©2008 Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.

Economic Geology, v. 103, pp. 1665–1682

Skarn Alteration and Au-Cu Mineralization Associated with Tertiary Granitoids in

Northwestern Turkey: Evidence from the Evciler Deposit, Kazdağ Massif, Turkey
YEŞIM YÜCEL ÖZTÜRK† AND CAHİT HELVACI
Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, Kaynaklar Kampüsü, 35160 Buca-İzmir, Türkey

Abstract
The Evciler Au-Cu district is located in the Kazdağ region of northwestern Anatolia, Turkey. Skarn alteration
and Au-Cu mineralization assemblages are related to an elliptical I-type, magnetite series, metaluminous, calc-
alkaline body, which has intruded the Kazdağ Massif. The skarns have an oxidized mineralogy dominated by
garnet (Ad85Gr15-Ad50Gr50), hedenbergitic pyroxene (Di70Hd30-Di25Hd75), epidote, amphibole, and chlorite
and contain up to 80 percent sulfides (pyrrhotite >> pyrite + chalcopyrite). The massive pyrrhotite-bearing
mineralization replaced prograde skarn and marble. At least two paragenetic stages of skarn formation and ore
deposition have been recognized: stage I hedenbergitic pyroxene ± garnet ± scapolite ± quartz ± magnetite,
and stage II amphibole ± epidote ± chlorite ± quartz ± calcite and pyrrothite + chalcopyrite ± pyrite. Early
skarn formation (stage I) was dominated by anhydrous minerals, hedenbergitic pyroxene, and garnet. The hy-
drous skarn assemblage (stage II) replaced early-formed skarn assemblages. Clinopyroxene is hedenbergite
rich, whereas garnet is andraditic. The mineralogy and character of the Evciler skarn is consistent with depo-
sition under oxidized conditions, formation at shallow crustal levels and similar to those of other Cu-Au, Fe-
bearing skarn systems. Stable isotope data indicate that magmatic water was involved in the early stage of skarn
formation (δ18OH2O= 6.3–10.9‰) and a mixed magmatic-meteoric water was responsible for the subsequent
mineralization (δ18OH2O = –4.6 to +1.0‰, δDH2O= –30.9 to –17.7‰).

Introduction

AFT
WESTERN TURKEY includes several different types of mineral
deposits such as epithermal, porphyry, and skarn, related to
the complicated tectonic and magmatic history of the region.
This region has been well explored (mainly by geochemical
anomalies caused by hydrothermal alteration. Their geo-
chemical study of stream sediments and rocks delineated Au
and Cu anomalies in the area (H. Yılmaz and Z. Kara,
unpub. report for Eurogold Turkey, 1996, 20 p.) A central
core of gold mineralization with a 200-m strike length crops

R
prospecting), whereas detailed ore deposit studies, using out intermittently as N 50°-trending lenses extending east
modern analytical techniques, are relatively limited. Skarn (250 m) and west (500 m). The best rock chip results to date
returned up to 14 ppm Au over 4 m with several other val-

D
bodies are associated with two major postcollisional magmatic
suites of western Anatolia (Fig. 1): (1) skarn-type deposits as-
sociated with calc-alkaline plutons, Ayazma (Evciler Au-Cu
skarn), Ayazmant (Ayvalık Fe skarn), Agonia (Yenice W-Mo,
Cu, Zn and Fe skarn), Atizi (Havran Fe-Cu-W skarn), Şamlı
(Balıkesir Fe-Cu skarn), Demirtepe-Tahtaköprü (Bursa wol-
lastonite-garnet skarn); and (2) skarn-type deposits associated
with alkaline intrusions, Kadıkalesi (Bodrum Pb-Zn-Cu),
Girelbelen (Bodrum skarn), Maden Adası (Ayvalık Pb-Cu-Zn
skarn; Table 1).
Several skarn zones are developed in the northern part of
the Evciler pluton in northwestern Turkey. A newly discov-
ered skarn alteration zone occurs in the southern part of the
Evciler granitic pluton, 12 km southwest of the Karaköy wol-
lastonite skarn (Öngen, 1992; Fig. 2). The Evciler (Ayazma)
Fe-Au-Cu proximal skarn deposit in the northern margin of
the Kazdağ mountain range, northwestern Turkey, evolved
through early stages represented by garnet (grossular/andra-
dite)-pyroxene (diopside/hedenbergite) ± quartz (stage I),
epidote-amphibole (actinolite)-calcite-quartz (stage II) and
chlorite-pyrrhotite-pyrite (stage III) assemblages. Stage III
mineralization holds particular economic interest and was ex-
ploited for Fe-Au-Cu in ancient mining operations. However,
no data are available about the grades and tonnage. This skarn
zone occurs close to the Ayazma Cu-Au mine. Eurogold Cor-
poration undertook geochemical surveys in 1996 to identify
† Corresponding author: e-mail, yesim.yucel@deu.edu.tr
ues above 4 ppm (Yılmaz, 2007). The alteration zones at the
Evciler deposit include extensive alteration and mineraliza-
tion at the contact between igneous rocks and the Kazdağ
metamorphic suite and have not been studied previously.
We provide new geologic and petrographic data, including
electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) of the skarn minerals,
and summarize the geology and style of mineralization in
the Evciler district.
Geologic Setting
The Evciler Cu-Au skarn deposit is located in the Kazdağ
region of northwestern Anatolia. The high-grade metamor-
phic rocks of the Kazdağ Group, exposed in the Kazdağ
Range, crop out as a tectonic window in the overlying
Karakaya Ophiolitic Complex in northwestern Turkey. The
Kazdağ group forms a doubly plunging, northeast-south-
west–trending anticlinorium. Duru et al. (2004) have subdi-
vided the metamorphic suite into four formations. The low-
ermost unit is the Fındıklı Formation, which comprises
amphibole-bearing gneiss, marble, and minor amphibolite.
This unit crops out mainly in the southern part of the Kazdağ
Massif. The overlying unit, comprising metadunite and or-
thoamphibolite, is the Tozlu Formation, which in turn is over-
lain by the Sarıkız marble. The uppermost unit, which crops
out in the northern parts of Kazdağ Massif, is the Sutuven
Formation, which comprises sillimanite gneiss, migmatite
and minor marble, amphibolite and granitic gneiss.

