Short-Circuit Analysis

Short-Circuit Analysis Page 1 of 88
Short-Circuit Analysis
The ETAP Short-Circuit Analysis Program analyzes the effect of 3-phase, 1-phase, line-to-ground, line-to-line, and line-to-line-to-ground faults on electrical power systems. The program
calculates the total short-circuit currents as well as the contributions of individual motors, generators, and utility ties in the system. Fault duties are in compliance with the latest editions of
the ANSI/IEEE Standards (C37 series) and IEC Standards (IEC 60909 and others).
This chapter describes definitions and usage of different tools you will need to run short-circuit studies. In order to give you a better understanding of the standards applied to short-circuit
studies and to interpret output results more easily, some theoretical background, and standard information are also included.
The ANSI/IEEE Short-Circuit Toolbar and IEC Short-Circuit Toolbar sections explain how you can launch a short-circuit calculation, open and view an output report, or select
display options. The Short-Circuit Study Case Editor section explains how you can create a new Study Case, what parameters are required to specify a Study Case, and how to set them.
The Display Options section explains what options are available for displaying some key system parameters and the output results on the one-line diagram, and how to set them.
The ANSI/IEEE Calculation Methods section lists standard compliance information and both general and detailed descriptions of calculation methods used by ETAP. In particular,
definitions and discussion of ½, 1.5-4, and 30 cycle networks, calculation of ANSI multiplying factors, and high voltage and low voltage circuit breaker momentary and interrupting duties
are provided. The Required Data section describes what data are necessary to perform short-circuit calculations and where to enter them. If you perform short-circuit studies using IEC
Standards, the IEC Calculation Methods section provides useful information on standard compliance, definitions on most commonly used IEC technical terms, general and detailed
descriptions of calculation methods for all important results, including initial symmetrical short-circuit current, peak short-circuit current, symmetrical short-circuit breaking current, and
steady-state short-circuit current. Finally, the Short-Circuit Study Output Report section illustrates and explains output reports and their format.
ANSI Toolbar
IEC Toolbar
GOST Toolbar
Study Case Editor
Display Options
ANSI/IEEE Calculation Methods
IEC Calculation Methods
AC-DC Converter Models
Required Data
Output Reports
Alert View
Short-Circuit Result Analyzer
ANSI Short-Circuit Toolbar

This toolbar is active when you are in Short-Circuit Mode and the standard is set to ANSI in the Short-Circuit Study Case Editor.
3-Phase Faults - Device Duty

Click on this button to perform a 3-phase fault study per ANSI C37 Standard. This study calculates momentary symmetrical and asymmetrical rms, momentary asymmetrical crest,
interrupting symmetrical rms, and interrupting adjusted symmetrical rms short-circuit currents at faulted buses. ETAP checks the protective device-rated close and latching, adjusted
interrupting capacities against the fault currents, and flags inadequate devices.
Generators and motors are modeled by their positive sequence subtransient reactance.
Note that device duty calculation for protective devices that are connected to single-phase loads is carried out only when you run the Panel/UPS/1-Ph System Device Duty calculation.
Panel/1-Ph UPS/ 1-Ph System Device Duty

Click on this button to perform a Device Duty Short-Circuit study per ANSI Standards for the parts of system below a main panel, a single-phase UPS and a phase adapter. These
subsystems are mostly single-phase systems, but there can be three-phase components below a main panel. This study calculates short-circuit currents in the ½ cycle network to evaluate
Phase A, B, C, AB, BC, CA, three-wire center tap or three-phase using protective device capabilities in these systems. Please note that motor load contributions below panels, single-phase
UPS or phase adapters are not considered in the calculation. Typically, these contributions are almost negligible for low voltage single-phase motor loads and can be ignored.
Note that in previous versions of ETAP, the 3-Phase UPS connected directly from the 3–phase system would be analyzed when launching the calculation from this icon. As of ETAP11,
the 3-phase UPS is handled as part of the 3-phase device duty calculation. As of ETAP 16.1, the 1-phase UPS is modeled as a Voltage (Vf) behind impedance (Z) for ANSI Short-Circuit
calculations (1-phase).
LG, LL, LLG, & 3-Phase Faults - ½ Cycle (Max. Short-Circuit Current)
Click on this button to perform 3-phase, line-to-ground, line-to-line, and line-to-line-to-ground fault studies per ANSI Standards. This study calculates short-circuit currents in their rms
values at ½ cycle at faulted buses, which are considered the maximum short-circuit current values.
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Generators and motors are modeled by their positive, negative, and zero sequence subtransient reactance. Generator, motor, and transformer grounding types and winding connections are
taken into consideration when constructing system positive, negative, and zero sequence networks. Any adjustment for the impedance is taken as negative in order to produce smaller
impedance and thus yield higher short-circuit currents.
LG, LL, LLG, & 3-Phase Faults - 1.5 to 4 Cycle

values between 1.5 to 4 cycles at faulted buses.
Generators are modeled by their positive, negative, and zero sequence subtransient reactance, and motors are modeled by their positive, negative, and zero sequence transient reactance.
Generator, motor, transformer grounding types, and winding connections are taken into considerations when constructing system positive, negative, and zero sequential networks. Any
adjustment for the impedance is taken as negative in order to produce smaller impedance and thus yield higher short-circuit currents.
LG, LL, LLG, & 3-Phase Faults - 30 Cycle (Min. Short-Circuit Current)
values at 30 cycles at faulted buses, which are the minimum short-circuit current values.
Generators are modeled by their positive, negative, and zero sequence reactance, and short-circuit current contributions from motors are ignored. Generator and transformer grounding
types and winding connections are taken into consideration when constructing system positive, negative, and zero sequence networks. Any impedance adjustment can be applied as
negative or positive. You may configure the impedance tolerance and temperature adjustments to yield higher impedance value (and thus further minimize the short-circuit current value)
by selecting the option “Apply Positive Tolerance and Max. Temperature for ANSI Minimum Short-circuit Calculation”. This option is located on the Adjustment tab of the Short-Circuit
Study Case.
Short-Circuit Display Options

See the Display Options section to customize the Short-Circuit Annotation Display options on the one-line diagram. This dialog box contains options for ANSI short-circuit study results
and associated device parameters. This includes displayed results for 3-phase and unbalanced faults (LG, LL, and LLG) and their individual contributions. The display options also show
Arc Flash Results.
Alert
After performing a short-circuit device duty calculation, you can click on this button to open the Alert View, which lists all devices with critical and marginal violations based on the
settings in the Study Case.
Short-Circuit Report Manager

Short-Circuit Output Reports are provided in Crystal Report format. The Report Manager provides four pages (Complete, Input, Result, and Summary) for viewing the different parts of
the output report. Available formats for Crystal Reports are displayed in each page of the Report Manager for ANSI short-circuit studies. You can open and save the report in PDF, MS
Word, Rich Text Format, or Excel format. If you wish this selection to be the default for reports, click the “Set As Default” checkbox.
You can open the whole Short-Circuit Output Report or only a part of it, depending on the format selection.

This icon opens the Short-circuit Duty Analyzer (also called ANSI / IEC Short-circuit Analyzer). This feature is fully explained in the Short-circuit Result Analyzer section of this chapter.
Halt Current Calculation

The Stop Sign button is normally disabled. When a short-circuit calculation has been initiated, this button becomes enabled and shows a Red Stop Sign. Clicking on this button will
terminate the calculation.
Get Online Data

When the ETAP Management System is set up and the Sys Monitor presentation is online, you can bring real-time data into your offline presentation and run a load flow by pressing on
this button. You will notice that the Operating Loads, Bus Voltages, and Study Case Editor will be updated with the online data.
Get Archived Data

When ETAPS Playback is set up and any presentation is in Playback Mode, you can bring this data into your presentation and run a load flow by pressing on this button. You will notice
that the Operating Loads, Bus Voltages, and Study Case Editor will be updated with the playback data.
ANSI Toolbar
IEC Toolbar
GOST Toolbar
Study Case Editor
Display Options
Required Data
Output Reports
Alert View
IEC Short-Circuit Toolbar

This toolbar is active when you are in Short-Circuit Mode and the standard is set to IEC in the Short-Circuit Study Case Editor.
3-Phase Faults - Device Duty (IEC 60909)

Click on this button to perform a 3-phase Fault Study per IEC 60909 Standard. This study calculates initial symmetrical rms, peak, symmetrical and asymmetrical breaking rms, and
steady-state rms short-circuit currents and their DC offset at faulted buses. ETAP checks the protective device rated making and breaking capacities against the fault currents and flags
inadequate devices.
Generators and motors are modeled by their positive sequence subtransient reactance.
Note that device duty calculation for protective devices that are connected to single-phase loads is carried out only when you run the Panel/UPS/1-Ph System Device Duty calculation.
Panel/1-Ph UPS/1-Ph System Device Duty (IEC 60909)

Click on this button to perform a 1-phase device duty short-circuit fault per IEC 60909 Standards. This study calculates initial symmetrical (I”k) currents for evaluation of protective
device capabilities in parts of the system which are below a main panel, a 1-Ph UPS, or a phase-adapter. These subsystems are mostly single-phase systems, but there can be three-phase
components below a main panel.
Note that when you run the Panel/1-Ph UPS/1-Ph Device Duty, ETAP also performs device duty calculation on protective devices that are connected between a single-phase loads and a
three-phase system bus. A three-phase system bus is one that is not below a panel or a UPS.
Note that motor load contributions below panels, UPS or phase adapters are not considered in the calculation. Typically, these contributions are almost negligible for low voltage single-
phase motor loads and can be ignored.
Note that as of ETAP11, the 3-phase UPS (connected directly from the 3-phase system) is no longer handled as part of the 1-phase calculation. To analyze the short-circuit evaluation for
this type of equipment you must now use the 3-phase device duty calculation.
Note that as of ETAP16.1, the 1-phase UPS is modeled as a Voltage (Vf) behind impedance (Z) for IEC 60909 calculations (1-phase).
LG, LL, LLG, & 3-Phase Faults (IEC 60909)

Click on this button to perform line-to-ground, line-to-line, line-to-line-to-ground, and 3-phase fault studies per IEC 60909 Standard. This study calculates initial symmetrical rms, peak
and symmetrical breaking rms, and steady-state rms short-circuit currents at faulted buses.
Generators are modeled by their positive, negative, and zero-sequence reactance, and motors are modeled by their locked-rotor impedance. Generator, motor, and transformer grounding
types, and winding connections are taken into consideration when constructing system positive, negative, and zero sequence networks.
3-Phase Faults - Transient Study (IEC 61363)

Click on this button to perform a 3-phase fault study per IEC 61363 Standard. This study calculates instantaneous values of actual short-circuit current, DC offset, short-circuit current
envelope, AC component, and DC offset in percent for total short-circuit current at faulted buses. The results are tabulated as a function of time.
Generators are modeled by their positive sequence subtransient reactance, and motors are modeled by their locked-rotor impedance. Their subtransient and transient time constants and DC
time constants are also considered in the calculation.

See the Display Options section to customize the short-circuit Annotation Display options on the one-line diagram. This dialog box contains options for IEC short-circuit study results and
associated device parameters.
Alert View
After performing a short-circuit study, you can click on this button to open the Alert View, which lists all devices with critical and marginal violations based on the settings in the Study
Case.

Short-Circuit Output Reports are provided in Crystal Report forms. The Report Manager provides four pages (Complete, Input, Result, and Summary) for viewing the different parts of the
output report. Available formats for Crystal Reports are displayed in each page of the Report Manager.
You can also view output reports by clicking on the View Output Report button on the Study Case toolbar. A list of all output files in the selected project directory is provided for short-
circuit calculations. To view any of the listed output reports, click on the output report name, and then click on the View Output Report button. You can open and save the report in PDF,
MS Word, Rich Text Format, or Excel format. If you wish this selection to be the default for reports, click the ‘Set As Default’ checkbox.
For more details, also see View Crystal Reports section in Chapter 07 - Printing and Plotting.
Short Circuit Plots

Click on this button to open the IEC 61363 Plot Selection Editor. You can display the following plots:
Total Fault Current (i)
AC Component of Fault Currents (Iac, rms)
DC Component of Fault Current (Idc)
Percent DC Component of Fault Current (Idc %)
Top Envelope of Fault Current (ienv)
Plot All Three-Phases

When the study case option “Plot All Three-Phases” is enabled the IEC 61363 Plot Selection Editor can display the following plots:
Phase “a” instantaneous current (ia)
Phase “b” instantaneous current (ib)
Phase “c” instantaneous current (ic)
Total Fault Currents (i)
AC Component of Fault Currents (Iac, rms)
DC Component of Fault Currents (Idc)
Percent DC Component of Fault Currents (Idc %)
Top Envelop of Fault Currents (ienv)
Combine Plots
When this box is checked, plots for all selected types will be displayed on the same plot.
Close All Plots

When this button is clicked, all open plots for IEC 61363 calculation will be closed.
Export to COMTRADE
When this button is clicked, all selected plots will be saved to file in COMTRADE format. A window will open to allow you to specify the directory in which to save the file.
Options (Preferences) for Plot All Three-Phases

The “-A, -B, -C” text appended to the bus name represents the phase short-circuit current notations for the respective phases. The notation name for these phases can be modified by
changing the text of the entry SCIEC-61363 Phase A/B/C current plot label text from the ETAP “Options (Preferences)” menu.

This icon opens the Short-circuit Duty Analyzer (also called ANSI / IEC Short-circuit Analyzer). This feature is fully explained in the Short-circuit Result Analyzer section of this chapter.

Get Online Data

You can bring real-time data into your offline presentation and run a load flow by pressing on this button. You will notice that the Operating Loads, Bus Voltages, and Study Case Editor
will be updated with the online data. This requires ETAP to be online.
Get Archived Data

You can bring archived data from the ETAP Playback Server into your presentation and run a load flow by pressing on this button. You will notice that the Operating Loads, Bus Voltages,
and Study Case Editor will be updated with the playback data. This requires ETAP to be online.
ANSI Toolbar
IEC Toolbar
GOST Toolbar
Study Case Editor
Display Options
Required Data
Output Reports
Alert View
GOST Short-Circuit Toolbar

This toolbar is active when you are in Short-Circuit Mode and the standard is set to GOST in the Short-Circuit Study Case Editor.
3-Phase Faults - Device Duty
Click on this button to perform a 3-phase fault study per GOST Standard. This study calculates the initial periodic rms, initial aperiodic, and surge currents at faulted buses. (The device
duty checking is for future release of ETAP).
Maximum LG, LL LLG and 3-Phase Faults

Click on this button to perform a maximum 3-phase, line-to-ground, line-to-line, and line-to-line-to-ground fault studies per GOST Standard. This study calculates the initial periodic rms,
initial aperiodic, and surge currents at faulted buses. (For Future Release of ETAP)
Minimum LG, LL LLG and 3-Phase Faults

Click on this button to perform a minimum 3-phase, line-to-ground, line-to-line, and line-to-line-to-ground fault studies per GOST Standard. This study calculates the initial periodic rms,
initial aperiodic, and surge currents at faulted buses. (For Future Release of ETAP)

See the Display Options section to customize the short-circuit annotation display options on the one-line diagram. This dialog box contains options for GOST short-circuit study results and
associated device parameters. This includes display options for the initial periodic and/or surge fault currents.
Unit Display Options

Click to turn on/off units on the OLV display.
Fault Current Type Display Option

Click to toggle between initial periodic, surge fault current, or both on the OLV display.
Alert View
After performing a short-circuit study, you can click on this button to open the Alert View, which lists all devices with critical and marginal violations based on the settings in the Study
Case.

Short-Circuit Output Reports are provided in Crystal Report forms. The Report Manager provides four pages (Complete, Input, Result, and Summary) for viewing the different parts of the
output report. Available formats for Crystal Reports are displayed in each page of the Report Manager. You can open and save the report in PDF, MS Word, Rich Text Format, or Excel
Format. If you wish this selection to be the default for reports, click ‘Set As Default’ check box.
For more details, also see View Crystal Reports section in Chapter 07 - Printing and Plotting.
You can also view output reports by clicking on the View Output Report button on the Study Case toolbar. A list of all output files in the selected project directory is provided for short-
circuit calculations.

