of sucker 2-5 and
close to parent. Petiole length 56-75 cm, petiole canal leaf
open with margin spreading (Figure 7.B). Leaf habit erect,
length 220-260 cm, width 59-75 cm, upper surface green
and shiny, lower surface green and dull, midrib yellow
dorsally and green ventrally, leaf base pointed on both
sides, apex truncate (Figure 7.C). Male bud intermediate,
normal and waxy (Figure 7.E). Bract base shape with large
shoulder and pointed apex, color red-purple externally and
red-yellow internally and revolute before falling. Male
flower biseriate, compound tepals white, free tepal
transparent white and apex very developed, 5 stamens,
filament white, stigma cream, style white, style curved
under the stigma, ovary arched and dominant male flower
cream. Peduncle green and slightly hairy (Figure 7.D).
Bunch position hanging vertically, rachis position falling
vertically. Fruits in bunch lax to compact, deciduous, 5,5-
12 cm long with 16-26 pieces per hand in two rows, stright
curved shape with bottleneck apex without any floral relict.
Pedicle 0.5-1 cm long and hairless. Peel on immature fruit
green, yellow on mature fruit. Seed black, angular,
wrinkled (Figure 7.F).
Distribution: North Kolaka District, Southeast Sulawesi.
Geographic distributions: Indonesia, Malaysia,
Thailand, grow wild in South Borneo at lowland 100
meters from sea level (Daniells et al. (2001); Nasution and
Yamada (2001).
Habitat: Grow wild on the edge of the forest.
Altitude: 114-133 m above sea level.
Utilization: unknown.
Noted: This species is different from other species in
the pseudostem color is green with red-purple blotch until
purple without blotch. Color of bract externally purple and
intermediate shape male bud. Bract base shapes large
shoulder and pointed apex.
The most common species Musa found in this study
were M. acuminata species, conducted M. acuminata var.
zebrina, M. acuminata var. banksii, M. acuminata ssp.
Microcarpa, M. acuminata var. lutraensis and M.
acuminata var. sigiensis. M. acuminata var. zebrina, M.
acuminata var. lutraensis and M. acuminata var. sigiensis
was subspecies/varieties of M. acuminata was first reported
on the island of Sulawesi. According to Javed et al. (2002),
the high variation under M. acuminata is due to geographic
isolation, alteration of gene abundances in small
populations because of genetic drift and hybridization
between different subspecies. Mutations could also be
 HASTUTI et al. – Wild banana in Sulawesi, Indonesia
important factors that contribute to M. acuminata diversity.
Inconsistencies among subspecies indicate the appearance
of hybrid and subsequent introgression or different lines
with large morphological variation (Janssens et al.2016).
Ude et al. (2002) stated that chromosome rearrangement
and cross-hybridization were responsible for the extent of
genetic variation in M.acuminata.
The M. acuminata species ware found in quite different
habitats of 113-1513 m asl, and growing mostly on the
edge of the forest up the slopes with high humidity and
shade. The same observation was reported by
Samarasinghe & Jayaweera (2008), who studied the
morphological and molecular diversity of M. acuminata
and M. balbisiana in Sri Lanka. M. acuminata grew
generally at 170-1500 m asl on humid mountain slopes and
forest edges. M. acuminata has a local name pisang hutan
(forest banana), pisang monyet, loka ibo and punti lanceng
(monkey banana), the same names for different species
gives difficulties in the introduction of the species. This
may, in turn, lead to a more serious issue in determining
conservation due to uncertainty about true biological
diversity (Susandarini et al. 2013). The morphological
characters of M. acuminata from Sulawesi Island included
pseudostems that were generally slender, erect-intermediate
leaf habit, watery sap color, leaf shape pointed at both
sides, bract color uniform, presence of hair on fruit bunches
and bract that rotate before falling.
Hapsari (2014) reported special characters for species
of M. acuminata at Purwodadi Botanic Garden; slim
pseudostem, leaf habit erect, male bud shape pointed to
ovate, male bud apex pointed, color of bract externally
purple, orange-red, yellow and yellow-green, pedicle short,
seeds black and irregular. M. acuminata contributes to the
cultivation of banana domestication which is a
hybridization between M. acuminata subspecies in