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FIG. 1. Simplified geologic map of northwestern Anatolia, showing the skarn localities (modified from Pickett and Robert-
son, 2004).
The Sutuven Formation rests with a sharp contact on the
Sarıkız marble and Fındıklı Formation, and has been in-
truded by the Oligocene-Miocene Evciler granodiorite. The
gneisses constitute the dominant lithology, together with hori-
zons and lenses of marble, amphibolite, and granitic gneiss.
They are characterized petrographically by the presence of
biotite, sillimanite, garnet, and hornblende along with ubiqui-
tous quartz and feldspar. The marble has a granoblastic tex-
ture and is fine grained. The grain size increases toward ig-
neous contacts. Diopside-bearing amphibolites occur as
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ÖZTÜRK AND HELVACI
bands, up to several meters thick, in gneiss and marble (Okay
and Satır, 2000).
Metamorphism in the Kazdağ Group has been dated using
zircon U-Pb and mica Rb-Sr and K-Ar methods on gneisses
from the Fındıklı and Sutuven Formations (Duru et al.,
2004). Zircon Pb evaporation data from the gneisses yield
middle Carboniferous ages (308 ± 16 Ma: Okay et al., 1996),
whereas the biotite and muscovite Rb-Sr and K-Ar ages are
Oligocene-Miocene (19–22 Ma: Okay and Satır, 2000). These
isotopic data have been interpreted to indicate two periods of
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Skarn Ayazma (Evciler deposits)
Magmatic activity Calc-alkaline
Type Au, Cu
Grade/tonnage
Skarn type Endoskarn-exoskarn
Alteration minerals Garnet, clinopyroxene,
scapolite, epidote, and
amphibole, together with
quartz, chlorite, titanite,
calcite, and apatite as
subordinate or accessory
minerals
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Mineralization Magnetite, pyrrhotite,
and chalcopyrite
Reference This study
TABLE 1. Characteristics of Skarn Occurrences in Northwestern Turkey
Ayazmant (Ayvalık deposits)
Calc-alkaline
Fe
5.8 Mt with a grade of 46% Fe
Endoskarn-exoskarn
Exoskarn is represented
mainly by pyroxene, garnet,
and amphibole group
minerals; retrograde stage is
characteristic with K-feldspar,
epidote, chlorite, tremolite-
actinolite, calcite, and quartz
Early magnetite, chalcopyrite-
cubanite, valleriite, pyrrothite,
molybdenite, pyrite, graphite,
and ilmenite; galena, sphalerite,
chalcopyrite, pyrite, bornite,
and idaite precipitated in
veinlets (a few cm) of the
hydrothermal stage
Oyman et al. (2005)
Agonia (Yenice deposits)
Calc-alkaline
W, Mo, Fe, Cu, Pb, and Zn
Exoskarn
Prograde development of
anhydrous minerals
(dominantly garnet and
pyroxene) and retrograde
development of hydrous
minerals (epidote, amphibole,
chlorite with quartz, and
carbonate assemblages)
Özgenç et al. (2000)
Şamlı (Balikesir deposits)
Calc-alkaline
Fe-Cu
Exoskarn
Skarn is marked in order
of proximity to the intrusive
contact by (1) massive
garnet zone, with minor
amounts of pyroxene, along
both sides of the magnetite
ore bodies; (2) pyroxene
zone, which contains
clinopyroxene and garnet
Magnetite, chalcopyrite,
pyrite, pyrrhotite, bornite,
galena, sphalerite, bismuth,
bismuthinite, cobaltite,
muschketowite, linnaeite,
polybasite, and gold;
chalcopyrite and bornite
replaced by supergene
digenite, covellite-chalcocite,
cuprite, malachite, azurite,
and native copper
Çolakoğlu et al. (2004)
Demirtepe-Tahtaköprü
(Bursa deposits)
Calc-alkaline
Cu
Endoskarn-exoskarn
Endoskarns and exoskarns of
massive wollastonite with
(1) main-stage diopside-
andesine and anorthite-
diopside-grossular–rich garnet
(or anorthite-diopside-
wollastonite); (2) anorthite-
diopside-andradite–rich garnet
veins; (3) scapolitization;
(4) development of massive
garnet; and (5) several late
stages including copper
mineralization and zeolites
Öngen (1992)
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ÖZTÜRK AND HELVACI