Get Online Data

You can bring real-time data into your offline presentation and run a load flow by pressing on this button. You will notice that the Operating Loads, Bus Voltages, and Study Case Editor
will be updated with the online data. This requires ETAP to be online.
Get Archived Data

You can bring archived data from the ETAP Playback Server into your presentation and run a load flow by pressing on this button. You will notice that the Operating Loads, Bus Voltages,
and Study Case Editor will be updated with the playback data. This requires ETAP to be online.
ANSI Toolbar
IEC Toolbar
GOST Toolbar
Study Case Editor
Display Options
Required Data
Output Reports
Alert View
Short-Circuit Study Case Editor Overview
The Short-Circuit Study Case Editor contains solution control variables, faulted bus selection, and a variety of options for output reports. ETAP allows you to create and save an unlimited
number of Study Cases. Short-circuit calculations are conducted and reported in accordance with the settings of the Study Case selected in the toolbar. You can easily switch between
Study Cases without the trouble of resetting the Study Case options each time. This feature is designed to organize your study efforts and save you time.
With respect to the multi-dimensional database concept of ETAP, Study Cases can be used for any combination of the three major system components (i.e., for any configuration status,
one-line diagram presentation, and Base/Revision data).
The Short-Circuit Study Case Editor can be accessed from the Study Case toolbar by clicking on the Study Case button. You can also access this editor from the System Manager by
clicking on the Short-Circuit Study Case folder.
To create a new Study Case, go to System Manager, right-click on the Short-Circuit Study Case folder, and select Create New. A new Study Case will be created, which is a copy of the
default Study Case, and be added to the Short-Circuit Study Case folder.
ANSI Toolbar
IEC Toolbar
GOST Toolbar
Study Case Editor
Display Options
Required Data
Output Reports
Alert View
Info Page - Short-Circuit Study Case Editor
Study Case ID
Study Case ID is shown in this entry field. You can rename a Study Case by deleting the old ID and entering a new ID. The Study Case ID can be up to 12 alphanumeric characters. Use
the navigator button at the bottom of the editor to go from one Study Case to the next existing Study Case.
XFMR Tap
Two methods are provided for modeling transformer off-nominal tap settings:
Adjust Base kV
Base voltages of the buses are calculated using transformer turn ratios, which include the transformer kV ratings as well as the off-nominal tap settings. In looped systems, there is a
possibility of applying different base voltage values from two different paths if the transformer tap positions are considered to adjust the base kV. If this situation is detected, ETAP
displays the message shown below:
If this situation is caused by transformer taps, then you may use the “Use Nominal Tap” as an alternative. If you click the “OK” button on this error message window, the program will
carry out the calculation with the Use Nominal Tap method.
Use Nominal Tap

Transformer kV ratings are used as the transformer turn ratios for calculating base voltages of the buses (i.e., all off-nominal tap settings are ignored and transformer impedances are not
adjusted). However, even if this option is used, in some cases a looped system may still contain transformers with incompatible voltage ratios. This can lead to two different base voltage
values being applied at the same faulted bus, and this prevents the short-circuit calculation from continuing. An error message similar to the one below may be generated by the SC
program under this situation:
To correct this situation, you need to change the transformer kV rating of one of the transformers involved in the loop.
Calc. Load Term. SC

Check this box to calculate the short-circuit current at the load terminals. The fault analysis is performed at the terminals of induction motors, synchronous motors, static loads, capacitors
and MOVs. The load terminal fault calculation is carried out when you run Device Duty studies and is applicable to 3-phase and 1-phase loads connected to three-phase buses.
Note that the load terminal fault current for three-phase loads is calculated when you run the 3-phase Device Duty. The load terminal fault current for single-phase loads (connected to a
three-phase bus) is calculated when you run the Panel/1-Ph UPS/1-Ph System Device Duty. The following images illustrate this concept:
1-Ph/Panel/1-Ph UPS Subsystem

ETAP allows you to perform short-circuit device duty evaluations for 1-Ph systems, 3-Ph and 1-Ph Panels and 1-Ph UPS. The Info page has three options which allow selecting which type
of subsystem to include in the device duty calculation.
Panel
When this option is selected, all panel subsystems (3-Phase and 1-Phase) are included in device duty calculations.
1-Phase UPS
When this option is selected, all 1-Ph UPS subsystems are included in device duty calculations. The 1-Ph UPS is modeled as a voltage source behind an impedance for both ANSI and IEC
calculations. Please refer to the calculation methodology section for more details.
1-phase
When this option is selected, all single-phase subsystems connected below phase adapters will be included in device duty calculations.
Please see the ANSI/IEEE calculation methods section for more details on the Panel/1-Ph UPS/1-Ph System Device Duty Evaluation.
Cable/OL Heater
Select the appropriate checkboxes in this option group to include the impedance of equipment cable and overload heaters of medium and/or low voltage motors in short-circuit studies.
Report
Short-Circuit Output Reports have the following options:
Contribution Level
Choose how far away you want to see the short-circuit current contributions from individual buses to each faulted bus by specifying the number of bus levels away in this section. For large
systems, choosing to report a high number of levels may result in very large output reports (the report grows exponentially with the number of levels selected). The default is one. It is
recommended not to report more than 3 levels away for large systems unless it is required to report these far-away contributions.
When selecting contribution levels of n buses away, depending on the number of faulted buses, the calculated results are displayed on the one-line diagram and printed in the output report
as follows:
Displayed results: whole system

 Fault 1 (one) Bus
Report output: n bus levels away
Displayed results: 1 bus level away (from the adjacent buses)
 Fault (more than one) bus
Reported output: n bus levels away
Motor Contribution Based on

You can select the following options for considering motor contribution in short-circuit studies:
Motor Status
When this option is selected, motors whose status is either Continuous or Intermittent will make contributions in short-circuit. Motors with Spare status will not be considered in the Short-
Circuit Analysis.
Loading Category
When this option is selected, you can choose a loading category from the selection box to the right. In the short-circuit calculation, motors that have non-zero loading in the selected
loading category will have a contribution in short-circuit. Motors with zero loading in the selected loading category will not be included in the Short-Circuit Analysis.
Both
When this option is selected, a motor will make contribution in short-circuit if it meets either the Motor Status condition or the Loading Category condition. That is, for a motor to be
excluded in the Short-Circuit Analysis, it has to be in the Spare status and have zero loading in the selected Loading Category.
Bus Selection
ETAP is capable of faulting one or more buses in the same run; however, in the latter case buses are faulted individually, not simultaneously. Depending on the specified fault type, ETAP
will place a 3-phase, line-to-ground, line-to-line, and line-to-line-to-ground fault at each bus, which is faulted for short-circuit studies.
When you open the Short-Circuit Study Case Editor for the first time, all buses are listed in the “Don’t Fault” list box. This means that none of the buses are faulted. Using the following
procedures, you can decide which bus(es) you want to fault for this Study Case.
 To fault a bus, highlight the bus ID in the “Don’t Fault” list box and click on the Fault button. The highlighted bus will be transferred to the Fault list box.
 To remove a bus from the Fault list box, highlight the bus ID and click on the Fault button. The highlighted bus will be transferred to the “Don’t Fault” list box.
 If you wish to fault all buses, medium voltage buses, or low voltage buses, select that option and click on the Fault button. The specified buses will be transferred from the “Don’t
Fault” list box to the Fault list box.
 To remove all buses, medium voltage buses, or low voltage buses from the Fault list box, select that option and click on the Fault button. The specified buses will be transferred
from the Fault list box to the “Don’t Fault” list box.
Note: Single-phase buses below the panel or phase adapter cannot be faulted and therefore will not be displayed in the list of buses to fault.
Note: The fault selection may also be accomplished from the one-line diagram by selecting the buses in the one-line and right clicking on the OLD background and selecting to fault the
selected buses.
nd
Study Remarks 2 Line
Up to 120 alphanumeric characters may be entered in the Study Remarks 2 nd Line field. Information entered here will be printed on the second line of every Output Report page header
line. These remarks can provide specific information regarding each Study Case.
Note: The first line of the header information is global for all Study Cases and is entered in the Project Menu field.
ANSI Toolbar
IEC Toolbar
GOST Toolbar
Study Case Editor
Display Options
Required Data
Output Reports
Alert View
Standard Page - Short-Circuit Study Case Editor

Standard
ANSI, IEC, and GOST Standards are available for short-circuit studies. Select the Short-Circuit Study Standard by clicking on the standard notation. Different sets of solution control
variables (prefault voltage, calculation methods, etc.) are available for each standard.
When you create a new Study Case, the Short-Circuit Standard is set equal to the project standard you have specified in the Project Standards Editor, which is accessible from the Project
menu. The Study Case standard can be changed independently of the project standard.
The Short-Circuit Study Case Editor ANSI Standard page is shown below:
When the IEC Standard is selected, the study options will change and you will see the page shown below:
When the GOST Standard is selected, the study options will change and you will see the page shown below:
Prefault Voltage - ANSI Standard

You can select either fixed or variable prefault voltages for all buses.
Fixed Prefault Voltage

This option allows you to specify a fixed prefault voltage for all the faulted buses. This fixed value can be in percent of bus nominal kV or base kV. Bus nominal kV is the value you enter
in the Bus Editor to represent the normal operating voltage. The bus base kV is calculated by the program and is only reported in the results section of the short-circuit report for each
faulted bus.
The process of computing base kV starts from one of the swing machines, such as a utility or a generator, by taking its design voltage as the base kV for its terminal bus. It then propagates
throughout the entire system. When it encounters a transformer from one side, the transformer-rated voltage ratio will be used to calculate the base kV for the buses on other sides. If the
Adjust Base kV option is selected on the Info page of the Short-Circuit Study Case Editor, the transformer tap values will also be used in the base kV calculation along with transformer
rated voltage ratio. It can be seen from this calculation procedure that the base kV is close to the operating voltage, provided that the swing machine is operating at its design setting.
Variable Prefault Voltage

If you select the Vmag x Nominal kV (in the Bus Editor) prefault voltage option, ETAP uses the bus voltages entered in the Bus Editor as the prefault voltage for faulted buses. Using this
option, you can perform short-circuit studies with each faulted bus having a different prefault voltage. For instance, you can perform short-circuit studies using the bus voltages calculated
from a specific load flow study and calculate fault currents for an actual operating condition. To do so, select Update Initial Bus Voltages from the Load Flow Study Case Editor and run a
load flow analysis.
As the short-circuit current is proportional to the prefault voltage, different options will most likely give different results. However, with any one of the above options, the calculated fault
current is the same as long as the prefault voltage in kV is the same. The option to be used for a study depends on your engineering judgment and objective of the study. If you wish to
calculate the fault current to size protective switching devices, apply the maximum possible prefault voltages in the calculation by using the option of Fixed Base kV. If the bus normal
operating voltage is entered in the Bus Editor as the bus nominal voltage, you may also use the Fixed Nominal kV option.
HVCB Interrupting Capability- ANSI Standard

According to ANSI Standards, the rated interrupting capability entered in the High Voltage Circuit Breaker Editor corresponds to the maximum kV of the circuit breaker. When the circuit
breaker is utilized under a voltage below this maximum kV, its capability is actually higher than the rated interrupting kA. In this section, you specify the operating voltage to be used to
adjust breaker rating.
Nominal kV
When this option is selected, the nominal kV of the bus, connected to the circuit breaker, is assumed to be the operating voltage, and breaker, interrupting rating is adjusted to this voltage
value.
Nominal kV & Vf
When this option is selected, the operating voltage of the breaker is calculated as the multiplication of the prefault voltage and the nominal kV of the bus connected to the circuit breaker.
The circuit breaker interrupt rating is adjusted to this voltage value.
Machine X/R - ANSI Standard

Fixed and variable machine X/R options are available for short-circuit calculations. The selection of fixed or variable machine X/R impacts only the interrupting (1.5-4 cycle) duty
calculations of high voltage circuit breakers.
Fixed X/R
ETAP uses the specified machine X/R ratio (=Xd”/Ra) for both ½ cycle and 1.5-4 cycle networks. The intention of this option is to account for the fact that ANSI Standard does not
consider variable machine X/R ratio.
The following example shows Ra calculations when X/R ratio is fixed:
½ Cycle Network 1.5-4 Cycle Network

Input: Xsc 15 25
Input: X/R = 10
Calculated: Ra 1.5 2.5
Variable X/R
ETAP uses the specified machine X/R ratio and subtransient reactance (Xd”) to calculate the armature resistance (Ra). This resistance is then used for both ½ cycle and 1.5-4 cycle
networks. The motor reactance for 1.5-4 cycle network is larger than the motor reactance for ½ cycle networks. Therefore, this option results in a higher machine X/R ratio and a higher
short-circuit contribution for the interrupting fault calculation of a high voltage circuit breaker than the fixed X/R option.
The following example shows Ra and X/R calculations when variable X/R is considered:
½ Cycle Network 1.5-4 Cycle Network

Input: Xsc 15 25
Input: X/R = 10
Calculated: Ra 1.5 1.5
Final: X/R 10 16.7
LVCB Interrupting Capability

When running ANSI device duty, select to use either the ANSI Standard or a user-defined value to compare the operating kV against the LVCB rated kV as defined in the LVCB editor.
Note: This option does not apply for Fused LVCB. The %Limit is fixed to 100% of the rated kV of the LVCB.
C37.13/UL 489
Compare the operating voltage against 105.83% of the rated kV of the LVCB. ETAP will issue an alert to indicate that the operating kV exceeds the LVCB rated maximum kV for the
interrupting kA capability.
User-Defined kV
Compare the operating voltage against a user-defined percentage of the rated kV of the LVCB. ETAP will issue an alert to indicate the operating kV exceeds the LVCB rated maximum kV
for the interrupting kA capability. The allowable range for this field is 100 - 106%.
Protective Device Duty – ANSI Standard

You can select to use either the bus total fault current or the maximum current through a protective device to compare against protective device duty.
Based on Total Bus Fault Current

Check this box to use the Total Bus Fault Current to compare against protective device rating. The Maximum Through Fault Current is always used to compare against the protective
device rating for circuit breakers that are flagged as a generator circuit breaker due to its comparable contributions from both generator and system sides, even if the Based on Total Bus
Fault Current option is selected.
Based on Maximum through Fault Current

Check this box to use the maximum through fault current to compare against protective device rating. The Maximum through Fault Current is determined as the larger value between the
fault current contribution through a protective device and the total bus fault current minus the contribution through the device. For example, let’s consider the following results for the
system below:
Total Current = 35.8 < -88.53° kA

Generator Current = 18.52 < -88.81° kA
Total Current – Generator Current = 17.28 < -88.23° kA
From the results it is seen that the generator current will be the maximum through fault current used for the evaluation of the circuit breaker CB7.
For ANSI Device Duty calculation, if the faulted bus is the terminal bus of a generator or motor, the rated or Full Load Amps (FLA) of the machine can be considered at the user’s choice
to determine the maximum through fault current. It is assumed that for a generator, the rated current is flowing out of the generator, and for a motor, the full load current is flowing into the
motor. Therefore, for a generator, the rated current is added to generator short-circuit contribution to determine the maximum through fault current. For a motor, the full load current is
subtracted from motor short-circuit contribution to determine the maximum through fault current.
There is an ETAP Preference entry which allows you to consider or not consider the FLA for the calculation of the maximum through fault current. You can edit the “Include Machine
FLA Based on Maximum Through” entry by accessing the Options (Preferences) Editor from the Tools menu, located under the short-circuit section.
This entry indicates to the short-circuit program to include (or exclude) the rated Full Load Amps (FLA) of induction/synchronous machines in the calculation of the maximum through
short-circuit current duty (momentary or interrupting) of protective devices directly connected to those machines. If this entry is set to 0, the FLA will not be considered (this includes
generator circuit breakers). This entry only applies for ANSI Short-circuit calculations (IEC Short-Circuit does not consider the FLA and thus is not affected by this option).
C37.010 – 1999
Check this option to calculate the S factor for symmetrical rated high voltage circuit breaker based on the contact parting time entered in the Circuit Breaker Editor. In calculating the S
factor, the standard time constant for DC component specified in ANSI Standards are used, 45 ms for regular circuit breaker and 133 ms for generator circuit breaker. Additionally, when
calculating asymmetrical fault current, the multiplication factors for local and remote contribution are also calculated based on the contact parting time entered in the Circuit Breaker
Editor. If the curve for the specified contact parting time is not available, the multiplication factor is interpolated based on available curves. See section ANSI/IEEE Calculation Methods
for more information.
C37.010 – 1979 and Older

When this option is selected, the standard contact parting time and corresponding S factor are used in the calculation. These standard contact parting time and corresponding S factors are
given in group High Voltage Circuit Breaker Interrupting Duty Calculation. When this option is selected, the contact parting time entered in high voltage circuit breaker is ignored in the
calculation.
MF for HV CB & Bus Momentary Duty

This group provides options for you to select a method to calculate the multiplication factors used for computation of asymmetrical and peak values for high-voltage circuit breaker and
high-voltage bus momentary duty. Note that the asymmetrical and peak values of momentary duty are calculated based on the symmetrical duty and X/R. Therefore, this group of options
is for selection of X/R used in the calculation. Figures below graphically illustrate the calculated MF for each method:
Based on Calculated X/R

With this option selected, the multiplication factors used to compute the asymmetrical and peak duty for high-voltage circuit breakers and high-voltage buses are based on Calculated
System X/R ratio. This X/R ratio is calculated from the separate X and R networks for each faulted bus. From the figures given above, it is seen that at about X/R = 25, the calculated
multiplication factor for the asymmetrical duty (MFm) is about 1.6. At about X/R = 17, the calculated multiplication factor for the crest duty (MFp) is about 2.6. When the calculated X/R
ratio is different from these values, the multiplication factors can be larger or smaller than 1.6 or 2.6. Since this option provides the most accurate results for momentary duty, it is the
default option.
Set to 1.6 & 2.6 (RMS & Peak) as Min.