Southeast Asia and Western Melanesia. Heterozygosity
structure in hybrid results the crosses due to the
chromosome rearrangement between subspecies of the M.
acuminata ancestor, which contribute to sterility. This
sterility is related to the formation of more fruit flesh,
parthenocarpic properties and suitability for consumption
(Perrier et al. 2011).
Musa borneensis (Becc.)
Synonymous name:-
Local name: monkey banana (pisang unye).
Description. Pseudostem aspect slender, height 4.05-
4.70 m, color light green and shiny (Figure 8.A). Sap color
watery. Number of sucker 1-2 and close to parent. Petiole
length 70-96 cm; color yellow-green, petiole canal leaf
straight with erect margin (Figure 8.B). Leaf habit erect,
lenght 278-370 m, width 64-78 cm, upper surface yellow-
green and shiny, lower surface light green and dull, midrib
green dorsally and yellow-green ventrally, leaf base
pointed on both sides, apex truncate (Figure 8.C). Male bud
rounded, normal, tinted with yellow color, and not waxy
(Figure 8.D). Bract base with large shoulders, intermediate
apex, red-orange externally, pale orange internally and not
revolute before falling. Male flower uniseriate, compound
tepals white, free tepal opaque and apex very developed
829
(Figure 8.E), 5 stamens, filament white, stigma white, white
style and straight, dominant male flower cream. Peduncle
green with purple-brown spots and hairless. Bunch position
at an angle, rachis position falling vertically. Fruits in
bunch lax, persistent, length 8-9 cm, 5-7 pieces in one row,
straight and blunt apex without any floral relict. Pedicle
hairless, length 1-1.5 cm. Seed brown, oval and wrinkled.
Geographic distribution: spread in lowland and swampy
regions of Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo and
Sumatra (Nasution and Yamada 2001; De Langhe et al.
2009).
Distribution: North and Eastern Luwu District, South
Sulawesi.
Habitat: Grows wild in swamp areas and edge of the
garden
Altitude: 117-321 m above sea level.
Utilization: Unknown.
Noted: This species different from other species in the
male bud shape is rounded, tinted with yellow color and
not waxy. Bract external color is red-orange and internal
pale orange. Free tepal opaque; fruits 8-9 cm long; 5-7
pieces in one row. M. borneensis is a species from the
Callimusa section which was reported for the first time at
South Sulawesi. So far, Callimusa's has only been reported
occur around Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java and Malaysia
(Janssens et al. 2016). This species has been found in
eastern and northern Luwu (South Sulawesi) growing in
shaded and marshy areas. Sulistiyaningsih (2017)
previously discovered M. borneensis var. donggalaensis
growing wild on the coast southwest of Donggala, Central
Sulawesi. Some characters that distinguish with M.
borneensis var. donggalaensis are sap color watery, petiole
canal straight with erect margins, fruit bunches hairless,
bract color red-orange, bract not revolute before falling and
free tepals opaque white in color.
Musa textilis Nee
Synonymous name: -
Local name: pisang abaka, pisang manila, pisang serat
Description: Pseudostem aspect slender, height 1.58-
1.90 m, color green with pink-purple blotch and shiny
(Figure 9.A). Sap color milky (Figure 9.B). Number of
sucker 1-4 and close to parent. Petiole length 28-30 cm and
petiole canal leaf curved inward (Figure 9.C). Leaf habit
intermediate-erect, length 98-120 m, width 25-37 cm,
upper surface dark green and shiny, lower surface green
and dull, midrib dorsally green and yellow-green ventrally,
leaf base rounded on both sides, apex truncate (Figure 9.D).
Male bud intermediate with tinted green, normal and shiny
(Figure 9.E). Bract base with small shoulders and very
pointed apex, color red externally and internally, not
revolute before falling. Male flower biseriate, compound
tepals white, free tepal transparent white, apex very
developed apex, 5 stamens, filament white, style white and
straight, stigma cream, ovary arched, dominant male flower
cream. Peduncle green and hairless, rachis position at an
angle. Fruits and seeds not observed.
Distribution: North Minahasa District, North Sulawesi.
Geographic distribution: From Philippines to island
North Sulawesi (Daniells et al. 2001).
830 B I O D I V E R S I T A S 20 (3): 824-832, March 2019