FIG. 2. A. Regional geologic map showing location of the Evciler district (simplified from Yılmaz and Karacık, 2001). B. Geologic map of the Evciler district (sim-
plified from Genç, 1998; after Yücel Öztürk et al., 2005).
 SKARN ALTERATION & Au-Cu MINERALIZATION, EVCILER DEPOSIT, KAZDAĞ MASSIF, TURKEY
high-grade metamorphism; middle Carboniferous, followed
by a syngranodiorite event. The P-T conditions of the high-
grade metamorphism have been estimated as 640º ± 50ºC and
5 ± 1 kbars (Okay and Satır, 2000).
Igneous rocks
Several studies have been published on the granitic rocks
and geodynamic evolution of western and northwesten Ana-
tolia (Şengör and Yılmaz, 1981; Bingöl et al., 1982; Harris et
al., 1994; Okay et al., 1996; Genç, 1998; Delaloye and Bingöl,
2000). During the Oligocene to middle Miocene, widespread
magmatism in western Anatolia occurred following the conti-
nental collision between the Sakarya continent and the Tau-
ride-Anatolide platform (Şengör and Yılmaz, 1981; Yılmaz,
1989, 1990, 1995; Şengör et al., 1993). In the Bayramiç area,
magmatic activity started with the intrusion of the Evciler
granitoid and coeval eruption of the lower volcanic associa-
tion. This was followed by deposition of the upper volcanic as-
sociation, which collectively form the Bayramiç Magmatic
Complex (Genç, 1998). The lower volcanic association repre-
sents the early products of volcanic activity on the Biga penin-
sula and consists mainly of andesite and dasite lavas and asso-
ciated pyroclastic rocks. It crops out to the northwest of the
study area (Fig. 2B). The upper volcanic association consists
mainly of andesite, latite, rhyolite, basaltic andesite, basaltic
trachyandesite lavas and associated pyroclastic rocks, which
overlie the lower volcanic association and also rest uncon-
formably on Kazdağ metamorphic rocks (Genç, 1998). The
lower volcanic association and upper volcanic association are
deformed together with intercalated sedimentary rocks,
which were folded around approximetaly east-west–trending
fold axes. On top of them rests an undeformed succession of
coarse- to fine-grained clastic rocks and lacustrine limestones
and mudstones (Genç, 1998).
The Evciler pluton is an elliptical metaluminous, calc-alka-
line body of late Oligocene-early Miocene age (Rb/Sr age of
25 ± 3 Ma: Birkle, 1992). It has intruded the Kazdağ Massif
in the south and its volcanic equivalents in the north. The plu-
ton is elongated along a west-southwest–east-northeast direc-
tion and covers an area of approximately 170 km2 (Fig. 2).
The pluton consists of magnetite series granodiorite, quartz
monzonite, and quartz diorite. It is medium grained and
equigranular at its center and grades outward to porphyritic
and fine-grained phases (Genç, 1998). There are numerous
aplite dikes, and the pluton contains rounded to lensoidal
mafic microgranular enclaves.
The Evciler pluton has been subdivided into three main
facies (Öngen, 1992; Genç, 1998; Fig. 2B): (1) the Çavuşlu
monzodiorite, which is the oldest facies within the pluton
and has an equigranular, coarse-grained texture; (2) the
Karaköy granodiorite in the northeast, which is the main fa-
cies within the pluton and has a fine- to medium-grained
porphyritic texture; and (3) hornblende-rich granodiorite
facies, which occurs at the contact between the first two fa-
cies. Yücel-Öztürk (2006) suggested that the Evciler quartz
diorite-granodiorite is relatively unevolved to moderately
evolved on the basis of K/Rb ratios. In terms of major ele-
ments and Harker diagrams, the Evciler granitoid is similar
to other granitoids associated with Au-Cu and Fe skarns
(Meinert, 1995).
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Alteration and Mineralization
Both endoskarn and exoskarn can be observed in the
Evciler district. Skarns at Ayazma, southeast of Evciler vil-
lage, are mostly calcic, have an oxidized mineralogy domi-
nated by garnet, clinopyroxene, epidote, and amphibole, with
epidote-pyroxene endoskarn, and contain pyrrhotite, chal-
copyrite, magnetite, garnet, clinopyroxene, epidote, actino-
lite, and chlorite. Pyrrhotite-bearing skarn containing chlo-
rite, actinolite, garnet (grossular and andradite), pyroxene
(diopside and hedenbergite) and epidote is located in Ayazma
Dere, 5 km southeast of Evciler (Fig. 3). Occurrences of gold
recently identified from Evciler are primarily associated with
massive pyrrhotite-pyrite-chalcopyrite-quartz-calcite miner-
alization within marble and amphibole gneiss intruded by the
Evciler pluton. The pyrrhotite-rich skarn is focused along the
narrow elongate contact between gneiss (now altered to a
calc-silicate assemblage) and marble intercalated with amphi-
bolite of the Kazdağ Massif, close to the granitoid contact.
The skarn extends for more than 500 m in a direction roughly
parallel to the strike of the contact between marble and gneiss
and has a width of at least 2 m. The Au and associated pyrite-
pyrrothite mineralization appears to be controlled by a north-
east-trending structure, dipping at 50° NW. The 4-m channel
samples of rock chips that contain up to 14 ppm Au were
taken across this contact (H. Yılmaz and Z. Kara, unpub. re-
port for Eurogold Turkey, 1996, 20 p.). The skarn itself has
been divided into several paragenetic stages, based on stable
mineral assemblages, with each stage partially replacing ear-
lier stages.
Endoskarn
Endoskarn has formed within the Evciler pluton. It is char-
acterized by epidote, pyroxene and white mica. Replacement
of granodiorite by massive epidote and minor garnet-pyrox-
ene endoskarn occurred along the contact with exoskarn over
widths of centimeters to 0.5 m, resulting locally in complete
destruction of granitic textures (Fig. 4A, B). This zone con-
sists of fine- to medium-grained epidote accompanied by in-
terstitial quartz (Fig. 4A). Farther in the granite, endoskarn is
characterized mainly by disseminated epidote, with garnet to-
ward the gneiss contact. Grains of garnet in the endoskarn
display anisotropy and sector and oscillatory zoning (Fig. 4E).
Exoskarn
The alteration of marble and gneiss has produced coarsely
crystalline lenses of exoskarn. At the contact between the
Evciler granodiorite and the Kazdağ metamorphic rocks, the
exoskarn consists of fine-grained, dark gray-green clinopyrox-
ene-feldspar-quartz hornfels. Metasomatism of carbonate
rocks produced anhydrous exoskarn consisting of garnet,
clinopyroxene, and scapolite (Fig. 4D). The garnet consists of
anisotropic and isotropic zoned andradite to grossular
(Ad85Gr15-Ad50Gr50; Fig. 4E). Metasomatism of the marble in
the northwestern part of the skarn body produced a pyrox-
ene-rich skarn (Fig. 4F). Pyroxene exoskarn contains clinopy-
roxene of diopsidic to hedenbergitic in compositions and
scapolite and epidote. Massive retrograde pyrrhotite bodies
with magnetite and chalcopyrite occur within the exoskarn
(Fig. 5).
1670
FIG. 3. Geologic map showing location of the skarn alteration and mineralization at the Evciler district (after Yücel Öztürk
et al., 2005).
The exoskarn is weakly zoned, with plagioclase, scapolite,
and sphene, close to marble front (distal skarn), and garnet-
pyroxene with chlorite, epidote, close to endoskarn zone
(proximal skarn). The width of individual zones ranges from
centimeters to 2 to 3 m (locally 15–25 m). Retrograde assem-
blages formed by the alteration of pyroxene and garnet at the
advanced stages of skarn formation consist of epidote, actino-
lite, chlorite and/or quartz, and calcite.
Paragenesis of Skarn and Ore Minerals
The principal skarn minerals in the Evciler deposit are gar-
net, clinopyroxene, scapolite, epidote, and amphibole, to-
gether with quartz, chlorite, titanite, calcite, and apatite as
subordinate or accessory minerals. Paragenetic studies based
on macro- and microtextures show that skarn formation at
Evciler occurred in several stages, similar to other skarns
globally (Einaudi et al., 1981; Meinert, 1992; Kwak, 1994;
Newberry, 1998). Early mineral facies are largely anhydrous,
whereas later (retrograde) stages are predominantly hydrous.
Two stages of skarn formation and ore deposition have been
recognized: stage I hedenbergitic pyroxene ± garnet ± scapo-
lite ± quartz ± magnetite, and stage II amphibole ± epidote ±
chlorite ± quartz ± calcite and pyrrothite + chalcopyrite ±
pyrite. Calcic scapolite (meionite) can form during prograde
alteration at high temperatures (Rebbert and Rice, 1997; Pan,
1998), but at Evciler it postdates clinopyroxene and garnet
(Fig. 4D) and may have formed at lower temperature.
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ÖZTÜRK AND HELVACI
All calc-silicate skarn minerals at Evciler have intermediate
compositions in their respective solid-solution series. Each
has a broad range of compositions, and garnet shows oscilla-
tory zonation (Fig. 6A). Although pyroxene has a range of
compositions and color zonation, regular zoning is rarely de-
veloped (e.g., rims of pyroxene are only slightly richer in Fe;
Fig. 6B, C).
Later, stage II minerals (e.g., amphibole, epidote, and chlo-
rite) have developed largely by pervasive and diffusive re-
placement of earlier minerals such as garnet and pyroxene
and are considered retrograde (cf. Ciobanu and Cook, 2004).
Retrograde replacement occurs within irregular envelopes,
varying from centimeters to meters in width.
Garnets displaying anomalous birefringence with sector
zoning and chaotic birefringence appear to have been cut by
retrograde epidote (piercing texture; Fig. 7A). Brecciated
garnet skarn has been cemented by quartz-carbonate and
chlorite (Fig. 7B). Zones of diopside-rich pyroxene have re-
placed hedenbergite-rich pyroxene (Fig. 7B, C).
Ore minerals
Sulfide and oxide minerals have overprinted pyroxene-rich
calcic skarn. The mineralization appears to be hosted primarily
within intercalated marble and amphibole gneiss, where it is
cut by granodiorite (Fig. 8). The most abundant ore minerals
are magnetite, pyrrhotite, and chalcopyrite. Early-formed mag-
netite is cut by pyrrhotite veins (Fig. 9C-F). Pyrrhotite, which
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 SKARN ALTERATION & Au-Cu MINERALIZATION, EVCILER DEPOSIT, KAZDAĞ MASSIF, TURKEY 1671