With this option selected, the multiplication factors used to compute the asymmetrical and peak duty for high-voltage circuit breakers and high-voltage buses are based on calculated
system X/R ratio with minimum limits. The calculated multiplication factor for the asymmetrical duty (MFm) is limited at no less than 1.6 and the calculated multiplication factor for the
peak duty (MFp) is limited at no less than 2.6. Note that the values of 1.6 and 2.6 are used in the examples in IEEE Std C37.010.
Set to 1.6 & 2.6 (RMS & Peak)

With this option selected, the multiplication factors used to compute the asymmetrical and peak duty for high-voltage circuit breakers and high-voltage buses are fixed values. The value
of 1.6 is used as the multiplication factor for the asymmetrical duty (MFm) and the value of 2.6 is used as the multiplication factor for the peak duty (MFp). In this case, system X/R ratio
has no effect on the calculation of asymmetrical and peak duty. Note that the values of 1.6 and 2.6 are used in the examples in IEEE Std C37.010.
MF for LV CB & (Molded & Insulated) Duty

This group provides options for you to select the method to be used for calculating multiplication factor for low voltage molded case circuit breaker and insulated case circuit breakers.
Based on Peak Current

This method calculates multiplication factor (MF) based on the peak current, which is the same method used for calculating MF for an unfused low voltage power circuit breaker.
Based on Asymmetrical Current

This method calculates multiplication factor (MF) based on the asymmetrical current, which is the same method used for calculating MF for a fused low voltage power circuit breaker.
Higher MF (Peak or Asymmetrical)

When this option is selected, the method that yields higher MF will be used, which provides a more conservative result. Study results have shown that depending on the sizing of a low
voltage molded or insulated circuit breaker and its testing power factor, either the peak current method or the asymmetrical method may give a more conservative result. The following
table shows results for some typical circuit breakers.
Breaker Rating Peak Current Method Asymmetrical Current Method

20 kA
More Conservative
(PF = 20%, X/R = 4.9)
10 -- 20 kA
More Conservative
(PF = 30%, X/R = 3.18)
<=10 kA
Slightly More Conservative
(PF = 50%, X/R = 1.73)
WTG/Inverter Control Adjustment Angle (ANSI and IEC)

This sub-group of options allows the specification of a control adjustment reference angle for the constant-current source injection during short-circuit conditions.
Individual WTG / Inverter

The control adjustment angle is specified individually at each constant-current source.
Global
Apply a global control adjustment angle for all constant-current sources.
For more information on the handling of constant-current sources and their relation to generation categories, please refer to the calculation methodology section of this chapter.
Short Circuit Current - IEC Standard

In this group, you specify if the maximum or minimum short-circuit current to be calculated and based on the selection, different c factors will be used to modify source voltage. There are
three (3) options available: Max, User-Defined c Factor, and Min. When the Max option is selected, the maximum values for c factor as defined in Table I of IEC 60909-2016 Standard is
used to calculate maximum fault current:
< 1001 V c Factor = 1.051 (or 1.1 depending on Cmax option)

1.001 to 230 kV c Factor = 1.10
> 230 kV c Factor = 1.10
Note1 that the c Factors for voltage below 1.001 kV may vary depending on the “Cmax for Z Adjustment (< 1001 V)” option.
When the User-Defined c Factor option is selected, ETAP uses the user specified c factor. The ranges for the c Factors are as follows:
< 1001 V c Factor = 0.1 -- 1.95

1.001 to 230 kV c Factor = 0.1 -- 1.95
> 230 kV c Factor = 0.1 -- 1.95
Note: The application of user-defined c Factors beyond the recommended range below should be done under engineering supervision. Some countries may have adopted variations in the
range of the c Factor depending on the expected variation on their network operating voltages. Using c Factors outside the range can be considered outside the scope of IEC 60909.
< 1001 V c Factor = 0.95 -- 1.10

1.001 to 230 kV c Factor = 1.00 -- 1.10
> 230 kV c Factor = 1.00 -- 1.10
When the Min. option is selected, the minimum values for c Factor, as defined in IEC 60909 Standard, are used to calculate minimum fault current:
< 1001 V c Factor = 0.95

1.001 to 230 kV c Factor = 1.00
> 230 kV c Factor = 1.00
In each case, ETAP calculates ip, I" k, and Ik. Additionally, impedance tolerance, length tolerance, and operating temperature that are used in calculations also vary according to the c
Factor options selected.
If either the Max or User-Defined c Factor option is selected:
 The negative tolerance value is used for synchronous generator and synchronous motor direct-axis subtransient reactance (X”d).
 If the option is set in the Study Case to apply tolerance on impedance values, the negative tolerance value is used for transformer impedance, reactor impedance, and overload heater
impedance.
 If the option is set in the Study Case to apply tolerance on length, the negative tolerance value is used to for line length and cable length.
 If the option is set in the Study Case to adjust resistance value by individual operating temperature, the minimum operating temperature is used to adjust cable and line resistance.
If the Min option is selected:
 The positive tolerance value is used for synchronous generator and synchronous motor direct-axis subtransient reactance (X”d).
 If the option is set in the Study Case to apply tolerance on impedance values, the positive tolerance value is used for transformer impedance, reactor impedance, and overload heater
impedance.
 If the option is set in the Study Case to apply tolerance on length, the positive tolerance value is used for line length and cable length.
 If the option is set in the Study Case to adjust resistance value by individual operating temperature, the maximum operating temperature is used to adjust cable and line resistance.
It should be noted that when the Min option is selected, the IEC Duty button is disabled in the IEC toolbar to prevent you from accidentally performing device duty calculation with
minimum short-circuit current.
Calculation Method - IEC Standard

X/R for Peak Current
 Method A – Using the uniform ratio X/R in calculating the peak current
 Method B – Using the X/R ratio at the short-circuit location in calculating the peak current
 Method C – Using equivalent frequency in calculating the peak current
Protective Device Duty – IEC Standard

You can select either the bus total fault current or the maximum current through a protective device to compare against protective device duty.
Based on Total Bus Fault Current

Check this box to use the Total Bus Fault Current to compare against protective device rating for all protective device ratings. The High Voltage Circuit Breakers (HVCB) flagged as
generators are treated accordingly only in ANSI short-circuit calculations. For an IEC short-circuit these are still considered as non-generator HVCB (the generator HVCB only applies
under ANSI Standards).
Based on Maximum Through Fault Current

Check this box to use the Maximum Through Fault Current to compare against protective device rating. The maximum through fault current is determined as the larger value between the
fault current contribution through a protective device and the total bus fault current minus the contribution through the device.
The rated current of a generator and full load current of a motor are not considered in determining Maximum Through Fault Current due to the difference in short-circuit calculation
methods between ANSI and IEC Standards.
Report Breaking Duty vs. CB Time Delay

In the IEC Device Duty calculation, this option will report a list of breaking currents for a number of different delay times in the individual fault calculation result page of the Crystal
Report. You can select to display the breaking duty based on the total fault current or based on the Maximum Through Fault Current.
The breaking duty is not directly associated with any protective device; therefore the total bus fault current and the Maximum Through Fault Current options below this checkbox are
independent of the option selected for the “Protective Device Duty”.
LVCB Breaking – IEC Standard

This group allows you to specify what LVCB breaking current rating is used to compare against the calculated fault current.
Use Ics
If this option is selected, ETAP will use the rated short-circuit service breaking capacity (kA) to compare against the calculated breaking current by the IEC Duty (60909) Short-Circuit
Module.
Use Icu
If this option is selected, ETAP will use the rated short-circuit ultimate breaking capacity (kA) to compare against the calculated breaking current by the IEC Duty (60909) Short-Circuit
Program.
Cmax for Z Adjustment (<1000 V)

This group allows you to specify which constant value to use in the calculation of the K correction factors used to adjust the impedance of devices like transformers and generators.
1.05 (± 6% V Tol)
Use cmax = 1.05 for calculating the impedance correction factors for systems with 6% Voltage Tolerance.
1.1 (± 10% V Tol)

Use cmax = 1.1 for calculating the impedance correction factors for systems with 10% Voltage Tolerance.
Note: These constants are not used as c Factors for the adjustment of the prefault voltage.
IEC 61363 Plot Options – IEC Standard

This group allows you to customize the Plot Options for the IEC 61363 calculation program.
Plot Time
This input field allows the user to extend the plot time of the IEC 61363 transient short-circuit calculation. Please note that extending the time beyond the default and previous value of 100
ms falls outside of the scope of the IEC 61363 standard. The plots are assumed to be the natural decay of the time constants of the electrical system and machinery. Machine control units
are not considered for this calculation. The maximum time that can be entered is 99 seconds.
Plot All Three-Phases

If this option is selected, ETAP will plot all three-phases of the power system for IEC 61363 transient short-circuit calculation. The system is assumed to be balanced, positive sequence
rotation, with +/- 120 deg shift between phases.
Initial Angle
This input field indicates what the initial phase angle if for the reference phase A. The field and text is hidden if the option “Plot All Three-Phases” is not enabled in the study case. The
default value is -90 deg. The range that can be entered is -180 to 180 deg.
Thermal Withstand Duty Duration

This group allows you to specify what time duration to use for the thermal evaluation of HVCBs and LVCBs.
Tkr
If this option is selected, ETAP will use the rated short-time withstand time to compare against the calculated thermal equivalent short-circuit current through the device by the IEC Duty
(60909) short-circuit program.
Tk (User-Defined)
If this option is selected, ETAP will use the user-defined short-time withstand time, entered in the rating page of the PD’s editor, to compare against the calculated thermal equivalent
short-circuit current through the device by the IEC Duty (60909) short-circuit program.
Zero Sequence MDL – ANSI, IEC, and GOST Standard

Include Y for Branch and Static Load
This option allows you to consider the effect of zero-sequence capacitances of lines and cables as well as shunt admittances of distinct static load elements. Y is considered by ANSI, IEC
and GOST LG and LLG short-circuit calculations. This means that if a cable has a zero-sequence susceptance value specified under the Y field (impedance page), ETAP will consider it in
the calculation of 3Io.
For recommended practices regarding the zero-sequence capacitances for the elements described above please refer to the following documents
 IEEE 399-1997, IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Analysis, (Section 7.5.3)
 IEC 60909-0 2016, Short-circuit currents in three-phase a.c. systems, (Section 5.2 e)
CableR Adjustment for SC Current – GOST Standard

This section provides options for adjustment on cable resistance for short-circuit current when a minimum short-circuit current calculation is conducted.
Uniform Factor: C = 1.5

Select a fixed factor of 1.5 to adjust cable resistance for minimum short-circuits calculations.
Standard Curves
The adjustment factor is calculated based on the curves provided in the low voltage system short-circuit standard Annex 2, based on short-circuit time and time of cables. These curves
calculate cable resistance adjustment factor for minimum short-circuit calculations.
Uniform SC Current Duration

This field has 4 values: 0.2, 0.6, 1.0 & 1.5 second. The user can select a short-circuit time for resistance adjustment for all cables.
Apply to System above 20 kV or Bus Equivalent X/R >= 3 (For Future Release of ETAP)
If this option is not checked, the cable R adjustment for SC current will only be applied to system with kV <= 20 kV and X/R < 3. If checked, it will apply to whole system.
HV System – GOST Standard

This section provides options for determining method for system X/R, surge factor and complex load model.
Ta calculations are based on:
 Zeq – equivalent Z at fault location for complex systems.

 Req Xeq – separate R and X networks for complex systems.
 Zeq@40%Freq – equivalent Z at fault location under 40% of rated system frequency for complex systems.
Lump Load Model – GOST Standard

User-Defined Z
Use lump (complex) load impedance from lump load editor.
Per Standard
Use typical lump (complex) load impedance and internal voltage as per Table 2 of standard.
ANSI Toolbar
IEC Toolbar
GOST Toolbar
Study Case Editor
Display Options
Required Data
Output Reports
Alert View
PreFault Page - Short Circuit Study Case Editor

The PreFault Page of the Short-Circuit Study Case applies to both ANSI and IEC Standards. This page contains options for prefault loading of all voltage-dependent current sources for all
short-circuit calculations and prefault load flow study case selection for IEC-61363 calculations.
Prefault Generation Category for WTG & Inverters (ANSI and IEC)
This group of options is for selecting the generation category for inverters, WTG Type 4 and Type 3 (with current limiting mode) and PV inverters. These elements can be modeled as
voltage-dependent current sources in ETAP. The selected category is used to determine real power flow from these sources during short-circuit conditions.
Generation Category
Select the generation category for voltage-dependent current type of short-circuit sources. The loading percent of the selected category and rated power factor are used to determine
prefault generation of these sources.
Operating P, Q, V
When this option is checked, the generation category selected will be ignored and the operating values from voltage-dependent current sources will be used as prefault generation.
IEC-61363 Prefault Condition

This group of options is for specifying prefault condition for IEC-61363 calculation only. The prefault condition will affect internal voltage and short-circuit contributions for all short-
circuit sources.
No Load Bus Nominal Voltage & c Factor

When this option is selected, the short-circuit calculation is for no load condition and the internal voltage for a source is its terminal bus nominal voltage multiplied by the c factor
specified from the Standard page of short-circuit study case editor. Note that if the Minimum c factor option is selected, the device duty evaluation will be skipped and only fault currents
are calculated.
When this option is selected, the prefault generation condition for voltage-dependent current sources will be determined based on the Prefault Generation Category for WTG & Inverter
group.
Prefault Load Flow

When this option is selected, ETAP carries out a load flow calculation and determines the internal voltage for short-circuit contributing sources based on load flow results. The user may
select any pre-defined load flow study case and can also open the load flow study case from this editor to view or make changes. In this case, the Prefault Generation Category for WTG &
Inverters group is not applied.
Load Flow Study Case

This list allows the user to select a study case for prefault load flow calculation. When clicking on the study case button on the left of this list, it brings up the load flow study case editor
for viewing and modifying parameters for load flow calculations.
Skip Load Flow Adjustment

If this option is checked, no component adjustments will apply for prefault load flow calculations. If unchecked, the component adjustment options specified from the load flow study case
will be used. Note that the adjustments applied for load flow calculations are in general different from the adjustments applied in short-circuit calculations.
Loading
This field displays the loading category specified from the selected load flow study case.
Generation
This field displays the generation category specified from the selected load flow study case.
ANSI Toolbar
IEC Toolbar
GOST Toolbar
Study Case Editor
Display Options
Required Data
Output Reports
Alert View
Adjustment Page - Short Circuit Study Case Editor

The Adjustments Page of the Short-Circuit Study Case applies to both ANSI and IEC Standards. This page contains different types of adjustments to conductor resistance, cable length,
transformer impedance, and others.
Impedance Tolerance
This group allows you to consider tolerance adjustments to equipment resistance and impedance. Each tolerance adjustment can be applied based on the individual equipment percent
tolerance setting or based on a globally-specified percent value.
Transformer Impedance Adjustment

This adjustment is applied to the transformer impedance. The adjustment includes positive, negative, and zero sequence impedance depending on the type of fault being performed (3-
Phase or LG, LLG, and LL). The net effect of the Transformer Impedance Adjustment in short-circuit calculations is to decrease the impedance by the specified percent tolerance value.
For example, if the transformer impedance is 12% and the tolerance is 10%, the adjusted impedance used in the short-circuit calculation will be 10.8% resulting in a higher fault current.
The impedance adjustment can be applied to individual transformers by using the tolerance percent value specified in the Transformer Editor Rating Page. A global transformer impedance
adjustment can be specified as well by selecting and specifying a global tolerance other than 0% in the corresponding field of short-circuit Study Case Editor Adjustment Page. The global
impedance adjustment overrides any individual transformer tolerance value.
Reactor Impedance Adjustment

This adjustment is applied to the reactor impedance. The Short-Circuit Module reduces the reactor impedance by the specified percent tolerance resulting in smaller impedance and
consequently a higher fault current. For example, if the impedance of the reactor is 0.1 Ohm and its tolerance is 5%, then the adjusted reactor resistance used in the short-circuit calculation
is 0.095 Ohm.
The impedance adjustment can be applied to individual reactors by using the tolerance percent value specified in the Reactor Editor Rating page. A global Reactor Impedance Adjustment
can be specified as well by selecting and specifying a global tolerance other than 0% in the corresponding field of Short-Circuit Study Case Editor Adjustment page. The global Impedance
Adjustment overrides any individual reactor tolerance value.
Overload Heater Resistance Adjustment

This adjustment is applied to the Overload Heater (OH) Resistance. The Short-Circuit Module reduces the OH resistance by the specified percent tolerance resulting in smaller resistance
and consequently a higher fault current. For example, if the resistance of the OH is 0.1 Ohm and its tolerance is 5%, then the adjusted OH resistance used in the short-circuit calculation is
0.095 Ohm.
The Resistance Adjustment can be applied to individual overload heaters by using the tolerance percent value specified in the Overload Heaters Editor Rating Page. A global Overload
Heater Resistance Adjustment can be specified as well by selecting and specifying a global tolerance other than 0% in the corresponding field of Short-Circuit Study Case Editor
Adjustment page. The global Resistance Adjustment overrides any individual overload heater tolerance value.
The adjustments only apply if the “Cable/OL Heater” option is selected for MV and/or LV motors.
Synchronous Machine Direct-Axis Subtransient Reactance (X”d) Adjustment

The Direct-Axis Subtransient Reactance (X”d) for a synchronous generator or a synchronous motor will always be adjusted by the X”d tolerance value entered in the Impedance/Model
page of the Machine Editor. The Short-Circuit module reduces the X”d value by the specified percent tolerance resulting in smaller impedance and consequently a higher fault current. For
example, if the X”d value is 10% and its tolerance is 5%, then the adjusted X”d value used in the short-circuit calculation is 9.5%.
Impedance Tolerance for IEC Minimum Short-Circuit current Calculation

In general, in order to calculate a more conservative (higher) short-circuit current, the impedance tolerance value is taken as a negative value, resulting in a smaller impedance value.
However, in IEC short-circuit current calculation, if the Min option is selected in the short-circuit current group of the Standard page, the impedance tolerance value will be taken as a
positive value. This leads to a larger impedance value and a lower short-circuit current.
Length Tolerance
This group allows you to consider tolerance adjustments to cable and transmission line length. Each tolerance adjustment can be applied based on the individual equipment percent
tolerance setting or based on a globally-specified percent value.
Cable Length Adjustment

This adjustment is applied to the cable length. The Short-Circuit module reduces the cable length by the specified percent tolerance resulting in smaller impedance and consequently a
higher fault current. For example, if the length of the cable is 200 ft. and the tolerance is 5%, then the adjusted cable length used in the short-circuit calculation is 190 ft.
The Length Adjustment can be applied to individual cables by using the tolerance percent value specified in the Cable Editor Info page. A global Cable Length Adjustment can be
specified as well by selecting and specifying a global tolerance other than 0% in the corresponding field of Short-Circuit Study Case Editor Adjustment page. The global Length
Adjustment overrides any individual cable tolerance value.
Transmission Line Length Adjustment

This adjustment is applied to the transmission line length. The Short-Circuit module reduces the transmission line length by the specified percent tolerance resulting in smaller impedance
and consequently a higher fault current. For example, if the length of the transmission line is 2 miles and the tolerance is 2.5%, then the adjusted transmission line length used in the short-
circuit calculation is 1.95 miles.
The Length Adjustment can be applied to individual lines by using the tolerance percent value specified in the Transmission Line Editor Info page. A global Transmission Line Length
Adjustment can be specified as well by selecting and specifying a global tolerance other than 0% in the corresponding field of Short-Circuit Study Case Editor Adjustment page. The
global Length Adjustment overrides any individual transmission line tolerance value.
Length Tolerance for IEC Minimum Short-Circuit current Calculation