Habitat: cultivated by BPTP (Balai Pengkajian
Teknologi Pertanian) Manado.
Altitude: 198 m above sea level.
Utilization: source of fiber for making bags and fishing
nets.
Noted: This species originated from Philipines then
enter to the Talaud Island and currently is cultivated by
BPTP (Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian) Manado. M.
textilis or commonly called abaca banana, is a member of
the Australimusa section that has long been cultivated
because of the usefulness of the stem fiber. This species is
different from other species in pseudostem slender and
green color with pink-purple blotch, red external and
internal red of bract, intermediate male bud with tinted
green, and not revolute before falling.

C
A

E
A C E

B D F

Figure 2. Musa balbisiana characters. A. Pseudostem, B. Petiole B D F

canal leaf, C. Leaf base, D. Male bud, E. Immature fruit F.
Immature fruit with seed Figure 4. M. acuminata var. lutraensis character. A. Pseudostem
B. Petiole canal leaf, C. Peduncle, D. Male bud, E. Mature fruit,
F. Fruit with seeds

A C E
A C

B D F B D F

Figure 3. M. acuminata var. zebrina characters. A. Pseudostem, Figure 5. M. acuminata var. banksii characters. A. Pseudostem,
B. Petiole canal leaf, C. Leaf base, D. Male bud with bract B. Leaf base, C. Petiole canal leaf, D. Male bud, E. Male flower,
imbrication, E. Male flower, F. Immature fruit with seeds E. Immature fruit with seed
 HASTUTI et al. – Wild banana in Sulawesi, Indonesia
A C E
B D F B
Figure 6. Musa acuminata var. siginensis characters. A.
Pseudostem, B. Petiole canal leaf, C. Leaf base, D. Peduncle and
pedicle slightly hairy, E. Male bud, F. Mature fruit with seeds
A C
B D F
Figure 7. Musa acuminata ssp. microcarpa characters. A.
Pseudostem, B.Petiole canal leaf, C. Leaf base, D. Peduncle E.
Male bud, E. Immature fruit with seeds
In general, wild banana species that was found in
Sulawesi have been successfully identified but did not have
significant economic value for the communities. However,
those species could be very valuable for future banana
breeding program. Even in some places, the existence of
wild bananas is neglected. This will be a threat to the
existence of wild bananas in nature, which could lead to
reduced gene variation. Collection and conservation effort
by relevant agencies need to be carried out immediately so
that gene sources can be saved before extinction occurs.
831
A C E
D F
Figure 8. Musa borneensis characters. A. Pseudostem, B. Petiole
canal leaf, C. Leaf base, D. Male bud, E. Male flower with opaque
free tepal, F. Immature fruit with seed
D
B
A C E
Figure 9. Musa textilis characters A. Musa textilis aspect,
B.Pseudostem, C. Petiole canal leaf, D. Leaf base, E. Male bud
Further research is needed to discover the useful properties
of the wild banana species found, and to add to the
collection of genetic material for banana breeding
programs. Two varieties namely M. acuminata var.
lutraensis and M.acuminata var. sigiensis are two names
given temporarily, to be more convincing whether these
two varieties really are of different varieties than those that
already exist require additional research such as research at
the molecular level.
832 B I O D I V E R S I T A S 20 (3): 824-832, March 2019
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank Ministry of Research and Technology and
Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia for
providing BPPDN scholarships and Doctoral Dissertation
Grants for the first authors with contract number 02/PI-
LP2M/STKIP-PI/2018.
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