A B
Ep
Ep
Qtz Grt
Pl

Ep

800µm 100µm

C D

Grt
Grt

Px Scp Px

800µm 800µm

E F

Px
Px

Grt

Grt Px
100µm 800µm

FIG. 4. Typical endoskarn textures in the Evciler district. A. Massive epidote with interstitial quartz (cross-polarized trans-
mitted light). B. Replacement of primary igneous minerals (plagioclase) by garnet (CPL). C. Garnet showing oscillatory and
sector zoning within the granodiorite (CPL) and typical exoskarn textures in the Evciler district. D. Prograde skarn mineral
assemblage comprising garnet, clinopyroxene, and scapolite (CPL). E. The garnet exoskarn consisting of anisotropic and
isotropic zoned andradite to grossular (CPL). F. Pyroxenes showing color zonation (CPL). Ep = epidote, Grt = garnet, Qtz
= quartz, Pl = plagioclase, Px = pyroxene.

is the most abundant sulfide, also occurs as anhedral crystals
disseminated in the fine-grained skarn and as massive aggre-
gates replacing pyroxene. Interfingering of the phases is com-
mon (Fig. 9A). Chalcopyrite replaces magnetite and pyrrhotite
(Fig. 9B, C). The pyrrhotite is commonly altered to a fine mix-
ture of pyrite and marcasite (“birds eye” texture; Fig. 9D).
Sampling Analytical Techniques
In this study, four representative samples of separated min-
erals from the Evciler skarn occurrence were analyzed to de-
termine compositions of the skarn minerals (Tables 2, 3).
Compositional variations of skarn minerals were determined
using a JEOL JXA 8900RL electron microprobe at the EMS
Laboratory of the Geochemistry Institute of the University of
Tübingen, Germany. Silicate minerals were analyzed for Si,
Al, Ti, Fe, Cr, Mn, Mg, Ca, and Na. Stable isotope analyses
were performed at Tübingen University with a MAT–252
mass spectrometer. Analytical results are reported in the nor-
mal δ notation, relative to standard mean ocean water for oxy-
gen (V-SMOW, Craig, 1961; Baertschi, 1976) and hydrogen
(Craig, 1961). Table 4 gives 57 isotopic analyses of garnet
(grossular/andradite), pyroxene (diopside/hedenbergite), epi-
dote, actinolite, and quartz from 23 samples of massive ore-
bearing skarn and pluton at Evciler. Using experimental data
of Matthews (1994) and Zheng (1993) for quartz-bearing
mineral, oxygen isotope temperatures were calculated from
the measured quartz-pyroxene, quartz-garnet, quartz-epi-
dote, and quartz-actinolite fractionations.