In general, in order to calculate a more conservative (higher) short-circuit current, the length tolerance value is taken as a negative value, resulting in shorter length. However, in IEC short-
circuit current calculation, if the Min option is selected in the short-circuit current group of the Standard page, the length tolerance value will be taken as a positive value. This leads to a
longer length and a lower short-circuit current.
Resistance Temperature Correction

This group allows you to consider resistance correction based on the minimum operating temperature for cable and transmission line conductors. Each temperature resistance correction
can be applied based on the individual cable/line minimum temperature setting or based on a globally specified value.
Resistance Temperature Correction for Transmission Line Resistance

This adjustment is applied to the transmission line conductor resistance. The Short-Circuit module adjusts the conductor resistance based on the minimum operating temperature. If the
minimum operating temperature is less than the rated base temperature of the conductor, then the resistance is reduced.
The temperature correction can be applied to individual lines by using the minimum operating temperature value specified in the Transmission Line Editor Impedance page. A global
temperature correction can be specified as well by selecting and specifying a global minimum temperature value in the corresponding field of Short-Circuit Study Case Editor Adjustment
page. The global temperature correction value overrides any individual Transmission Line Impedance page minimum temperature. Please refer to the Transmission Line Editor Impedance
Page section in Chapter 11, AC Elements.
Resistance Temperature Correction for Cable Resistance

This adjustment is applied to the cable conductor resistance. The Short-Circuit Module adjusts the conductor resistance based on the minimum operating temperature. If the minimum
operating temperature is less than the rated base temperature of the conductor, then its resistance is reduced.
The temperature correction can be applied to individual cables by using the minimum operating temperature value specified in the Cable Editor Impedance page. A global temperature
correction can be specified as well by selecting and specifying a global minimum temperature value in the corresponding field of Short-Circuit Study Case Editor Adjustment page. The
global temperature correction value overrides any individual Cable Impedance Page minimum temperature. Please refer to the Cable Editor Impedance page section in Chapter 11, AC
Elements.
Resistance Temperature Correction for IEC Minimum Short-Circuit current Calculation

In general, in order to calculate a more conservative (higher) short-circuit current, the Resistance Temperature Correction is conducted according to the minimum operating temperature,
resulting in a smaller resistance value. However, in IEC short-circuit current calculation, if the Min option is selected in the Short-circuit current section of the Standard page, the
resistance temperature correction will be conducted according to the maximum operating temperature. This leads to a higher resistance value and a lower short-circuit current.
Fault Zf
You may consider fault impedance in the unbalance fault calculations. In this section, you specify the fault impedance to be applied to all the faulted buses. Depending on the type of faults
applied to a bus, the specified fault impedance is assumed to be between locations as given below:
 For a line-to-ground fault, the fault impedance is assumed to be between phase A and the ground.
 For a line-to-line fault, the fault impedance is assumed to be between phase A and phase B.
 For a line-to-line-to-ground fault, the fault impedance is assumed to be between the ground and the short-circuit point between phases A and B.
Include Fault Impedance Zf
Check this box to include fault impedance in the calculation. You can enter fault impedance in the editor box below.
Fault Impedance Unit

You can enter the fault impedance in either Ohms or percent. If the Ohm option is selected, the values in the R and X Editor boxes are in Ohms. If you select the Percent option, the values
in the R and X Editor boxes are in percent based on 100 MVA and the nominal kV of the faulted bus.
R and X
In these two editor boxes, you enter the fault impedance in either Ohms or percent, depending on the fault impedance unit selected. These values apply to all the faulted buses.
Apply Pos. Tolerance and Max. Temp. for ANSI Min. Short-Circuit
This check box allows the application of positive tolerance and maximum temperature resistance adjustments for ANSI minimum short-circuit calculations. In other words, this option
sets the impedance tolerance, length tolerance and resistance temperature impedance corrections as positive adjustments instead of negative. This option is considered only when you run
the minimum short-circuit calculation for ANSI Standards. The net effect of this option on the calculation results is to increase the impedance/resistance of the elements in order to find the
true minimum short-circuit current.
ANSI Toolbar
IEC Toolbar
GOST Toolbar
Study Case Editor
Display Options
Required Data
Output Reports
Alert View
Alert Page - Short-Circuit Study Case Editor

The Alert Page allows you to set up alerts on short-circuit calculation results. The objective is to alert you to certain conditions of interest in short-circuit studies. The alerts are determined
based on predetermined device ratings and system topology after performing a short-circuit calculation.
Alert
There are two categories of alerts generated by the short-circuit calculations: Critical and Marginal. The difference between the two is their use of different condition percent values for the
same monitored parameter. If a condition for a Critical Alert is met, then an alert will be generated in the alert view window and the overloaded element will turn red in the one-line
diagram. The same is true for Marginal Alerts, with the exception that the overloaded component will be displayed in the color magenta. Also, the Marginal Alerts checkbox must be
selected to display the Marginal Alerts. If a device alert qualifies it for both Critical and Marginal alerts, then only Critical Alerts are displayed.
Bus Alert
Short-circuit simulation alerts for buses are designed to monitor crest, symmetrical, and asymmetrical bracing conditions. These conditions are determined from bus rating values and
Short-Circuit Analysis results. The percent of monitored parameter value in the Short-Circuit Study Case Alert page is fixed at 100% for Critical Short-Circuit Alerts. The Marginal alert
percent value is user-defined.
Protective Device Alert

The set up of protective device simulation alerts is similar to that of bus alerts. You can enter the monitored parameter percent values for Marginal Alerts into the Short-Circuit Study Case
Editor alert set up page; however, this value is fixed to 100% for critical level alerts.
For all protective devices the current rating will be compared against the maximum through fault current or the total bus fault current depending on the selection in the protective device
duty in the Short-Circuit Study Case Standards page.
Marginal Device Limit

ETAP flags all protective devices whose momentary and interrupting duties exceed their capabilities by displaying the element in red on the one-line diagram and flagging it in the output
report. Select the Marginal Device Limit option and specify the marginal limit in percent of the device capability to flag devices with marginal capabilities.
For example, consider a circuit breaker with an interrupting rating of 42 kA and a calculated short-circuit duty of 41 kA. The capability of this circuit breaker is not exceeded; however, if
the marginal device limit is set to 95%, the circuit breaker will be flagged in the output report and will be displayed in purple in the one-line diagram as a device with marginal capability.
Auto Display
The Auto Display feature of the Short-Circuit Study Case Editor Alert page allows you to decide if the Alert View window should be automatically displayed as soon as the short-circuit
calculation is completed.
ANSI Toolbar
IEC Toolbar
GOST Toolbar
Study Case Editor
Display Options
Required Data
Output Reports
Alert View

The Short-Circuit Analysis Display Options consist of a Results page and three pages for AC, AC-DC, and Color information annotations. The colors and displayed annotations selected
for each study are specific to that study.
Results Page
The Results Page of the Display Options is where you select different result annotations to be displayed in the one-line diagram. Depending on short-circuit study type, ANSI or IEC, this
page gives you different options for 3-phase fault results. If the study type is ANSI Short-Circuit Analysis, you will see the Results Page as shown below:
ANSI Page IEC Page GOST Page
If the study type is IEC Short-Circuit Analysis, the options in the 3-Phase Faults section are Peak or Initial Symmetrical rms current. The rest of the groups are the same as that for the
ANSI Short-Circuit Analysis.
If the study type is GOST Short-Circuit Analysis, the options in the 3-Phase Faults section are Initial Periodic current, Surge current, or both Surge and Initial Periodic currents in kA. The
rest of the groups are the same as that for the ANSI Short-Circuit Analysis.
Show Units
Check the box to show units for voltage and current on the one-line diagram.
Bus Voltage Unit

Select bus voltage display units in kV or in percent. Bus voltages are only displayed when you fault one bus in the system.
Fault Current for Device Duty Calculations

Select which 3-phase fault current values are displayed on the one-line diagram. The ETAP Short-Circuit Module provides results on the OLD when running the Duty ½ and 1.5 to 4 cycle
calculations.
Symmetrical ½ Cycle or Symmetrical 1.5 to 4 Cycle kA
For the ANSI Short-Circuit Method (3-phase faults), select momentary (symmetrical 1/2 cycle) or interrupting symmetrical (symmetrical 1.5 to 4 cycle) kA to be displayed on the one-line
diagram.
Peak or Initial Symmetrical kA

For the IEC Short-Circuit Method (3-phase faults), select peak or initial symmetrical rms kA to be displayed on the one-line diagram.
Initial Periodic or Surge kA

For the GOST Short-Circuit Method (3-phase faults), select initial periodic rms kA or surge kA to be displayed on the one-line diagram.
Fault Type for Unbalanced Fault Calculations

After conducting an unbalanced fault calculation, the Fault Type section allows you to select the type of fault for which the short-circuit results to be displayed. You have the option to
display results in sequence components or in phases.
3-Phase
In a three-phase fault, the fault current for all phases are the same. In this case, ETAP displays the phase A current in OLV.
L-G
When the Line-to-Ground fault type is selected, there are three options for the fault results to be displayed: voltage on phase B and zero sequence current, sequence voltage and current,
and phase voltage and current.
L-L and L-L-G

When the Line-to-Line or Line-to-Line-to-Ground fault type is selected, there are three options for the fault results to be displayed: voltage on phase A and zero sequence current, sequence
voltage and current, and phase voltage and current.
Display Motor Contributions

Medium Voltage Motor
Select this option to display short-circuit current contributions from medium voltage motors (more than 1kV) on the one-line diagram.
Large Low Voltage Motor

Select this option to display short-circuit current contributions from large low voltage motors (motor sizes equal to or larger than 100 hp or kW) on the one-line diagram.
Small Low Voltage Motor

Select this option to display short-circuit current contributions from small low voltage motors (motor sizes smaller than 100 hp or kW) on the one-line diagram.
Display Options Pages:

AC Page
AC-DC Page
Colors Page
ANSI Toolbar
IEC Toolbar
GOST Toolbar
Study Case Editor
Display Options
Required Data
Output Reports
Alert View

ETAP provides two Short-Circuit Calculation Methods based on ANSI/IEEE and IEC Standards. You can select the calculation method from the Short-Circuit Study Case Editor. This
section describes the ANSI/IEEE Standard Method of Calculation.
Standard Compliance
ETAP short-circuit calculation per ANSI/IEEE Standards complies with the latest ANSI/IEEE and UL Standards, as listed below:
Standard Pub. Year Title

IEEE C37.04
1979 (1988)
IEEE C37.04f
1990
IEEE C37.04g
1986
IEEE C37.04h Standard Rating Structure for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis and Supplements
1990
IEEE C37.04i
1991
IEEE C37.04
1999
IEEE C37.010
1979, 1988,1999
IEEE C37.010b
1985
IEEE C37.010e IEEE Application Guide for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Basis and supplements
1985
IEEE C37.010
1999
Standard for Low-Voltage AC Power Circuit Breakers Used in Enclosures
IEEE C37.13 1990
Standard for AC High-Voltage Generator Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis
IEEE C37.013 1997
Standard for Metal Enclosed Low-Voltage Power Circuit Breaker Switchgear
IEEE C37.20.1 2002

Power System Analysis – the Brown Book
IEEE Std 399 1990 & 1997
Electric Power Distribution for Industrial Plants – the Red Book
IEEE Std 141 1986 & 1993
IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems – the Buff Book
IEEE Std 242 1986 & 2001
Standard for Safety for Molded-Case Circuit Breakers, Molded-Case Switches, and Circuit-Breaker Enclosures
UL 489_9 1996,2000,2002
General Description of Calculation Methodology

In ANSI/IEEE short-circuit calculations, an equivalent voltage source at the fault location, which equals the prefault voltage at the location, replaces all external voltage sources and
machine internal voltage sources.
All machines are represented by their internal impedances. Line capacitances and static loads are neglected. Transformer taps can be set at either the nominal position or at the tapped
position, and different schemes are available to correct transformer impedance and system voltages if off-nominal tap setting exist. It is assumed that for 3-phase fault, the fault is bolted.
Therefore, arc resistances are not considered. You can specify fault impedance in the Short-Circuit Study Case for single-phase to ground fault. System impedances are assumed to be
balanced 3-phase, and the method of symmetrical components is used for unbalanced fault calculations.
Three different impedance networks are formed to calculate momentary, interrupting, and steady-state short-circuit currents, and corresponding duties for various protective devices. These
networks are: ½ cycle network (subtransient network), 1.5-4 cycle network (transient network), and 30 cycle network (steady-state network).
ANSI/IEEE Standards recommend the use of separate R and X networks to calculate X/R values. X/R ratios are obtained for each individual faulted bus and short-circuit current. This X/R
ratio is then used to determine the multiplying factor to account for the system DC offset.
Using the ½ cycle and 1.5-4 cycle networks, the symmetrical rms value of the momentary and interrupting short-circuit currents are solved first. These values are then multiplied by
appropriate multiplying factors to finally obtain the asymmetrical value of the momentary and interrupting short-circuit currents.
Definition of Terms
The following terms are helpful in understanding short-circuit calculations using ANSI/IEEE Standards.
½ Cycle Network
This is the network used to calculate momentary short-circuit current and protective device duties at the ½ cycle after the fault. The following table shows the type of device and its
associated duties using the ½ cycle network.
Type of Device Duty
High voltage circuit breaker Closing and latching capability
Low voltage circuit breaker Interrupting capability
Fuse Interrupting capability
Switchgear and MCC Bus bracing
Relay Instantaneous settings
½ Cycle Network Duty
The ½ cycle network is also referred to as the subtransient network, primarily because all rotating machines are represented by their subtransient reactance, as shown in the following table:
Type of Machine Xsc

Utility X”
Turbo generator Xd”
Hydro-generator with amortisseur winding Xd”
Hydro-generator without amortisseur winding 0.75 Xd’
Condenser Xd”
Synchronous motor Xd”
Induction Machine
> 1000 hp @ 1800 rpm or less Xd”
> 250 hp @ 3600 rpm Xd”
All other > 50 hp 1.2 Xd”
< 50 hp 1.67 Xd”
(Xd” = 1/LRC for induction motors)
1.5-4 Cycle Network

This network is used to calculate the interrupting short-circuit current and protective device duties 1.5-4 cycles after the fault. The following table shows the type of device and its
associated duties using the 1.5-4 cycle network.
Type of Device Duty

High voltage circuit breaker Interrupting capability
Low voltage circuit breaker N/A
Fuse N/A
Switchgear and MCC N/A
Relay N/A
The 1.5-4 cycle network is also referred to as the transient network. The type of rotating machine and its representation is shown in the following table:
Type of Machine Xsc

Utility X”
Turbo generator Xd”
Hydro-generator with amortisseur winding Xd”
Hydro-generator without amortisseur winding 0.75 Xd’
Condenser Xd” *
Synchronous motor 1.5 Xd”
Induction machine
> 1000 hp @ 1800 rpm or less 1.5 Xd”
> 250 hp @ 3600 rpm 1.5 Xd”
All other > 50 hp 3.0 Xd”

< 50 hp Infinity
(Xd” = 1/LRC for induction motors)

* Note that, in the 1.5-4 cycle network, the positive sequence reactance value for a condenser depends on the option selected for SCANSICondenserMFOpt in the Options (Preferences).
For details see the ETAP.Ini section.
30 Cycle Network
This is the network used to calculate the steady-state short-circuit current and duties for some of the protective devices 30 cycles after the fault. The following table shows the type of
device and its associated duties using the 30 cycle network:
Type of Device Duty

High voltage circuit breaker N/A
Low voltage circuit breaker N/A
Fuse N/A
Switchgear and MCC N/A
Relay Overcurrent settings
30 Cycle Network Duty
The type of rotating machine and its representation in the 30 cycle network is shown in the following table. Induction machines, synchronous motors, and condensers are not considered in
the 30 cycle fault calculation..
Type of Machine Xsc

Utility X”
Turbo generator Xd’
Hydro-generator with amortisseur winding Xd’
Hydro-generator without amortisseur winding Xd’
Condenser Infinity
Synchronous motor Infinity
Induction machine Infinity
30 Cycle Network Impedance
ANSI Multiplying Factor (MF)

The ANSI multiplying factor is determined by the equivalent system X/R ratio at a particular fault location. The X/R ratio is calculated by the separate R and X networks.
Local and Remote Contributions

A local contribution to a short-circuit current is the portion of the short-circuit current fed predominately from generators through no more than one transformation, or with external
reactance in a series, which is less than 1.5 times the generator subtransient reactance. Otherwise the contribution is defined as remote.
No AC Decay (NACD) Ratio

The NACD ratio is defined as the remote contributions to the total contributions for the short-circuit current at a given location.
 Total short circuit current Itotal = I remote + Ilocal

 NACD = 0 if all contributions are local.
 NACD = 1 if all contributions are remote.
Calculation Methods
Momentary (1/2 Cycle) Short-Circuit Current Calc. (Buses and HVCB)
The Momentary Short-Circuit Current at the ½ cycle represents the highest or maximum value of the short-circuit current before its AC and DC components decay toward the steady-state
value. Although the highest or maximum short-circuit current actually occurs slightly before the ½ cycle in reality, the ½ cycle network is used for this calculation.
The following procedure is used to calculate momentary short-circuit current:
1. Calculate the symmetrical rms value of momentary short-circuit current using the following formula:
where Zeq is the equivalent impedance at the faulted bus from the ½ cycle network.
2. Calculate the asymmetrical rms value of momentary short-circuit current using the following formula:
where MF m is the momentary multiplying factor, calculated from:
3. Calculate the peak value of momentary short-circuit current using the following formula:
where MF p is the peak multiplying factor, calculated from:
This value is the calculated Asymmetrical kA Crest printed in the Momentary Duty column of the Momentary Duty page in the output report.
In both equations for MFm and MF p calculation, X/R is the ratio of X to R at the fault location obtained from separate X and R networks at ½ cycle. The value of the fault current
calculated by this method can be used for the following purposes:
 Check closing and latching capabilities of high voltage circuit breakers