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1672 ÖZTÜRK AND HELVACI
FIG. 5. Mineral zonation of calcic skarn at Ayazma, Evciler district (see Fig. 3).
Compositions of Skarn Minerals
Clinopyroxene
Clinopyroxene compositions plot in the diopside-heden-
bergite field of Figure 10 (see also Table 2). The Mg and Fe
contents (or Mg/Fe ratios) of pyroxene at Evciler are highly
variable, whereas their Mn/Fe ratios are relatively restricted
(0.02–0.05, avg 0.03). Pyroxenes with a high hedenbergite or
diopside component and/or with a low Mn/Fe ratio are com-
mon in Cu-Fe and Au skarn deposits (Einaudi and Burt,
1982; Nakano et al., 1994).
Garnet
Representative microprobe analyses of garnet from the
Evciler skarn are listed in Table 3. Evciler garnets contain 1.5
to 51.3 mol percent grossular and 47.3 to 83.3 mol percent
andradite. Spessartine and pyrope contents range from 0.9 to
16.7 and 0.0 to 0.7 mole percent, respectively. The Evciler
garnets plot in the grossular-andradite field close to andradite
(Fig. 11A, B). They contain high iron and low aluminum.
Nearly all of the iron in garnet from Evciler is in the oxidized
state (Fe3+; Table 3). Figure 11A compares Evciler garnets
with those of other skarn deposits (data from Einaudi et al.,
1981; Meinert, 1989).
Redox conditions
Redox conditions prevailing during skarn evolution influence
the skarn formation and can be inferred from the Fe2+/Fe3+ ra-
tios in skarn minerals (Brown and Essene, 1985; Zaw and Sin-
goyi, 2000). Sato (1980) showed that calc-silicate minerals from
reduced skarns typically have relatively high Fe2+/Fe3+ ratios,
whereas in oxidized skarns they have relatively low Fe2+/Fe3+
ratios. Oxidized skarns contain diopside-rich clinopyroxene and
andradite-rich garnet (Lu et al., 2003). Most of the Evciler
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skarn minerals have compositions that are indicative of oxi-
dized conditions. Evciler garnet is andradite rich and relatively
low in grossular and resembles that of typical oxidized skarns.
The clinopyroxene is richer in hedenbergite than in diopside;
but it is not as high as in typical reduced skarns. The wide-
spread occurrence of retrograde epidote is also consistent with
oxidizing conditions (e.g., Kwak, 1994). Although the predom-
inant skarn minerals from stage I and II indicate oxidizing con-
ditions, late-stage mineralization at Evciler appears to have
been reducing, based on the presence of the pyrrhotite.
Stable Isotope Data
Oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of minerals
were determined on a suite of samples collected from both
the ore-bearing skarn and the pluton at Evciler. These data
are listed in Table 4. The calculated δDH2O and δ18OH2O val-
ues of the fluids from which the minerals precipitated are
plotted in Figure 12.
The δ18O values of quartz associated with skarn minerals in
the gneiss and marble are 3.5 to 10.9 per mil, whereas quartz
from the ore has a δ18O value of –0.6 per mil. There is a well-
defined trend of decreasing δ18Oquartz values from the granite
toward the contacts of sulfide mineralization in the district.
The range of δ18O values for garnets is from 4.6 to 8.2 per mil.
The δ18O values of pyroxene range from 6.2 to 9.3 per mil.
Amphibole and epidote have δ18O values that range from 6.3
to 8.2 per mil (in one sample –0.6‰) and from –3.3 to +6.8
per mil, respectively.
Stage I oxygen isotopes
Oxygen isotope temperatures were calculated from quartz-
pyroxene pairs of stage I. In four out of six pairs, calculated
temperatures are in the range 455º to 820ºC. For this tem-
perature range, calculated δ18O values of H2O in equilibrium
1672
 SKARN ALTERATION & Au-Cu MINERALIZATION, EVCILER DEPOSIT, KAZDAĞ MASSIF, TURKEY
FIG. 6. Backscattered electron images showing (A) oscillatory zoning pat-
terns in garnet from the Evciler district. (B), (C) pyroxenes showing signifi-
cant compositional variation; a tendency toward zonation is only rarely de-
veloped (e.g., rims of pyroxene slightly richer in Fe). Adr = andradite, Chl =
chlorite, Di = diopside, Grs = grossular, Hd = hedenbergite, Qtz = quartz..
with pyroxene and quartz are in the range from 9.8 to 10.4 per
mil (Table 4, Fig. 13). These values match fairly well with val-
ues of fluid calculated from quartz in equilibrium with the
Evciler granitoid. The oxygen isotope data are consistent with
a predominantly magmatic source of the early skarn-forming
fluids. Twelve pyroxene samples from stage I skarn yield cal-
culated δ18OH2O values of 8.3 to 11.4 per mil (Table 4), which
are similar to those of magmatic water from the Evciler gran-
itoid. These values were calculated at an estimated tempera-
ture of 650ºC, which is very likely the maximum temperature
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1673
Ep
Grt
100µm
B
Chl
Grt
Chl
Grt
800µm
FIG. 7. A. Photomicrographs showing filaments and patches of epidote
that have overprinted an earlier, preexisting sector-zoned garnet (CPL). B.
Retrograde brecciation in garnets. The garnet fragments are separated by
quartz-carbonate infill, as well as hydrated minerals (e.g., chlorite; CPL).
of contact metamorphism. A lower temperature of formation
would yield even higher δ18O values for the stage I fluid.
Garnet samples have a wide range of δ18O values (4.6–
8.2‰, Table 4, Fig. 13). The positive values are similar to
those reported from other well-known skarn deposits (Taylor
and O’Neil, 1977; Brown et al., 1985). Fluids in equilibrium
with this garnet, at an estimated maximum temperature of
650ºC for stage I, have δ18OH2O values of 7.6 to 11.2 per mil,
which are within the range for magmatic water associated
with the Evciler granitoid.
Oxygen isotope temperatures have been calculated from
the measured quartz-garnet fractionations. In five quartz-gar-
net pairs, calculated temperatures are in the range 495º to
884ºC. For this temperature range, calculated δ18O values of
H2O in equilibrium with garnet and quartz are in the range
from 6.3 to 10.9 per mil, similar to the values calculated for
quartz and pyroxene.
Stage II oxygen isotopes
Epidote from stage II has δ18O values from –3.3 to +5.1 per
mil, except for two samples (6.8 and 7.9‰); actinolite has val-
ues from –0.6 to +8.2 per mil (Table 4, Fig. 13). Oxygen iso-
tope temperatures were calculated from the measured
quartz-epidote and quartz-actinolite fractionations. Six quartz-
actinolite pairs from stage II yield calculated δ18O values for
the coexisting fluid of 7.8 to 9.7 per mil (Table 4), except for
one (0.9‰). These values could reflect magmatic water mix-
ing with meteoric water. One quartz-actinolite pair yielded a
calculated formation temperature of 465ºC.
1674 ÖZTÜRK AND HELVACI

FIG. 8. Cross section showing the position of the skarn mineralization at the Evciler district (Ayazma occurrence, see
Fig. 5).

A B

Gangue Pyrrhotite

chalcopyrite

Gangue
160µm

C Magnetite D

Melnicovite
Chalcopyrite pyrite

Pyrrhotite
160µm Pyrrhotite 20µm

FIG. 9. A. Backscattered electron images showing showing alternation between pyrrhotite (light) and diopside (dark).
Photomicrographs showing polished sections of (B, C) magnetite-pyrrhotite-chalcopyrite assemblage. Magnetite is replaced
by both pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite. D. Well-developed “birds eye” texture composed of pyrite, formed along a fracture dur-
ing weathering of pyrrothite.

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 TABLE 2. Representative Microprobe Analyses of Pyroxene from Evciler Skarn

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Sample no. 57/4 (1) 57/4 (6) 57/4 (8) 76 (3) 76 (4) 76 (6) 76 (7) 76 (8) 76 (10) 140/S3 (1) 140/S3 (5) 144 (2) 144 (6) 144 (7)

Wt %
SiO2 50.43 50.43 50.53 50.46 50.61 49.95 50.46 52.07 52.29 49.42 50.27 50.38 50.89 51.2
TiO2 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.01 0.07 0.11 0.93 0.04 <0.01 0.01 0.05 0.03 0.10 0.09
Al2O3 0.68 0.94 1.15 1.22 1.18 1.55 0.09 0.76 0.45 0.17 0.91 0.55 1.25 1.15
Cr2O3 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.12 0.15 0.15 0.13 <0.01 0.04 <0.01 0.03 <0.01 <0.01 0.03
FeO(total) 17.11 16.67 16.75 15.64 15.34 16.26 16.00 10.38 10.36 23.01 17.13 18.81 16.09 16.53
MnO 0.44 0.57 0.55 0.42 0.45 0.48 0.44 0.24 0.32 0.56 0.45 0.41 0.11 0.09
MgO 7.23 7.68 7.75 8.21 8.37 7.79 7.96 11.84 11.57 3.82 7.40 6.22 8.23 8.43
CaO 23.26 22.37 22.35 23.57 23.42 23.37 23.41 24.64 24.67 22.93 23.52 23.51 23.04 22.73
Na2O 0.43 0.83 0.83 0.46 0.45 0.48 0.47 0.16 0.14 0.18 0.29 0.12 0.21 0.21
Total 99.6 99.6 100.0 100.1 100.0 100.1 99.9 100.1 99.8 100.1 100.1 100.0 99.9 100.5

Number of ions on the base of 6 atoms of oxygen

1675
Si 1.968 1.958 1.952 1.944 1.950 1.929 1.960 1.961 1.978 1.978 1.954 1.979 1.970 1.971
Al 0.031 0.043 0.052 0.056 0.054 0.071 0.004 0.034 0.020 0.008 0.042 0.026 0.057 0.052
Ti 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.000 0.002 0.003 0.027 0.001 <0.01 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.002
Cr 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001
Fe3+ 0.061 0.101 0.099 0.086 0.072 0.095 0.053 0.055 0.033 0.050 0.068 0.024 0.013 0.015
Mg 0.421 0.444 0.446 0.472 0.481 0.449 0.461 0.665 0.653 0.228 0.429 0.364 0.475 0.484
Fe2+ 0.497 0.440 0.442 0.418 0.423 0.430 0.467 0.272 0.295 0.720 0.488 0.594 0.508 0.517
Mn 0.014 0.019 0.018 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.014 0.008 0.010 0.019 0.015 0.014 0.003 0.003
Ca 0.973 0.930 0.925 0.973 0.967 0.967 0.974 0.994 1.000 0.983 0.980 0.990 0.956 0.938
Na 0.033 0.063 0.062 0.034 0.034 0.036 0.035 0.012 0.010 0.014 0.022 0.009 0.016 0.016
Sum 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000
End members
Wollastonite 51.5 51.3 51.0 52.2 51.7 52.4 51.2 51.5 51.3 50.9 51.7 50.8 49.3 48.4
Enstatite 22.3 24.5 24.6 25.3 25.7 24.3 24.2 34.4 33.5 11.8 22.6 18.7 24.5 25.0
Ferrosalite 26.3 24.3 24.4 22.4 22.6 23.3 24.6 14.1 15.1 37.3 27.7 30.5 26.2 26.7

Note: Accelerating voltage 15 kV, beam current 15 nA, and a beam diameter of 10 µm
SKARN ALTERATION & Au-Cu MINERALIZATION, EVCILER DEPOSIT, KAZDAĞ MASSIF, TURKEY
1675
 1676

TABLE 3. Representative Microprobe Analyses of Garnet from Evciler Skarn

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Sample no. 57/4 (4) 57/4 (11) 57/4 (12) 57/4 (13) 57/4 (17) 76 (1) 76 (2) 76 (3) 76 (4) 76 (5) 76 (7) 76 (9) 76 (13)

Wt %
SiO2 35.18 35.68 36.08 36.24 36.63 37.61 36.96 37.34 37.17 37.18 36.74 37.38 37.13
TiO2 <0.01 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.35 0.73 0.99 0.97 0.57 0.57 0.70 0.47 0.51
Al2O3 0.61 3.15 6.41 7.61 7.99 11.17 9.35 11.03 8.30 8.81 7.66 9.25 8.62
Cr2O3 <0.01 0.05 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.08 0.12 0.02 <0.01 <0.01 0.1 0.01
FeO(total) 28.66 25.16 20.69 19.11 18.57 14.87 17.37 15.92 18.70 18.23 19.30 18.01 18.00
MnO 5.72 5.79 5.83 6.83 2.97 0.38 0.46 0.49 0.56 0.50 0.43 0.66 0.46
MgO 0.01 0.03 <0.01 0.01 0.01 0.13 0.17 0.16 0.08 0.09 0.12 0.05 0.09
CaO 27.36 28.71 29.12 28.40 32.17 34.09 33.19 33.25 33.46 33.35 33.56 32.67 33.79
Na2O <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.02 <0.01 <0.01 0.03 0.02 <0.01
Total 97.5 98.6 98.1 98.2 98.7 99.0 98.6 99.3 98.9 98.7 98.5 98.6 98.6

Number of ions on the base of 24 atoms of oxygen

Si 5.985 5.935 5.947 5.952 5.930 5.969 5.942 5.927 5.978 5.977 5.938 6.014 5.973

1676
Al 0.123 0.618 1.245 1.473 1.524 2.089 1.772 2.063 1.573 1.669 1.459 1.754 1.634
Ti 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.043 0.087 0.119 0.116 0.069 0.069 0.085 0.057 0.062
Cr 0.000 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.010 0.015 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.013 0.001
Fe3+ 3.907 3.503 2.861 2.623 2.531 1.796 2.100 1.841 2.329 2.240 2.505 2.098 2.295
ÖZTÜRK AND HELVACI