 Check bus bracing capabilities
 Adjust relay instantaneous settings
 Check interrupting capabilities of fuses and low voltage circuit breakers
High Voltage Circuit Breaker Interrupting Duty Calculation

The interrupting fault currents for high voltage circuit breakers correspond to the 1.5-4 cycle short-circuit currents, i.e., the 1.5-4 cycle network is used for this calculation.
Contact Parting Time

The magnitude of the DC component of the short-circuit current is dependent on the contact parting time of the individual circuit breaker. On the Rating page of High Voltage Circuit
Breaker Editor, you can specify the contact parting time for a circuit breaker. If the C37.010-1999 option is selected on the Standard page of the Short-Circuit Study Case, then the contact
parting time entered in the High Voltage Circuit Breaker Editor will be used in the calculation.
If the C37.010-1979 and Older option is selected, then the default contact parting time given in the following table will be used. The default contact parting time is dependent on the rated
cycle of the circuit breaker. In this case, the contact parting time entered in the High Voltage Circuit Breaker Editor will be ignored in the calculation.
Circuit Breaker Contact Parting

Rating in Cycles Time in Cycles
8 4
5 3
3 2
2 1.5
S Factor
The S Factor reflects the ability of a symmetrically rated high voltage circuit breaker to interrupt a fault current with a DC component. It is defined as the ratio of asymmetrical interrupting
rms rating over symmetrical interrupting rms rating of a circuit breaker.
If the C37.010-1999 option is selected on the Standard page of Short-Circuit Study Case, the S Factor for a symmetrically rated circuit breaker is calculated using the contact parting time
entered in the High Voltage Circuit Breaker Editor and the standard time constant for the DC component provided in IEEE Standards. According to IEEE Standard C37.10-1999, the time
constant is equal to 45 ms for an AC high voltage circuit breaker rated on a symmetrical current basis. According to IEEE Standard C37.013-1997, the time constant is equal to 133 ms for
an AC high voltage generator circuit breaker rated on a symmetrical current basis. The calculated S Factor is also displayed on the Rating page of the High Voltage Circuit Breaker Editor.
If the C37.010-1979 and Older option is selected, the default S factor given in the following table will be used. The default S Factor is dependent on the rated cycle of the circuit breaker.
In this case, the S Factor displayed in the High Voltage Circuit Breaker Editor will not be used in the calculation.
Circuit Breaker
Contact Parting Time S Factor
4 1.0
3 1.1
2 1.2
1.5 1.3
S Factor for AC High Voltage Circuit Breaker
Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis
Calculation Procedure
The following procedure is used to calculate the interrupting short-circuit current for high voltage circuit breakers:
1. Calculate the symmetrical rms value of the interrupting short-circuit current using the following formula:
where Zeq is the equivalent impedance at the faulted bus from the 1.5-4 cycle network
2. Calculate the short-circuit current contributions to the fault location from the surrounding buses.
3. If the contribution is from a Remote bus, the symmetrical value is corrected by the factor of MFr, calculated from:
where t is the circuit breaker contact parting time in cycles.
The following table shows the Multiplying Factors for Remote Contributions (MFr) for default contact parting time.
8 Cycle CB 5 Cycle CB 3 Cycle CB 2 Cycle CB

X/R Ratio
(4 cy CPT) (3 cy CPT) (2 cy CPT) (1.5 cy CPT)
100 1.487 1.540 1.599 1.63
90 1.464 1.522 1.585 1.619
80 1.438 1.499 1.569 1.606
70 1.405 1.472 1.548 1.59
60 1.366 1.438 1.522 1.569
50 1.316 1.393 1.487 1.54
45 1.286 1.366 1.464 1.522

40 1.253 1.334 1.438 1.499
35 1.215 1.297 1.405 1.472
30 1.172 1.253 1.366 1.438
25 1.126 1.201 1.316 1.393

20 1.078 1.142 1.253 1.334
18 1.059 1.116 1.223 1.305
16 1.042 1.091 1.190 1.271
14 1.027 1.066 1.154 1.233
12 1.015 1.042 1.116 1.190

10 1.007 1.023 1.078 1.142
9 1.004 1.015 1.059 1.116
8 1.002 1.009 1.042 1.091
7 1.001 1.005 1.027 1.066
6 1.000 1.002 1.015 1.042

5 1.000 1.00. 1.007 1.023
4 1.000 1.000 1.002 1.009
3 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.002
2 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
1 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
If the contribution is from a Local generator, the symmetrical value is corrected by the factor of MFl, which is obtained from: ANSI/IEEE C37.010, Application Guide for AC High
Voltage. Since the standard only provides curves for several typical contact parting time values, if a curve exists for the contact parting time of a circuit breaker, the factor MFl will be
obtained from the curve. Otherwise, the two curves with closest contact parting time values, one on each side, will be used to interpolate MFl. In the High Voltage Circuit Breaker Editor,
you can only enter a contact parting time that is within the range limited by the curves available in the standard. This ensures that MFl will only be calculated by means of interpolation on
available curves, not extrapolation.
8 Cycle CB 5 Cycle CB 3 Cycle CB 2 Cycle CB

X/R Ratio
(4 cy CPT) (3 cy CPT) (2 cy CPT) (1.5 cy CPT)
100 1.252 1.351 1.443 1.512
90 1.239 1.340 1.441 1.511
80 1.222 1.324 1.435 1.508
70 1.201 1.304 1.422 1.504
60 1.175 1.276 1.403 1.496
50 1.141 1.241 1.376 1.482

45 1.121 1.220 1.358 1.473
40 1.098 1.196 1.337 1.461
35 1.072 1.169 1.313 1.446
30 1.044 1.136 1.283 1.427
25 1.013 1.099 1.247 1.403

20 1.000 1.057 1.201 1.371
18 1.000 1.039 1.180 1.356
16 1.000 1.021 1.155 1.339
14 1.000 1.003 1.129 1.320
12 1.000 1.000 1.099 1.299

10 1.000 1.000 1.067 1.276
9 1.000 1.000 1.051 1.263
8 1.000 1.000 1.035 1.250
7 1.000 1.000 1.019 1.236
6 1.000 1.000 1.005 1.221

5 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.205
4 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.188
3 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.170
2 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.152
1 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.132
4. Calculate the total remote contributions and total local contribution, and thus the NACD ratio.
5. Determine the actual multiplying factor (AMFi) from the NACD ratio and calculate the adjusted rms value of interrupting short-circuit current using the following formula.
Iint,rms,adj = AMF Iint,rms,symm

i
where
AMFi = MFl + NACD (MFr – MF l)
6. For symmetrically rated breakers, the adjusted rms value of interrupting short-circuit current is calculated using the following formula:
where the correction factor S reflects an inherent capability of AC high voltage circuit breakers, which are rated on a symmetrical current basis.
The value of this current is applied to check high voltage circuit breaker interrupting capabilities.
For AC high voltage circuit breakers rated on a total current basis, the interrupting current rating entered in the circuit breaker editor is the asymmetrical value. The short-circuit current
used to compare against the circuit breaker rating can be calculated by the same formula given above with the S value equal to 1.0.
Low Voltage Circuit Breaker Interrupting Duty Calculation

Due to the instantaneous action of low voltage circuit breakers at maximum short-circuit values, the ½ cycle network is used for calculating the interrupting short-circuit current.
The following procedure is used to calculate the interrupting short-circuit current for low voltage circuit breakers:
1. Calculate the symmetrical rms value of the interrupting short-circuit current from the following formula:
where Zeq is the equivalent impedance at the faulted bus from the ½ cycle network
2. Calculate the adjusted asymmetrical rms value of the interrupting short-circuit current duty using the following formula:
where MF is the multiplying factor, considering the system X/R ratio and the low voltage circuit breaker testing power factors.
The following equation is used to calculate the multiplication factor for an unfused power, a molded, or an insulated circuit breaker when the Based on Peak Current option is selected in
the Short-Circuit Study Case:
The following equation is used to calculate the multiplication factor for a fused power, a molded, or an insulated circuit breaker when the Based on Asymmetrical Current option is
selected in the Short-Circuit Study Case:
where (X/R)test is calculated based on the test power factor entered from the Low Voltage Circuit Breaker Editor. The manufacturer maximum testing power factors given in the following
table are used as the default values:
Max Design (Tested)

Circuit Breaker Type % PF (X/R) test
Power Breaker (Unfused) 15 6.59
Power Breaker (Fused) 20 4.90
Molded Case (Rated Over 20,000 A) 20 4.90
Molded Case (Rated 10,001-20,000 A) 30 3.18
Molded Case (Rated 10,000 A) 50 1.73
Maximum Test PF for Low Voltage Circuit Breaker
The calculated duty value Iint,rms,adj can be applied to low voltage breaker interrupting capabilities.
If the calculated multiplication factor is less than 1, it is set to 1 so that the symmetrical fault current is compared against the symmetrical rating of the device. If the symmetrical fault
current is less than the symmetrical rating of the device, the checking on asymmetrical current will certainly pass.
Fuse Interrupting Short-Circuit Current Calculation

The procedures for calculating the fuse interrupting short-circuit current is the same as those for the Circuit Breaker Interrupting Duty calculation.
Note: The current limiting effect of certain devices like current limiting fuses or circuit breakers are not considered for short-circuit calculations or for device duty evaluations.
Comparison of Device Rating and Short-Circuit Duty

ETAP compares the rating of protective devices and bus bars with the fault duties of the bus. The comparison results are listed in the Summary page of the output report. The device rating
and fault duty used in the comparison are shown below.
Device Type Device Capability Calculated Short-Circuit Duty

Momentary Duty
HV Bus Bracing Asymm. KA rms Asymm. KA rms
Asymm. KA Crest Asymm. KA Crest
LV Bus Bracing Symm. KA rms Symm. KA rms
Asymm. KA rms Asymm. KA rms
HVCB C&L Capability kA rms Asymm. KA rms

C&L Capability kA Crest Asymm. KA Crest
Interrupting Duty
HVCB Interrupting kA*** Adjusted kA
LVCB Rated Interrupting kA Adjusted kA
***The interrupting capability of a high voltage circuit breaker is calculated based on the nominal kV of the connected bus and the prefault voltage (Vf ) if the flag is set in the Short-
Circuit Study Case, as shown below:
Interrupting kA = (Rated Int. kA) * (Rated Max. kV) / (Bus Nominal kV)
or
Interrupting kA = (Rated Int. kA) * (Rated Max. kV) / (Bus Nominal kV * Vf )
The calculated interrupting kA (as shown above) is then limited to the maximum interrupting kA of the circuit breaker.
Generator Circuit Breakers

Determination of Generator Circuit Breakers
In order for ETAP to evaluate a circuit breaker as a generator CB according to IEEE C37.013 1997, it must be associated with the corresponding generator, by making the selection from
the rating page of the high voltage circuit breaker. Also, the generator CB must be directly connected to the generator or must be located along the connecting path between the generator
and the unit step-up transformer (as shown in Figures A & B below).
Generator Circuit Breakers are rated only on a symmetrical current basis. In calculating the S factor, the standard time constant for the DC component specified in IEEE Std. C37.013 1997
is 133 ms for a Generator Circuit Breaker.
If a circuit breaker is connected in a configuration similar to that shown in Figure C below (Gen CB1), even if the circuit breaker is flagged as a Generator Circuit Breaker in the editor, the
program evaluates the circuit breaker device duty as regular HVCBs. This method yields conservative results in most cases, but they are not as accurate as the current per IEEE Std.
C37.013 1997. Note that, for an HVCB assigned as a generator CB even if it is handled as a regular HVCB, the time constant will change to 133ms and it is the value used in the
calculation.
Short-Circuit Current Calculation for Generator Circuit Breakers

For a Generator Circuit Breaker, ETAP calculates short-circuit current according to the guidelines specified in IEEE Std. C37.013 1997. The short-circuit duty calculated includes
symmetrical, asymmetrical, and peak kA for momentary and interrupting duty, as well as the DC kA and degree of asymmetry for interrupting duty.
For each circuit breaker, it determines short-circuit current when the system side is faulted (generator-source) and when the generator side is faulted (system-source). For each fault
location it calculates short-circuit current for three generator pre-fault loading conditions: full load at lagging power factor, full load at leading power factor and no load. The lagging
power factor is the generator rated power factor and the leading power factor can be set from the ETAP ini file. A default value of 95% is used for the leading power factor. The
calculation of short-circuit current for different loading conditions is necessary to reveal the worst possible fault current values. For example, for the generator-source fault, the worst
asymmetrical duty occurs under lagging load power factor condition, while the worst degree of asymmetry occurs under leading power factor condition.
For a fault on the system side of the circuit breaker (generator-source), the short-circuit current through the circuit breaker is only from the generator. ETAP applies generator full dynamic
model in the short-circuit calculation, including transient and sub-transient impedance and time constant. This complete model captures the detailed behavior of a generator under short-
circuit, including both ac and dc current decay. Tests have shown that ETAP calculation at no load is within 1% of the value calculated by hand in Annex C37.013-1997. ETAP is more
accurate and more conservative than the hand calculations in the example based on the standard because ETAP does not ignore the impedances removed from the equations given in the
standard to simplify the hand calculations.
For a fault on the generator side (system-source), the system contribution is the only current flowing through the circuit breaker. The program uses the system side symmetrical fault
current and the X/R calculated based only on the system side to determine the asymmetrical current. The symmetrical closing and latching duty is calculated based on the symmetrical and
dc fault current at 1/2 cycle.
The plot below displays an asymmetrical generator source short-circuit current and the pattern is identical to the results shown in Figure A3 from C37.013-1997:
Panel/1-Ph UPS/1-Ph Subsystem Device Duty Short-Circuit Calculation

ETAP can perform device duty short-circuit calculations for 3-phase and 1-phase subsystems. These subsystems are defined as those connected to the output of a Panel, 1-Phase
uninterruptible power supply (UPS) or 1-phase elements connected below a phase adapter. ETAP performs these calculations if the options are selected on the Info page of the Short-
Circuit Study Case. The program faults every single bus in the subsystem and it displays the fault current at every bus in the subsystem.
3-Phase Panel Subsystems Short-circuit Current

3-phase subsystems can be connected below panels. These elements are just an extension of the regular 3-phase system and ETAP will perform the device duty for these elements in
similar fashion as if these elements were connected directly to the 3-phase system (i.e. without the 3-phase panel). However, the only differences are that the short-circuit contributions
from the motors in the subsystem are not considered. This simplification/method is acceptable since in real life applications the size of the motors connected below 3-Phase panels are
small and generally negligible in contributions to a fault.
The image below shows a 3-Phase panel subsystem with short-circuit results.
3-Ph Panel A and 3-Ph Panel B are similar buses. The image above shows both buses being faulted along with Panel1, Pnl A and Pnl B. Every location below (and including) Panel1 are
faulted when the “Run Panel/1-Ph UPS/1-Ph System Device Duty” button is pressed on the short-circuit toolbar. The program also determines which device’ short-circuit ratings
(momentary, interrupting, close and latch, etc) are exceeded and it generates warnings in the alert view window or on the one-line diagram by changing the color of the overstressed
device. This mechanism is similar to the regular 3-phase system alert system.
1-Phase Subsystems Short-circuit current

These systems are classified as those with the following phase types: A, B, C, AB, BC, CA, LL, L1, and L2 (center-tap 3-wire systems). The calculation method used by the program to
determine the short-circuit current depends on the type of connection and phase being faulted. The program considers the upstream contributions (from the 3-phase system) towards the
faulted elements in the 1-phase subsystem by considering the impedance networks of the 3-phase system (i.e. positive, negative and zero sequence). The contributions from 1-phase motor
loads connected in the 1-phase subsystem are not considered by the program. The following image shows examples of 1-phase subsystem faults:
Low voltage Circuit Breaker Device Duty below Panel/1-P UPS/1Ph Subsystem
This calculation is similar to the one for LVCBs connected in a regular three-phase system. The ½ cycle network short-circuit currents are used to evaluate the breaker interrupting and
momentary capability.
Low Voltage Fuse Device Duty below Panel/1-P UPS/1Ph Subsystem

This calculation is similar to the one for fuses connected in a regular three-phase system. The ½ cycle network short-circuit currents are used to evaluate the fuse interrupting capability.
Medium Voltage Circuit Breaker Device Duty in 3-Ph or 1-Ph Subsystem

The program uses the ½ cycle short-circuit current to determine the momentary and interrupting duty of medium voltage circuit breakers connected below Panels/UPS/1Ph subsystems.
The use of the ½ cycle currents for evaluating the interrupting capability should yield more conservative results for this device. This simplification is applicable for both 3-phase and 1-
phase medium voltage breakers. If more accuracy is needed, then the regular 3-phase short-circuit calculation can be used for 3-phase medium voltage breakers instead.
Device Duty Evaluation on Protective Devices for Panel Internal Circuits

In the Panel/1 Ph UPS/1Ph Subsystem Device Duty Short-Circuit Calculation, device duty evaluation also includes protective devices for panel internal circuits. However, in order for
ETAP to carry out the device duty evaluation for an internal circuit, protective device parameters for the circuit must be selected from the ETAP Library. This can be done from the
Protective Device subpage of the Schedule page of the Panel Editor.
Device Duty Evaluation for Protective Devices Connected to 3-Wire Center-Tap Systems
For Center-Tap 3-wire systems from center-tap transformer secondary, ETAP will use the highest short-circuit current to evaluate 2-pole connected protective devices (PDs). That is where
a 2-pole PD is connected, (either as a panel main CB or a PD along the feeder), ETAP will take the higher of the 1-pole or 2-pole short-circuit current to evaluate the device duty. In
center-tap transformers, the following short-circuit conditions may occur:
1. The LL (2-pole) short-circuit current can be higher than that of the L1/L2 (1-pole). This normally occurs for shell type (non-interlaced) 1-phase center-tap transformers.
2. The LL (2-pole) short-circuit current can be much lower than that of the L1/L2 (1-pole). This is expected for core type (interlaced) 1-phase center-tap transformers.
The 1-phase device evaluation considers both 1-pole and 2-pole fault conditions and automatically uses the highest one to evaluate main and feeder protective devices. The image below
shows and example of this process where the main and feeder protective devices are evaluated based on the higher current between LL and L1. In previous versions of ETAP, the main and
feeder breakers would be evaluated based only on the LL fault currents.
Center-Tap Transformer Impedance Model for 1-Phase Short-Circuit