Mg 0.003 0.007 <0.01 0.003 0.002 0.030 0.040 0.037 0.020 0.022 0.028 0.012 0.022
Fe2+ 0.171 <0.01 <0.01 0.002 <0.01 0.178 0.236 0.272 0.186 0.211 0.104 0.325 0.126
Mn 0.824 0.816 0.814 0.950 0.407 0.051 0.062 0.066 0.076 0.068 0.059 0.090 0.062
Ca 4.987 5.117 5.142 4.997 5.580 5.797 5.717 5.655 5.766 5.744 5.812 5.631 5.824
Na <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.003 0.006 <0.01 <0.01 0.011 0.006 <0.01
Sum 16.000 16.003 16.010 16.000 16.017 16.000 16.000 16.000 16.000 16.000 16.000 16.000 16.000
End members
Almandine 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0
Pyrope 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.4
Spessartine 15.5 13.7 13.7 16.0 6.8 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.6 1.1
Grossular 1.5 12.9 26.2 30.2 34.8 49.7 41.1 47.1 37.2 39.2 34.6 40.6 39.1
Andradite 83.0 73.1 60.1 53.8 58.4 49.0 56.9 50.6 61.1 59.2 63.9 57.3 59.4
Uvarovite 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0

Note: Accelerating voltage 15 kV, beam current 15 nA, and a beam diameter of 10 µm
 SKARN ALTERATION & Au-Cu MINERALIZATION, EVCILER DEPOSIT, KAZDAĞ MASSIF, TURKEY 1677

TABLE 4. Stable Isotope Analyses of Silicates from Evciler Skarn

δ18Omin δDmin δ18Ofluid1 δ18Ofluid2 δDfluid2

(‰) (‰) (‰) (‰) (‰)
Sample no. Mineral measured Tcalculated (oC) Testimated (oC) calculated
Granite
42/2 Amphibole 5.9 –97.2 Quartz-amphibole 554 8.1 –70.2
112/2 Amphibole 6.6
222/1 Amphibole 5.2
148/2 Amphibole 5.2
288/1 Biotite 4.8 Quartz-biotite 510 7.3
112/2 Feldispar 7.0
79 Feldispar 13.4
58 Feldispar 8.9
42/2 Feldispar 2.2
42/2 Quartz 10.2 650 7.4
58 Quartz 10.2 650 7.4
112/2 Quartz 10.4 650 7.6
222/1 Quartz 8.5 650 6.7
148/2 Quartz 9.0 650 7.2
288/1 Quartz 9.3 650 7.5
Stage 1 skarn
79 Quartz 10.9
96/2 Quartz 9.7
140/S3A Quartz 13.2
191 Quartz 8.9
193 Quartz 10.4
195 Quartz 10.2
71 Pyroxene 8.1 650 10.2
79 Pyroxene 7.9 Quartz-pyroxene 560 650 9.9 10.0
80/2 Pyroxene 7.8 650 9.9
109 Pyroxene 8.4 650 10.5
140/S3A Pyroxene 8.0 Quartz-pyroxene 455 650 9.8 10.1
140/S5 Pyroxene 8.4 650 10.5
140/S11 Pyroxene 9.3 650 11.4
144 Pyroxene 6.2 650 8.3
191 Pyroxene 8.0 650 10.1
191 Pyroxene 7.8 650 9.9
193 Pyroxene 8.0 Quartz-pyroxene 655 650 10.0 10.1
195 Pyroxene 8.4 Quartz-pyroxene 820 650 10.4 10.5
76/1 Grossular 7.7 650 10.7
79 Grossular 7.9 Quartz-gGrossular 740 650 10.4 10.9
96/2 Garnet 6.3 Quartz-garnet 700 650 8.9 9.3
96/2 Garnet 4.6 Quartz-garnet 495 650 6.3 7.6
191 Grossular 6.9 650 9.9
192/2 Grossular 5.3 650 8.3
193 Grossular 8.2 Quartz-grossular 884 650 10.9 11.2
Stage II
80/2 Quartz 2.1
144 Quartz –0.6
155 Quartz 3.5
184 Quartz 3.7
80/2 Actinolite 7.9 –99.1 450 9.4 –77.4
96/2 Actinolite 6.3 450 7.8
109 Actinolite 7.0 450 8.5
184 Actinolite3 –0.6 –85.7 Quartz-amphibole 465 450 1.0 0.9 –64.0
191 Actinolite 7.9 –91.0 450 9.4 –69.3
192 Actinolite 8.2 450 9.7
57/4 Epidote –3.3 –53.6 320 –3.9 –17.7
76/1 Epidote 0.7 –58.9 320 0.1 –23.0
109 Epidote 6.8 –61.4 320 6.2 –25.5
155 Epidote –1.3 –66.8 Quartz-epidote 341 320 -1.6 –1.9 –30.9
184 Epidote –2.1 Quartz-epidote 268 320 -3.8 –2.7
193 Epidote 7.9 320 7.3
195 Epidote 5.1 –65.0 320 4.5 –29.1

Notes: Oxygen isotope analyses of silicate minerals were performed at the University of Tubinge; calculated fluid compositions for garnet, pyroxene, am-
phibole, and epidote are based on fractionation factors of Zheng (1993); Testimated = estimated temperature of mineral formation
1 Calculated at T (oC), calculated from quartz-mineral pairs
2 Calculated at T
estimated ( C)
o
3 Sample showed textural and/or isotopic evidence of retrograde alteration during subsequent skarn stage

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1678 ÖZTÜRK AND HELVACI

FIG. 10. Jo-Di-Hd (Mn-Mg-Fe) ternary diagram showing compositional

variations of clinopyroxene from the Evciler district compared with major
skarn types. End members are Di = diopside, Hd = hedenbergite, and Jo =
johannsenite. Data from Einaudi et al. (1981) and Meinert (1989).

For quartz-epidote pairs, calculated temperatures range

from 268º to 341ºC. For this temperature range, the calcu-
lated δ18O values of H2O in equilibrium with epidote range
from –1.6 to –3.8 per mil. Seven quartz-epidote pairs yielded
calculated δ18O values of –3.9 to +4.5 per mil (Table 4), ex-
cept for two pairs (6.2 and 7.3‰) at an estimated tempera-
ture of 320ºC. The range of stage II fluid compositions par-
tially overlaps that of primary magmatic water at Evciler but FIG. 11. A. Sp + Al-Gr-And ternary diagram for the garnets from the
Evciler district compared with major skarn types. Data from Einaudi et al.
trends toward lower δ18O values, suggesting the involvement (1981) and Meinert (1989). B. The relationship between grossular and an-
of both magmatic and low δ18O meteoric water in the system dradite in the Evciler district. Al = almandine, And = andradite, Gr = grossu-
at this stage. lar, Sp = spessartine.

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 SKARN ALTERATION & Au-Cu MINERALIZATION, EVCILER DEPOSIT, KAZDAĞ MASSIF, TURKEY 1679

FIG. 12. Calculated δ18O vs. δD compositions of fluids in equilibrium with epidote and amphibole (Table 4) from the
Evciler skarn deposit.

FIG. 13. Distribution of paragenesis and δ18O values for minerals from Evciler skarn.

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1680 ÖZTÜRK AND HELVACI

Hydrogen isotopes Einaudi et al., 1981; Meinert, 1989) that occur in carbonate
The δD value of primary igneous amphibole at Evciler is host litologic units of various ages and are associated with fel-
–97.2 per mil, whereas skarn amphibole has values from sic intrusions of various ages. These deposits are generally
–85.7 to –99.1 per mil. The calculated δDH2O in equilibrium characterized by early anhydrous mineral assemblages that
with the skarn amphibole ranges from –64.0 to –77.4 per mil are overprinted by later hydrous retrograde mineral assem-
(Fig. 12). These low values are consistent with meteoric water blages. At Evciler, skarn formation occurred when late
influx during the later stages of skarn evolution. Oligocene to early Miocene granitoids were intruded into the
Massive retrograde epidote from Evciler has δD values of Kazdağ metamorphic rocks (Fig. 14). During stage I, high-
–66.8 to –53.6 per mil corresponding to δD fluid composi- temperature anhydrous minerals developed in the marble
tions from –17.7 to –30.9 per mil and trending toward the me- lenses. In stage II, magmatic fluids mixed with meteoric
teoric water line (Fig. 12).
Summary and Conclusions
The Evciler skarn precipitated between the Evciler grani- Isothermal
Metasomatism
toid and Kazdağ metamorphic rocks at the southern end of
the pluton (Fig. 3). In their study of the genetic relationships
Evciler Pyroxene
between skarn mineralization and petrogenesis of the Evciler Granodiorite Hornfels
Kazdag
granitoid, Yücel-Öztürk et al. (2005) concluded that the com- Marble
position and petrologic evolution of the Evciler pluton were
primary controls on skarn alteration and mineralization. Par- Gneiss
agenetic studies and oxygen and hydrogen isotope analyses
show that skarn evolution occurred in two stages. The early 0 50m
skarnization stage was characterized by mainly hedenbergitic
pyroxene skarn, containing garnet, scapolite, quartz, and
magnetite; and the late hydrous silicate stage involved re-
placement of early-formed skarn assemblages by epidote,
actinolite, chlorite, quartz, and calcite together with precipi-
tation of sulfides. The latter is the main stage of Au-Cu min-
eralization. Pyrrhotite is the dominant ore mineral associated
with minor chalcopyrite and pyrite. The abundant calc-sili-
cate minerals (grossular-andradite, amphibole, epidote) are
consistent with skarn formation mainly by the dissolution of a
calcic carbonate protolith (Kazdağ marble lenses). The aver-
age clinopyroxene Mn/Fe ratio of 0.03 at the Evciler skarn is
consistent with the Au-Cu, Fe skarn classification of Nakano
et al. (1994).
Most of the Evciler skarn minerals have compositions that
are indicative of an oxidizing environment. The garnet is an-
dradite rich and relatively low in grossular typical of oxidized
skarns. Its clinopyroxene is richer in hedenbergite than in
diopside, but it is not as high as in typical reduced skarns. Al-
though the calc-silicate minerals appear to indicate mainly ox-
idized conditions, the ore is dominated by pyrrhotite, indicat-
ing that late-stage conditions were relatively reducing. These
variations may be related to availability of pyrrhotite-forming
elements in the fluids; if they are related to changes in the ox-
idation-reduction state, then they represent minor fluctua-
tions within a dominantly oxidized skarn.
The δ18O data indicate that prograde skarn development
(stage I) occurred at temperatures from 495° to 957°C, values
comparable with the other world skarn deposits. The δ18O data
for retrograde skarn development (stage II) yields tempera-
tures from 237° to 465°C, also comparable with other world
skarn deposits. The calculated δ18O value of the fluid in equi-
librium with garnet and pyroxene from the deposit is within the
range of values for magmatic fluids (Taylor and Sheppard,
1986). The fluid associated with the retrograde alteration likely FIG. 14. Schematic plan view of the Evciler skarn deposit, southeastern
represents a mixture of magmatic and meteoric fluid. Evciler village, Kazdağ, showing the evolution of the deposit (A) isothermal
The Evciler skarn occurrence shows many similarities and metasomatism, (B) prograde alteration (stage I), and (C) retrograde alter-
some differences with other calcic Fe-Cu and Au skarns (cf. ation and mineralization (stage II).

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 SKARN ALTERATION & Au-Cu MINERALIZATION, EVCILER DEPOSIT, KAZDAĞ MASSIF, TURKEY
fluids and were focused into permeable early-formed skarns
and unreplaced carbonate units to form retrograde hydrous
minerals. Major pyrrhotite-bearing mineralization occurred
at this stage within exoskarn and resulted from the retrograde
alteration of earlier calc-silicate assemblages to chlorite
and/or calcite. Evidence for a meteoric component in the hy-
drothermal fluid suggests that early magmatic fluids mixed
progressively with meteoric water, which may have caused
cooling and finally resulted ore deposition.
Acknowledgments
The microprobe analyses were performed at the Tübingen
University, Institute of Geochemistry, Germany, and we
thank Thomas Weinzel for the analyses. We acknowledge
Muharrem Satır for his discussions and suggestions. Hüseyin
Yılmaz is thanked for his useful suggestions, and Yücel Yılmaz
for his constructive comments during field studies. We also
acknowledge David Cooke, David Lentz, Zhaoshan Chang,
and Robert F. Martin for their constructive reviews and in-
sightful comments. We thank Mark Hannington and Sandra
Sheppard for their constructive reviews and corrections. This
study was supported by project grants, from the Scientific and
Technical Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK; project
101Y018) and from Dokuz Eylül University Scientific Re-
search Projects (BAP; project 0922.01.01.17).
August 28, 2006; November 5, 2008
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