This section describes the center-tap transformer impedance model used for the calculation of the LL, L1 and L2 short-circuit currents in 3-wire systems.
The full-winding impedance of the transformer is defined in the impedance page of the 1-phase center-tap transformer.
As an example, the impedance for a 7.2 kV/240V-120V, 25 kVA transformer is shown below:
ETAP determines if the transformer is of “core” (interlaced) or “shell” (non-interlaced) type as defined in the “Info” page (see below):
The default type for 1-phase center type transformers is of shell type.
Once the transformer type (or construction) is determined; its impedance (p.u.) is determined according to the following formulas:
For core type [1], [3] & [4] (interlaced secondary winding construction)
For shell type [1] & [2] (non-interlaced secondary winding construction):
Note that per [1] & [2], the reactance multiplier for the secondary windings reactance should be 3.3 for (outer winding) Z1 and 3.1 for (inner winding) (Z2); however, ETAP uses 3.2
(average) for both secondary windings as shown in the equations above. The diagram below shows the equivalent transformer impedances in per-unit for each winding (where Z0 is used
to describe the primary winding).
For the 7.2 kV/240V-120V, 25 kVA transformer shown in the example, the LL (240 Volts) and L1/L2 (120 Volts) fault currents using (1) and (2) for core type construction would be (with
full winding R = 1.2% and X = j1.4%):
As can be observed, the L1/L2 fault currents in a core type transformer can be significantly higher because of the smaller L1/L2 impedance values in an interlaced transformer.
For another system with the same rating 7.2 kV/240V-120V, 25 kVA transformer; the LL (240 Volts) and L1/L2 (120 Volts) fault currents assuming it is of shell type construction using
equations (3),(4) & (5) would be (with full winding R = 1.2% and X = j1.4%):
As can be observed, the L1/L2 fault currents are slightly smaller than the LL current for shell type 1-phase center tap transformers.
The calculation results of ETAP 16.0 and prior versions were similar to those of shell type transformers but with slightly higher L1/L2 fault current values as shown below. The method
used in ETAP 16.0 was superseded with the equations provided in this section. The image below shows ETAP 16.0 results for a similar 7.2 kV/240V-120V, 25 kVA transformer with R =
1.2% and X = j1.4%.
References for center-tap distribution transformer impedance models:
[1] Electric Power Generation. Transmission, and Distribution, 3rd ed. Edited by Leonard L. Grigsby
[2] W. H. Kersting, Distribution System Modeling and Analysis, 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2007
[3] IEEE Std. 242-1986, IEEE recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems table 14, pp 64.
[4] Electric Power Distribution System Engineering, Turan Gonen, 1st ed. Copyright© 1986 - pp. 115~122
Short-Circuit Calculations using Constant Current Sources

This section is dedicated to the short-circuit calculations using constant-current injection for inverters (including PV array inverters), type 3 wind turbines with full or partial converters and
type 4 wind turbines with a full converter. It provides explanations on the modeling and also examples which illustrate the differences in short-circuit current behavior when different
options are applied.
SC Model Page – Current Limiting Functionality

The inverter has a short-circuit (SC) model page. The SC Model page was designed to provide a semi-graphical representation of the current-limiting effect and the modes of operation of
the inverter. When an inverter operates in its current limiting mode, it is considered to inject a constant current into the network limited by the maximum value specified by the current-
limiting curve. Hence it can be considered to be a constant-current source in terms of current magnitude but not in terms of its active and reactive components. The proportion and limit of
the active and reactive component of the inverter current is determined by settings defined in SC model page and FRT page.
One important item to consider is that the determination of the current magnitude and final power factor of the inverter current output is an iterative process which may have multiple
solutions. The resulting output current depends on the impedance between the wind turbine terminal and the fault location. For faults near the inverter terminals, it can be expected that the
output current will be very close to Isc,max. For remote faults, where the terminal voltage is not zero, but still below Vop,min, there is control on the active and reactive power components
of the output current. The iterative process is complex and it is beyond the scope of this discussion. The following example illustrates the concepts described up to this point using a simple
inverter model for a type 4 wind turbine system.
The sample system contains three 2-MW type 4 wind turbines with full inverters. Their inverter settings and ratings are provided in the images below. WTG1 inverter is operating in the
User-Defined PF, WTG2 inverter operates in Real Power Priority and WTG3 inverter operates in Reactive Power Priority. All three units have equal SC current-limiting ratings, and their
only difference is their SC PF settings.
The first simulation consists of a three-phase fault at a remote location in the grid. The wind turbine inverters are operating at near 100% of their generation category (using Normal
generation category). The positive sequence inverter terminal voltage, obtained using an iterative short-circuit process, is approximately 35.21%. With this voltage, it is expected that all
three wind turbines operate in their current-limiting region. Also, according to their current limiting curve, for a 35.21% terminal voltage the wind turbines should output approximately
130% of FLA (or 2.95 kA) short-circuit current. The simulation results are shown below.
The second simulation is similar with the exception that this time all wind turbines are operating at only 20% of their generation capacity under their winter generation category. Under this
generation condition, the active power is limited and thus some of the units cannot provide the same amount of short-circuit current output (based on design this is WTG2 and WTG3). The
second short-circuit iterative solution results in a WTG terminal voltage of approximately 37%. Note that not all three wind turbines output the same current magnitude.
The output current of WTG1 inverter appears to be only limited by its current magnitude since its output value is identical to that of the previous step (~2.93 kA). This is true since by
design for User-Defined PF mode the output current is only limited by the current-limiting curve. On the other hand, WTG1 and WTG2 inverters have reduced short-circuit current output.
This is caused by the fact that only 20% of their rated active power is available for generation.
The effect of the PF control modes can also be judged by the active and reactive power injection for each wind turbine. The active and reactive power (P, Q) output reveals different power
factors at the output of each wind turbine inverter.
For WTG1 inverter: the calculated PF is approximately 33%

The difference in PF is caused by the active power priority and the different reactive component current limits being enforced by their SC PF modes. The modes with active and reactive
power priority result in a higher overall power factor.
The third simulation consists of a more remote fault. The fault is so far into the grid that the wind turbine inverters only experience approximately a 5% voltage drop at their terminals. The
wind turbine inverters are still operating under their winter generation category where only 20% of the rated MW is available. As can be seen in the results below, the iterative SC solution
shows the wind turbines only generate about 20% of their FLA (453 out of 2226 Amps).
The fourth simulation may seem a bit impractical, but under some circumstances the fault location may cause the inverter terminal voltage magnitude to be above Vop,max. Under this
condition, the wind turbine inverters shut-off. This condition is detected by the iterative short-circuit engine by first placing the fault without the wind turbine inverters in the system.
Next, the fault is repeated with the inverters in place, and if the inverter current contribution (based on the given generation condition), causes the terminal voltage to rise above Vop,max,
the inverters shut-off to prevent the over-voltage condition. The output current of the wind turbine inverters becomes zero in this case.
The fifth simulation shows the effect of a fault at the inverter terminal bus. Under this condition, the terminal current is always limited by Isc,max even when reduced generation
conditions are considered since the terminal voltage is zero. The results for this simulation are provided below where it can be seen that all three inverter units output maximum current of
3.396 kA.
The sixth simulation illustrates the effect of the FRT on the reactive power injected by the inverter during the fault. The same system used for simulation number two can be used, but this
time the inverter connected to WTG3 is configured with a very low-leading reactive power injection setting as shown in the image below. (Note that WTG1 and WTG2 inverter FRT
settings are the same and are shown in the image above).
The results for the simulation (see image below) show that the WTG3 inverter has a considerable reduction in short-circuit current contribution towards the faulted bus. This reduction is
caused by the low reactive current injection setting, which is only about 40% of its rated value. This drop in reactive power injection causes the terminal voltage of the WTG inverters to
drop to approximately 24%. The current output from WTG1 and 2 increases, because their inverters sense a lower voltage than that obtained in the second simulation.
WTG3 inverter 1.842 kA of output current is composed of 20% active power generation plus approximately 40% of its rated reactive power output. This output power is not enough to
cause the inverter current output to hit the magnitude current-limiting value specified under the SC model page (which at 24% voltage would be approximately 3.094 kA).
SC Model for Inverters (including PV), WTG Type 3 and Type 4

The same principles for constant current injection with active and reactive current controls provided for the inverter are used for regular inverters, PV inverters, WTG type 4 and WTG
type 3 (with no crowbar). This section provides some additional considerations for these elements.
The elements which share this behavior are shown in the image below:
Single-phase inverters and UPS units do not share this behavior and still maintain their existing voltage behind impedance model for short-circuit calculations.
SC Model for Constant-Current Sources during Unbalanced Faults

The constant current injection is a function of the positive sequence current and voltage. The constant-current injection and control schemes indicated under the SC model and FRT tabs of
the elements that support constant-current operation apply control on the positive sequence current. The control feedback voltage is the positive sequence voltage at the terminals of the
element. The diagram below shows a rendering of the constant-current control applied to the positive sequence impedance network only.
The behavior of negative and zero sequence currents are also affected by the type of technology being modeled in the short-circuit simulation. For example, full-converter (or inverters)
of wind-turbine units are modeled as positive sequence injection only. There is no negative or zero sequence current flows. Unlike WTG type 4 inverters, WTG Type 3 with partial or full-
size converters may experience negative or zero sequence current flows. The diagram above shows a positive current injection with negative current flow and no zero sequence current
(WTG Type 3).
The positive sequence voltage magnitude and angle change depending on the type of fault. LG, LL and LLG faults will induce different positive sequence voltage magnitudes at the
terminal of the constant-current injection elements. The following diagram represents a LL (line-to-line) sequence impedance diagram involving a constant-current injection element:
These different voltages may require the use different positive sequence voltage criteria for determining the current-injection. There are some advanced settings available through the
ETAP Options (Preferences) editor for the configuration of the magnitude of positive sequence voltage used to determine the current injection angle for each source. The entries are
highlighted in the image below.
The LLG positive sequence voltage is generally the highest one and thus the current-injection control angle is determined using a higher voltage threshold (0.5 p.u.). The main effect of
these entries is that if the positive sequence voltage at the terminal is less than the threshold then the constant-current injection is referred to voltage using a fixed angle (typically 0
degree). Angle shifts are also possible depending on the settings specified in the SC Standards page “WTG/Inverter Control Adjustment Angle” group of settings. The terminal voltage
positive sequence voltage angle used to determine the current injection can be shifted from zero using either a global angle or an individually-specified angle at each element.
This is the voltage limit, in pu (based on source rated kV), for determining terminal bus positive sequence voltage angle reference for the constant-current sources. For each fault location,
ETAP first calculates the system voltage without current sources. If the terminal voltage is higher than or equal to the threshold, the current injection from the source is with respect to the
bus voltage angle under the fault; otherwise, the current injection is with respect to the bus prefault voltage angle.
Auto-Trip (Enable Check Box)

This check box enables the Auto Trip feature; which is used to model the behavior of constant current sources during a fault (short-circuit or arc fault) in the power system. The feature can
be used to model the automatic shut off based on the internal protection which may be available for constant current sources such as inverters, PV inverters, WTG type 4 and WTG type 3
(with no crowbar).
When enabled, this feature helps the arc-flash program (which is the only module that considers this option) to determine which constant current sources may automatically shut off during
an arc fault.
Trip Time
This field is used to specify how long it would take the internal protection of the constant current source to operate when a fault occurs in the power system. By default this field is set to
0.166 sec and has a range of 0.004 sec to 99999 sec.
V shut-off
This field specifies the machine terminal voltage threshold (in percent) used to determine if the inverter should shut off. In other words, if the terminal voltage is below the specified value,
then the inverter may shut-off.
Logic for Auto Trip Determination
ANSI Min Short Circuit (30 Cycle):

The constant current source does not contribute to the fault if the following conditions are met:
1. The terminal voltage is less than “V shut-off”

2. The “Trip Time” is less than 0.5 sec (30 cycles @ 60 Hz)
ANSI Half, Four and IEC Arc-Flash:

The constant current source is not treated as a source when:

2. The “Trip Time” is less than 0.5 sec (30 cycles @ 60 Hz)
ANSI Arc Flash Decay:

The constant current source is not treated as a source and is not considered when calculating the steady-state currents if the following conditions are met:

2. The “Trip Time” is less than the “Steady State Ibf at” time specified in the arc-flash study case.
ANSI Toolbar
IEC Toolbar
GOST Toolbar
Study Case Editor
Display Options
Required Data
Output Reports
Alert View

ETAP provides two Short-Circuit Calculation Methods based on ANSI/IEEE and IEC Standards. You can select the calculation method from the Short-Circuit Study Case Editor. This
section describes the IEC Standard Method of Calculation.
Standard Compliance
ETAP short-circuit calculation per IEC Standards fully complies with the latest IEC documentation as listed below:
Standard Pub. Year Title

High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 100: High-voltage alternating-current circuit breakers
IEC 62271-100 2003
High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 200: AC metal-enclosed switchgear and controlgear for rated voltages above
1 kV and up to and including 52 kV

IEC 62271-200 2003
High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 203: Gas-insulated metal-enclosed switchgear for rated voltages above 52
IEC 62271-203 2003 kV
High-voltage fuses – Part2: Expulsion fuses

IEC 60282-2 1997
Electrical installations of ships and mobile and fixed offshore units – Part 1: Procedures for calculating short-circuit currents
IEC 61363-1 1998 in three-phase a.c.
Short-Circuit Currents in three-phase a.c. systems - Part 0: Calculation of Currents

IEC 60909-0 2016
Short-circuit currents in three-phase a.c. systems - Part 1: Factors for the calculation of short-circuit currents according to
IEC 60909-1 2002 IEC-60909-0
Electrical equipment - Data for short-circuit current calculations in accordance with IEC 60909 (1988)
IEC 60909-2 1992
Short-circuit currents in three-phase a.c. systems Part 4: Examples for the calculation of short-circuit currents
IEC 60909-4 2000
Low voltage switchgear and control gear, Part 1: General rules
IEC 60947-1 2004
Low voltage switchgear and control gear, Part 2: Circuit breakers
IEC 60947-2 2003
These standards are for short-circuit calculation and equipment rating in AC systems with nominal voltages operating at 50 Hz or 60 Hz. They cover 3-phase, line-to-ground, line-to-line,
and line-to-line-to-ground faults.
IEC 60909 and the associated standards classify short-circuit currents according to their magnitudes (maximum and minimum) and fault distances from the generator (far and near).
Maximum short-circuit currents determine equipment ratings, while minimum currents dictate protective device settings. Near-to-generator and far-from-generator classifications
determine whether or not to model the AC component decay in the calculation, respectively.
IEC 61363-1 Standard calculates the short-circuit current as a function of time and displays its instantaneous values using the machine’s subtransient reactance and time constants. This
provides an accurate evaluation of the short-circuit current for sizing protective devices and coordinating relays for isolated systems such as ships and offshore platforms.
General Description of Calculation Methodology

In IEC short-circuit calculations, an equivalent voltage source at the fault location replaces all voltage sources. A voltage factor c is applied to adjust the value of the equivalent voltage
source for minimum and maximum current calculations.
All machines are represented by their internal impedances. Transformer taps can be set at either the nominal position or at an operating position, and different schemes are available to
correct transformer impedance and system voltages if off-nominal tap setting exists. System impedances are assumed to be balanced 3-phase, and the method of symmetrical components
is used for unbalanced fault calculations.
Zero sequence capacitances of transmission lines, cables and shunt admittances can be considered for unbalanced fault calculations (LG and LLG) if the option in the study case is selected
to include branch Y and static load. This means that the capacitances of static loads and branches are considered based on IEC 60909-0 2001. The basic model used to consider these shunt
admittances is shown below:
Calculations consider electrical distance from the fault location to synchronous generators. For a far-from-generator fault, calculations assume that the steady-state value of the short-circuit
current is equal to the initial symmetrical short-circuit current and only the DC component decays to zero. However, for a near-to-generator fault, calculations count for decaying in both
AC and DC components. The equivalent R/X ratios determine the rates of decay of both components, and different values are recommended for generators and motors near the fault.
Calculations also differ for meshed and unmeshed networks. The factor k, which is used to multiply the initial short-circuit current to get the peak short-circuit current ip, is defined
differently for different system configurations and the methods selected to calculate the R/X ratios.
Definition of Terms
IEC Standards use the following definitions, which are relevant in the calculations and outputs of ETAP.
Initial Symmetrical Short circuit current (I”k)

This is the rms value of the AC symmetrical component of an available short-circuit current applicable at the instant of short-circuit if the impedance remains at zero time value.
Peak Short Circuit Current (ip)

This is the maximum possible instantaneous value of the available short-circuit current.
Symmetrical Short Circuit Breaking Current (Ib)

This is the rms value of an integral cycle of the symmetrical AC component of the available short-circuit current at the instant of contact separation of the first pole of a switching device.
Steady-State Short Circuit Current (Ik)

This is the rms value of the short-circuit current, which remains after the decay of the transient phenomena.
Subtransient Voltage (E”) of a Synchronous Machine

This is the rms value of the symmetrical internal voltage of a synchronous machine which is active behind the subtransient reactance Xd” at the moment of short-circuit.
Far-From-Generator Short Circuit

This is a short-circuit condition during which the magnitude of the symmetrical AC component of available short-circuit current remains essentially constant.
Near-To-Generator Short Circuit

This is a short-circuit condition to which at least one synchronous machine contributes a prospective initial short-circuit current which is more than twice the generator’s rated current, or a
short-circuit condition to which synchronous and asynchronous motors contribute more than 5% of the initial symmetrical short-circuit current (I”k) without motors
Subtransient Reactance (Xd”) of a Synchronous Machine

This is the effective reactance at the moment of short-circuit. For the calculation of short-circuit currents, the saturated value of (Xd”) is taken.
According to IEC Standard 60909-0, the synchronous motor impedance used in IEC short-circuit calculations is calculated in the same way as the synchronous generator.
where kVn and kVr are the nominal voltage of the terminal bus and the motor-rated voltage, respectively, cmax is determined based on machine-rated voltage, Xd” is machine subtransient
reactance (per unit in motor base), and qr is the machine-rated power factor angle.
Minimum Time Delay (Tmin) of a Circuit Breaker

This is the shortest time between the beginning of the short-circuit current and the first contact separation of one pole of the switching device.
The time delay (Tmin) is the sum of the shortest possible operating time of an instantaneous relay and the shortest opening time of a circuit breaker. Minimum time delay does not include
the adjustable time delays of tripping devices.
Voltage Factor c
This is the factor used to adjust the value of the equivalent voltage source for minimum and maximum current calculations according to the following table:
Voltage Factor c (± 6% voltage tol)

For Maximum Short-Circuit For Minimum Short-Circuit
Nominal Voltage Un Current Calculation Calculation
cmax cmin
Others < 1000 V 1.05 0.95
Medium voltage: > 1 kV to 230 kV 1.10 1.00
High voltage: > 230 kV 1.10 1.00
Voltage Factor c (± 10% voltage tol)

For Maximum Short-Circuit For Minimum Short-Circuit
Nominal Voltage Un Current Calculation Calculation
cmax cmin
Others < 1000 V 1.10 0.90
Medium voltage: > 1 kV to 230 kV 1.10 1.00
High voltage: > 230 kV 1.10 1.00
For more detailed information please refer to IEC 60909-2016 Table 1.
ETAP provides three (3) options for you to select the c factors in the Short-Circuit Current Group of the Standard Page of the Study Case:
 Max: If this option is selected, the maximum values given in the cmax column are used.
 User-Defined c Factors: If the User-Defined c Factor option is selected, the user specified c factor values will be used. The user-defined values must be in the range between the values
given in the cmax and cmin columns. ETAP allows the c Factors to be higher or lower than cmax and cmin to help comply with some regional standard adaptations of IEC 60909
which may require higher or lower values of the c Factors.
 Min: If the Min option is selected, the minimum values given in the cmin column will be used in the calculation.
Calculation Methods
Initial Symmetrical Short Circuit Current Calculation
Initial symmetrical short-circuit current (I”k) is calculated using the following formula:
where Zk is the equivalent impedance at the fault location.
Peak Short Circuit Current Calculation

Peak short-circuit current (ip) is calculated using the following formula:
where k is a function of the system R/X ratio at the fault location
IEC Standards provide three methods for calculating the k factor:
 Method A - Uniform ratio R/X. The value of the k factor is determined from taking the smallest ratio of R/X of all the branches of the network. Only branches that contain a total of
80 percent of the current at the nominal voltage corresponding to the short-circuit location are included. Branches may be a series combination of several elements.
 Method B - R/X ratio at the short-circuit location. The value of the k factor is determined by multiplying the k factor by a safety factor of 1.15, which covers inaccuracies caused
after obtaining the R/X ratio from a network reduction with complex impedances.
 Method C - Equivalent frequency. The value of the k factor is calculated using a frequency-altered R/X. R/X is calculated at a lower frequency and then multiplied by a frequency-
dependent multiplying factor.
Symmetrical Short Circuit Breaking Current Calculation

For a far-from-generator fault, the symmetrical short circuit breaking current (Ib) is equal to the initial symmetrical short circuit current.
For a near-to-generator fault, Ib is obtained by combining contributions from each individual machine. Ib for different types of machines is calculated using the following formula:
where µ and q are factors that account for AC decay
They are functions of the ratio of the minimum time delay and the ratio of the machine’s initial short-circuit current to its rated current, as well as real power per-pair of poles of
asynchronous machines.
IEC Standards allow you to include or exclude AC decay effect from asynchronous machines in the calculation.
DC Component of Short-Circuit Current Calculation

The DC component of the short-circuit current for the minimum delay time of a protective device is calculated based on initial symmetrical short-circuit current and system X/R ratio:
Where f is the system frequency, tmin is the minimum delay time of the protective device under concern, and X/R is the system value at the faulted bus.
ETAP plots the dc component of the fault current vs. time. The Idc component is printed in the “Breaking and DC Fault Current (kA)” section of the short-circuit report for each fault
location. The currents in this report are always based on the total bus fault current.
Asymmetrical Short Circuit Breaking Current Calculation

The asymmetrical short-circuit breaking current for comparison with circuit breaker rating is calculated as the rms value of symmetrical and DC components of the short-circuit current.
ETAP plots the asymmetrical breaking current at every bus starting from 0.01 until 0.3 sec. This information can be used for selection of the circuit breaker breaking current depending on
the tmin value of the device. The Ibasym is printed in the “Breaking and DC Fault Current (kA)” section of the short-circuit report for each fault location. The currents in this report are
always based on the total bus fault current.
Steady-State Short circuit current Calculation

Steady-state short circuit current Ik is a combination of contributions from synchronous generators and power grid. I k for each synchronous generator is calculated using the following
formula:
where λ is a function of a generator’s excitation voltage, ratio between its initial symmetrical short circuit current and rated current, other generator parameters, and IrG is the generator’s
rated current.
The steady-state short circuit current calculated is dependent on the option selected for Short circuit current in the study case. If the Max and User-Defined c Factor is selected, the
maximum steady-state current short circuit is reported. If the Min option is selected, the minimum steady-state short circuit current is reported.
This maximum steady-state short circuit current is used to determine minimum device ratings. The minimum steady-state short circuit value is used for relay coordination purposes in
preventing the occurrence of nuisance trips and loading deviations.
Meshed and Non-Meshed Network

According to IEC 60909-0 Standard, short-circuit contributions from meshed and non-meshed sources are calculated differently regarding various factors and R/X ratio. In ETAP
calculations, the short-circuit contribution in the following cases is considered as from a non-meshed network:
 A contributing machine is connected directly to the faulted bus.

 A contributing machine is connected to the faulted bus through a radial network in which the machine is the only source making short-circuit contributions to the faulted bus.
In all other cases, the short-circuit contributions are considered as from a meshed network..
Adjustment of Ib
According to IEC Standard 60909-0, to improve accuracy of Ib calculation for a near-to-generator three-phase short circuit in a meshed network, the breaking current can be adjusted for
decay in Ib from synchronous and induction machines based on Equation (75) of the standard. This adjustment will reduce Ib slightly from I k”.
In ETAP, this adjustment is implemented according to Equation (75) for each sub-network that has near-to-generator short circuit contributions to the faulted bus. A sub-network with
respect to a given faulted bus includes all elements that are connected together, except through the faulted bus. When a sub-network has multiple contributions to a faulted bus, the total Ib
adjustment (a phase value) is distributed among all contributions from the sub-network based on the phase ratio of individual Ik” contribution over total Ik” of all the contributions from the
sub-network.
Modeling of Power Station Unit

According to IEC Standard 60909-0, Sections 6.7, the impedance of a power station unit needs to be modeled with special considerations. Depending on where the fault location is in the
system and if the unit transformer has on-load tap-changer, the impedance values of the generator and unit transformer will be adjusted by different factors.
Designation of a Power Station Unit

To specify a synchronous generator and a two-winding transformer as a power station unit, check the “Unit Transformer for Generator” option in the Tap Page of the 2-Winding
Transformer Editor and select the generator in the list next to this field as the Unit Generator.
Note: A generator can be selected as a unit generator for only one unit transformer.
In short-circuit calculation, the generator and the transformer specified as a pair for a power unit will be modeled as a power unit only when both the generator and the transformer are
energized. If the transformer is not energized, the generator will be modeled as a regular generator. If the generator is not energized, the transformer will be modeled as a network
transformer. The generator and the transformer specified as a pair for a power unit must also be connected either directly or through branches other than transformers; otherwise, they will
be modeled as a regular generator and a network transformer.
Network Bus, Connecting Bus and Auxiliary System Bus for a Power Station Unit
According to IEC Standard 60909-0, “The generator and the transformer in a power station unit will be modeled differently depending on the fault location.” In ETAP, a faulted bus can
be classified as one of three types with respect to a power station unit: a network bus, a connecting bus, and an auxiliary system bus.
A connecting bus for a power station unit is the bus on the shortest connecting path between the unit generator and the unit transformer. ETAP automatically determines the connecting
path and connecting buses for a power station unit.
An auxiliary bus is a bus that is in the auxiliary system of a power station unit, but not a connecting bus. The auxiliary system includes all the elements that are connected to the
connecting buses without going across the unit transformer.
Network buses are all the rest of the buses that are neither connecting buses nor auxiliary buses.
Note: Bus type designation is with respect to a given power station unit. For the system given below, generator Unit-Gen and transformer Unit-XFMR form a power station unit. For this
power station unit, Gen-Bus is the connecting bus for the power station unit. Auxiliary system buses include Aux-Bus-1 and Aux-Bus-2. The rest pf the buses are all network buses.
Wind Power Station Units

Wind power station units can be modeled per section 6.8 of IEC 60909-2016 by using the options shown in the image below. Note that unlike the power station units for synchronous
generators ETAP is not checking for valid network configurations of wind power station units. Users are responsible for selecting the correct unit transformer from the Tap page of the
two-winding transformer.
For methodology on different types of wind turbine models, please refer to sections 6.8.2, 6.8.3 and 6.9. The SC Model page of the wind turbine can be used to specify doubly-fed and full
size converter (constant-current injection) wind turbine technology. The image below shows an example of WTGs with different technology:
For wind turbines using asynchronous generators (induction generators), the WTG editor Imp/Model page determines their short-circuit contribution.
For wind turbines with doubly-fed asynchronous generators (with crowbar) the IEC Short-Circuit section of the SC Model determines their short-circuit current.
The values of these impedances are used by ETAP to find an equivalent impedance used to determine the contribution of the power station generator towards a fault on the primary or
secondary side of its unit transformer. iWDmax, kWD, RWD/XWD and µWD are used to find the initial symmetrical current. IkWDmax and IkWDmin are used to determine the steady-
state contribution from the WTG power station.
For doubly-fed asynchronous generator with full size converter (i.e. converter which can be used for current output regulation where the crowbar is not needed to limit the current) the
model SC page and FRT pag determine the power station current contribution:
Note that the IEC short-circuit contribution of the wind power station generator is determined based on the magnitudes of current specified in the IEC Short-circuit section. IskPF is for 3-
phase faults, I(1)sk1PF for line-to-ground and line-to-linet-toground faults and I(1)sk2PF for line-line faults. IkPFmax for steady-state current and finally IkPFmin for minimum steady-
state currents. Please refer to the constant-current injection section of this chapter for more details.
Power Station Units with full size converter

To model the power station units with full size converter in ETAP, make the selection in the Tap page of the two-winding transformer. A full size inverter or WTG can be selected there to
make a generator / unit transformer pair.
For full-size (fully decoupled WTG terminals from a.c. system) the SC model and FRT pages denote the behavior of the power station during faults. Please refer to the constant-current
injection section of this chapter for more details.
The user is responsible to make the proper selection to specify the full size converter and unit transformer pair per section 6.9.
IEC Short-Circuit Mesh Determination Method

IEC Standards have published different benchmark sample calculation results based on IEC Standard 60909-0 2001. These calculation examples have been published in IEC Standard
60909-4 2000 and are described in detail in Sections 3.1, 4.1, 5.1 and 6.1 of IEC 60909-4. These examples appear to have been created mostly for hand-calculation (except for Example
4), and one problem which arises because of these multiple solutions is that they do not establish a single calculation method which produces consistent results for all four (4) examples for
a computer-based solution. Because of these inconsistencies in the standard, certain calculation assumptions have been added to ETAP’s short-circuit program in order for the results to
match those published in these four (4) examples.
These calculation preferences affect the selection of calculation methods for Idc, Ib and Ik. One of the most important causes of the inconsistencies in the standard is the method used to
determine the meshed or non-meshed (radial) parts of the systems. This determination is very important since the results are affected considerably once this determination is made.
Meshed/Non-Meshed Systems
A meshed system can be considered a looped system or one that has multiple source contributions meshed together through the same contributing branch. A non-meshed system is defined
as a radial system or one which has only one contribution passing through a branch towards the faulted bus. The following images illustrate the concept of meshed and non-meshed as
described by IEC Standard 60909-0 2016:
IEC 60909-4
IEC 60909-0
The areas enclosed in red color represent the Meshed contributions in this system towards the faulted buses. The areas enclosed in green color represent the Non-meshed (radial)
contributions to their connected bus. In other words, the contributions of G2, G1, G3, M3 and M2 are considered to be non-meshed as long as the fault is placed at the bus to which they
are connected. These same contributions could be handled as meshed contributions to faults in other parts of the system.
These engineering calculation preferences can be modified by changing the value of the entry IEC Short-Circuit Mesh Determination Method from the ETAP “Options (Preferences)”
menu.
This entry can take on the value of “0”, “1” or “2”.
IEC Short-Circuit Mesh Determination Method = 0

For a faulted bus, ETAP checks if any contributions can be classified as Meshed network contributions. If any contribution to a faulted bus is indeed classified as “Meshed”, then all
contributions to the bus will be treated as if they are coming from a meshed network. If none of the contributions can be classified as Meshed, then all the contributions are treated as
coming from Non-meshed parts of the system. In Figure 16 above, all buses can be classified as meshed since meshed contributions are part of every bus faulted bus in the system. In
Figure 12, all the contributions would be considered as Non-meshed since none of them are considered to be Meshed.

For a faulted bus, meshed or non-meshed contributions are determined based on individual contributions. That is, for non-meshed contributions, ETAP uses individual branch R/X ratios.
For all the meshed network contributions it uses the R/X of the equivalent meshed part of the system. For Figure 16, the program will determine that the contributions of G1 and G2 are
non-meshed for a fault at Bus 4 and 3. The rest of the contributions to these faulted buses will be handled as meshed.

If a faulted bus is part of a PowerStation unit group (generator, unit transformer and auxiliary load connecting bus), then ETAP will handle this part of the system with the methodology
described for option = 1. If the faulted bus is outside the PowerStation group (network bus), then ETAP will handle the meshed/non-meshed determination as if option = 0 had been
selected.
Impact of the Meshed/Non-Meshed Determination on Ib, Ik and Idc

Once the program has determined the meshed and non-meshed parts of the system, then it makes some decisions based on this for calculating the value of Ib, Idc and Ik as described
throughout IEC Standard 60909-0 2001.
1. Idc: If the branch contribution is considered to be coming from a non-meshed source, then the R/X of the individual branch is used to determine the value of the Idc coming into the
faulted bus. The equivalent R/X value of the meshed network will be used to determine the value of Idc for the meshed contributions. Please see Sections 4.3.1.1, 4.3.1.2 and 4.4.
2. Ib: If a contribution is non-meshed, then the program will use the method described in section 4.5.2.2 Equations 71 and 72 to determine the contributions of Ib from different non-
meshed components. If the system is meshed, then the program uses a very different approach to determine Ib, it will use Section 4.5.2.3 Equations 74 and 75 to determine the value of
Ib.
3. Ik: If the contribution or system is considered to be non-meshed, then the program will use the method described in Section 4.6.2 Equations 82 and 83. If the contribution of the system
is considered to be meshed, then the program will use the method described in Section 4.6.3 Equations 84 and 85 to determine Ik. Note that the use of these equations may result in the
value of Ik being higher than Ib as can be observed in the results published in IEC Standard 60909-4 2000 for Example 4.
From the previous description in items 1-3, it becomes apparent that the determination of meshed and non-meshed parts of the system can have a drastic effect on the results. The options
that ETAP provides are designed to provide choices on how the analysis should be performed.
Comparison of Device Rating and Short-Circuit Duty Method

In the 3-phase Device Duty calculation, ETAP compares the protective device rating against bus short-current duty for the devices that are checked as complying with IEC Standard and
also have device rating entered. In case the short-circuit duty is greater than the device duty, ETAP will flag the device as underrated in both one-line diagram and output reports. The
following table lists the device ratings and short-circuit duties used for the comparison for MVCB, LVCB, and fuses:
Short-Circuit
Device Type Device Capability
Current Duty
MVCB Making ip
AC Breaking Ib,symm
Ib,asymm * Ib, asymm
Idc *
Ithr Ith
LVCB Making Ip
Breaking Ib,symm
Ib,asymm * Ib,asymm
Ithr Ith
Fuse Breaking Ib,symm
Ib,asymm * Ib,asymm
Comparison of Device Rating and Short-Current Duty

*Device capability calculated by ETAP.
Calculation of IEC Device Capability

As shown in the above table, some of the device capability values are calculated by ETAP based on capability provided by users and default parameters given in IEC Standards.
 • MVCB – The asymmetrical breaking and DC current ratings for MVCB are calculated as follows:
where tmin is the minimum delay time, and Ib,symm is the AC breaking current provided by the user. Following IEC Standard 62271-100, is equal to 45 milliseconds.
 LVCB – The asymmetrical breaking current rating for LVCB is calculated as follows:
where f is the system frequency, tmin is the minimum delay time, and Ib,symm is the breaking current provided by the user. X/R is calculated based on a testing PF given in IEC Standard
60947-2, Table 11.
 Fuse – The asymmetrical breaking current rating for fuse is calculated as follows:
where f is the system frequency, tmin is assumed to be a half cycle, and Ib,symm is the breaking current provided by the user. X/R is calculated based on the default testing PF of 15 %.
 Ith – The thermal equivalent short-circuit current through LVCB and MVCB is calculated based on specifications on IEC 60909-0 2001 Annex A as follows:
These equations represent the Joule Integral and the equivalent short circuit current Ith that ETAP determines in order to compare against the value of Ithr specified on the Circuit breaker
rating page (LV or MV).
ETAP compares the Circuit Breaker (CB) rated short-time withstand thermal energy in Mega Joules (calculated as current (Ithr)2 times the “rated short-time in seconds (Tkr)”) with the
calculated thermal equivalent short-circuit energy in MJ (calculated as current (Ith)2 times either the “rated short-time in seconds (Tkr)” or the “user-defined short-time in seconds (Tk)”).
The comparison of thermal energy values is provided in the summary report. An example of the report is provided in the image below. As can be observed in the image below the rated
thermal energy for CB11 is 192.0 MJ while the short-circuit thermal energy was determined to be 126.0 MJ.
Transient Short-Circuit Calculation (IEC Std 61363)

In additional to short-circuit current calculations per IEC Standard 60909, ETAP also provides transient short-circuit calculation per IEC Standard 61363-1 and device duty evaluation
based on calculated currents. The transient short-circuit calculation presents fault current waveforms as a function of time, considering a number of factors that affect short-circuit current
variations at different time after the fault. These factors include synchronous machine subtransient reactance, transient reactance, reactance, subtransient time constant, transient time
constant, and DC time constant. It also considers decay of short-circuit contributions from induction motors. This detailed modeling provides an accurate evaluation of the short-circuit
current for sizing protective devices and coordinating relays for isolated systems such as ships and offshore platforms. The calculation can be conducted on both radial and looped system
with one or multiple sources.
Based on the equations given in IEC Standard 61363, the short-circuit current from a machine in general includes ac and dc components. The ac component of SC currents from
synchronous machines include 3 parts: subtransient, transient, and steady state components. For induction machines, the SC currents include only transient component which eventually
reaches zero with time. The subtransient and transient components equal to a magnitude multiplied by an exponential term. The short-circuit current at any given time is the summation of
the three components. The following equations are used to calculate ac component of a synchronous generator,
where I”kd, I’kd, and Ikd are subtransient, transient, and steady stead components of short-circuit current; T”d and T’d are subtransient and transient time constants; E”qo and E’qo are
generator internal voltage; Z”d and Z’d are subtransient and transient impedance values of the generator. If the fault location is not at generator terminal, the impedance from the generator
to the fault location should be added to the impedance values in the equations.
The IEC 61363-1 performed by ETAP applies to both meshed and non-meshed systems since it is unrealistic to expect an electrical system to be completely non-meshed. The same
approach is used to determine the contributions from meshed systems as is used for non-meshed systems since there is no other methodology provided in the guideline to handle the
transient short-circuit currents for meshed systems.
ETAP provides the user with options to specify prefault loading conditions. It can be based on the no-load condition or a selected loading condition. If a loading condition is to be
considered, the user select a load flow study case and ETAP performs a full scale load flow calculation. Based on the load flow results, ETAP determines internal voltage values of short-
circuit contributing sources.
As calculation results, ETAP provides short-circuit current as function of time up to 0.1 second at 0.001 second time increment. It also presents short-circuit current as function of cycles
up to 1 cycle at 0.1 cycle increment. Along with the instantaneous current values, ETAP also furnish calculated AC component, DC component, as well as top envelope of the current
waveform.
The IEC 61363 short-circuit calculation also perform device duty evaluation for all IEC standard devices, including bus, high-voltage circuit breaker, low-voltage circuit breaker, fuse,
recloser, and switch, etc. The logic and method for duty evaluation applied in IEC 61363 are the same as that used in device duty evaluation based on IEC 60909. The only difference is in
the method and models used for short-circuit calculation. The fault current values used for IEC 61363 duty evaluation are retrieved from calculated current waveforms at applicable times.
In addition, ETAP provides options to increase the time of the transient waveform plots, plot all three phases, and also modify the angle at which the fault will initiate. Note that extending
the time beyond the default and previous value of 100 ms falls outside of the scope of the IEC 61363 standard. The plots are assumed to be the natural decay of the time constants of the
electrical system and machinery. Machine control units are not considered for this calculation. Please see the Standard page of the Study Case Editor for more details.
Short-Circuit under No Load Condition

When the study case option for no load condition is selected, the short-circuit calculation will ignore the effect of system operating conditions before the fault. In this case, the internal
voltage values for all short-circuit sources are set to terminal bus nominal voltage multiplied by the c factor for the faulted bus as specified from the Standard page of the study case.
As the internal voltage of a short-circuit contributing source directly affects its current contribution, with this option, the user can change the c factor to get more conservative short-circuit
current results. This flexible option becomes important in device duty evaluation with the short-circuit currents calculated per IEC standard 61363. In device duty evaluation studies, it is
often the practice to use the most conservative short-circuit currents, instead the short-circuit currents from a given prefault operating condition.
If the Min. Short-Circuit option for c factor is selected from the Standard page, ETAP skips device duty evaluation in the short-circuit calculation because the calculated fault currents are
not suitable for sizing/evaluating protective devices.
Short-Circuit under Loaded Condition -- Prefault Load Flow

When the “Prefault Load Flow” option is selected from the study case, ETAP includes the effect of prefault loading conditions based on the load flow study case selected in PreFault page.
It first performs a load flow calculation in the same way as in the Load Flow mode and then calculates internal voltage phase values for all machines based on bus voltage and flow results
from load flow calculation.
For synchronous machines, internal voltage E”qo and E’qo are calculated based on the following equations,
Where Uo and Io are prefault terminal voltage and current; Z”d and Z’d are subtransient and transient impedance values of the generator; E”qo and E’qo are generator internal voltage.
The short-circuit currents calculated in this case is based on a specific loading condition defined in the selected study case. In general, the internal voltages for generators are higher and
internal voltages for motors are lower than that from no load conditions. If device duty evaluation is required, it is important to first determine an operating condition which results in more
conservative short-circuit currents for the evaluation studies.
Fault Initiation Time

The dc component of short-circuit current is very much dependent on the initiation time of a fault. In fact, if the fault occurs at a special moment, there may no dc component a phase
current. In order to perform device duty with more conservative short-circuit current, it assumes the fault occurs at -90 degree for phase A current at each faulted bus. The gives the
highest possible dc component for phase A current. In device duty evaluation, phase A current values are used to compare against device rating.
If the “Plot All Three-Phases” option is checked from the study case, ETAP will skip device evaluation in IEC 61363 short-circuit calculation. This is because the user can freely enter
fault initiation angle and it may not results in highest dc component in short-circuit current.
Short-Current Waveforms
ETAP generates short-circuit waveforms for bus fault current. They include instantaneous fault current in kA, ac component of current in kA, dc component of current in kA and percent,
and top envelope of fault current in kA. These waveforms can be for phases A, B, & C or for phase A only depending on the study case option. In device duty evaluation, the fault duty
current values are extracted from these waveforms at applicable time moments.
Device Duty Evaluation

ETAP performs device duty evaluation for all IEC devices based on short-circuit current calculated per IEC 61363. The logic and method applied for device evaluation is the same as that
used in device duty evaluation based on short-circuit calculation per IEC 60909, as explained in section Comparison of Device Rating and Short-Circuit Duty Method. The only exception
is that, in this version of ETAP, device thermal rating (Ith) is not evaluated in IEC-61363 calculation. The under-rated devices will be alerted in both report and one-line diagram.
The device rating calculation is performed as described in section Calculation of IEC Device Capability. The short-circuit duty current values are extracted from current waveforms
calculated. In the current version of ETAP, only bus total fault current are used for device duty evaluation.
The waveforms generated from IEC-61363 short-circuit calculation include instantaneous fault current, top envelope of fault current, ac component of fault current and dc component of
fault current. The peak duty current (ip) is obtained from the top envelope of fault current at a half cycle time. The symmetrical braking (Ibsym) and dc duty current (Idc) values are
obtained from the ac component and dc component of fault current respectively, both at the minimum time delay of devices. The asymmetrical breaking time (Ibsym) is calculated based
on Ibsym and Idc at the minimum time delay of devices.
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Charger
When performing AC analyses, chargers and UPSs are considered as loads to their input AC buses. The rectifiers in these elements block the current from flowing back into the AC
system. Therefore, chargers and UPSs are not included in an AC Short-Circuit Analysis.
3-Phase UPS in 3-Phase System Calculation

The 3-Ph UPS element is modeled as a voltage source behind impedance in 3-phase system short-circuit calculations. This impedance is determined from the short-circuit current
contribution (specified on the “SC Imp” page of the UPS editor). This impedance value is determined using the “rated output kV” of the UPS and the “Isc” fault current value. The
maximum UPS current contribution will be limited by the equivalent impedance of the UPS. It is a function of the pre-fault voltage at the faulted buses downstream of the UPS.
The 3-Ph UPS has a bypass switch. If the bypass switch is open, then the UPS contribution is determined from its internal impedance as described above. If the bypass is closed, then there
is a tie-pd connection between the input and output which allows the direct contribution of a short-circuit current towards the output of the UPS. The bypass is not allowed if the UPS
rated output voltage is not the same as the UPS rated input voltage. If a bypass needs to be modeled under these conditions, then an external transformer which steps the voltage up/down
would be required and the UPS output and input voltage should then be set to the same value.
The 3-Ph UPS output is modeled as a part of the regular 3-Ph short-circuit calculations. All short-circuit calculations, except for the 1-Ph device duty calculation (Panel/1-Ph UPS/1-Phase
System Device Duty), model the 3-Ph UPS as an equivalent impedance behind an ideal voltage source. Since the 3-Ph UPS is modeled as a part of the regular 3-Ph short-circuit network, it
means that the UPS output can be operated in loop configurations. This is a major enhancement for modeling short-circuit faults for higher reliability designs (i.e. data centers) with
multiple UPS units operating in parallel or looped systems. The following image shows the short-circuit results for a looped 3-Ph UPS system.
The 3-Ph UPS has a grounding option which allows the unit to be modeled as solidly grounded or ungrounded on the output terminal. Checking the “Grounded” option allows zero
sequence currents to flow for an unbalanced (i.e. phase to neutral) fault. The negative and zero sequence impedance of the 3-Ph UPS are the same as the positive sequence. The grounding
resistance “Rg” at the output is not considered at this time.
UPS Modeling in 1-Phase System Calculation

UPS elements involved in 1-Ph device duty short-circuit calculations are mostly 1-ph UPS. However, there can be 3-Ph UPS powered by a panel and it will be modeled the same way as a
1-Ph UPS described in this section. The 1-Ph UPS output short-circuit is modeled only as part of the 1-Ph device duty short-circuit calculation.
The 1-Ph UPS is modeled as an impedance behind a voltage source, then its contribution is determined similarly as the 3-Ph UPS in 3-Ph system calculations. The resistance of the UPS is
determined using the rated output voltage and rated Isc of the unit.
The following image shows the voltage behind impedance results for the same pair of UPS units. In this case, the short-circuit current of the 1-Ph UPS units can only be equal to Isc if the
fault is at the output terminals of the UPS. If the fault is anywhere downstream from the UPS output terminal (i.e. with additional circuit impedance), then the fault current will be less and
is limited by the sum of the UPS equivalent resistance plus the impedance of the downstream output elements.
Inverter / Photo Voltaic (PV) Array / Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) Type 4
An inverter is a voltage source to the AC system. Under fault conditions, it will provide fault contribution to the AC system. When its terminal bus is faulted, the contribution from an
inverter is equal to the multiplication of its AC full load amp by a constant K, which is entered on the Rating page of the Inverter editor or Imp/Model page of the WTG Editor. This is the
maximum possible contribution from the inverter. If the fault location is away from the terminal bus, then the contribution from the inverter decreases. The inverter is modeled similar to
that of the 3-Ph UPS.
The inverter elements have a grounding option which allows the units to be modeled as solidly grounded or ungrounded on their output terminal. Checking the “Grounded” option allows
zero sequence currents to flow for an unbalanced (i.e. phase to neutral) fault. The negative and zero sequence impedance of the inverter units are the same as the positive sequence (Rn =
R0 = Rp). The grounding resistance “Rg” at the output is not considered at this time.
Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)

With the bypass switch for short-circuit set to “open”, the VFD element is modeled as a voltage source behind an impedance. The resistance of the VFD is determined from the rated
output voltage and Isc of the unit. Similar to the 3-Ph UPS and Inverter elements, the short-circuit contribution is determined assuming a voltage behind impedance approach. With the
bypass switch open, no short-circuit contribution from any motors on the output of the VFD can flow towards a fault on the input AC bus of the VFD. This is due to the fact that the
rectifiers in VFD block the current from flowing back into the input AC system. The bypass is not allowed if the VFD rated output voltage is not the same as the VFD rated input voltage.
There is no VFD operating output frequency variation considered for short-circuit calculations on the output side of the VFD. This means that the short-circuit calculation for a VFD (with
the bypass switch open) only considers the system nominal frequency (typically 50/60 Hz or as defined in the Project \Standards\Frequency value). The operating frequency and V/Hz
settings do not have any effect in the short-circuit current calculation. (The effect of operating output frequency will be considered for both short-circuit and arc flash in future versions of
the program.)
If the bypass switch condition is set to “closed”, then the VFD is not considered and the short-circuit current flows directly from the input AC bus into the output of the unit and vice versa
(similar to a tie-protective device). Also, any motor short-circuit contribution from the electrical network on the output AC bus of the VFD can flow towards a fault on the input AC bus of
the VFD. The following image illustrates short-circuit results (at nominal system frequency) for the VFD with bypass switch “open” and “closed”. It can be seen that full contribution
from the AC Input bus flows into the VFD output fault and that the output motor contributes towards a fault on the input AC bus with the bypass closed.
The VFD element has a grounding option which allows the unit to be modeled as solidly grounded or ungrounded on its output terminal. Checking the “Grounded” option allows zero
sequence currents to flow for an unbalanced (i.e. phase to neutral) fault. The negative and zero sequence impedance of the VFD unit are the same as the positive sequence (Rn = R0 = Rp).
The grounding resistance “Rg” at the output is not considered at this time.
Note: For Short-circuit / Arc-Flash studies: If you attempt to change the system nominal frequency by changing the Project\Standards\Frequency setting, then all reactances need to be
adjusted manually or obtained again from the library (in case of cables), in order to adjust the reactances (which are typically entered at nominal frequency). The program does not adjust
most reactances automatically.
The reason for this is that in most cases, the reactance is specified in the libraries and impedance fields at nominal frequencies instead of specifying the actual inductance or capacitance (L
& C) of the elements. Careful considerations should be taken when performing such frequency manipulations.
However, for other load flow-based studies, the reactances of all branch elements and loads are adjusted based on the operating output frequency of the VFD. This means that the effect of
frequency variations for motor dynamic acceleration or for steady-state load flow VFD operation is considered. The frequency limitation on the output of the VFD applies only to short-
circuit-based studies including sequence-of- operation and STAR short-circuit.
High Voltage DC Link (HVDC)

When a bus on the inverter side of a High Voltage DC Link is faulted, the DC link will make short-circuit contribution. Due to the application of Voltage Dependent Current Order Limiter
(VDCOL), which is very common in a DC link, the short-circuit contribution is limited about 150% of rated current and lasts only about 1.5 cycle.
In ETAP short-circuit calculations, a DC link is represented as a constant voltage source behind an equivalent reactance. The voltage source has a constant voltage value equal to the
prefault voltage. The equivalent reactance is determined so that if a 3-phase short-circuit fault occurs at the inverter side terminal bus, the contribution from the DC link is equal to
maximum operating current Imax.
Due to the very short duration of short-circuit current contribution from a DC link, for ANSI Standard, ETAP considers the contribution only in ½ cycle (momentary) short-circuit current
calculation. For IEC Standard, the contribution is included only in calculation of ip, I”k, Ib, and Idc.
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The Short-Circuit Result Analyzer is a powerful tool which allows the filtering and analysis of the short-circuit results of multiple output reports (scenarios). The SCRA design and
operation is similar to that of the load flow result analyzer except that it has been customized for the purpose of fault analysis. In addition, ETAP presentations and toolbars are still
accessible while the analyzer window is open.
Study Reports
This section provides the information about the types of short-circuit analysis which are supported by the Short-Circuit Result Analyzer.
Standard
Two standards are currently supported by the SCRA. ANSI and IEC results can be analyzed at this point, and in the future GOST will be available.
ANSI
This toggle radio box determines which set of results the SCRA is currently analyzing. If ANSI is selected, then the 3-phase & 1-Phase Device Duty (ANSI-Duty) results are accessible in
the results window and report list windows.
IEC
This toggle radio box determines which set of results the SCRA is currently analyzing. If IEC is selected, then the 3-phase & 1-Phase Device Duty (IEC-Duty) results are accessible in the
results window and report list windows.
Study Type
The study type section allows the selection between 3-phase and 1-phase device duty reports.
3-Ph Device Duty

Selecting this toggle radio box option allows the SCRA to filter through only the 3-phase device duty short-circuit results.
1-Ph Device Duty

Selecting this toggle radio box option allows the SCRA to filter through only the 1-phase device duty short-circuit results.
Note: In the future, unbalanced short-circuit results will also become part of the study type section.
Report Selection
This section allows the selection of which scenarios / output results to be compared by the SCRA.
Ref (Reference)
This radio box allows the selection of the report whose input data will be used as reference in the SCRA. This means that for a “Bus” the Info fields like Nominal kV, Equipment Type and
Prefault Voltage are taken from the report marked as “Reference.”
Note: It is unlikely for this situation to occur, but possible to change information (input) fields in revisions and through different study cases. However, the short-circuit result analyzer
alerts are always done based on comparison of the device rating in the individual report and thus an alert will be valid based on individual comparisons.
Select
These checkboxes allow the selection of the results to be analyzed or compared.
Reports
This column lists the names of the reports which are available for analysis/comparison. The names of the reports are filtered, based on the Standard and Study Type selected.
Project Report Selection

This toggle radio box allows ETAP to show in the report selection window all the reports which are present in the current project directory (even if they were generated with a different
project database). By default, the toggle radio box is selected to show only the reports which were generated for the active (open) project database.
Furthermore, if any reports (from previous versions of ETAP such as ETAP 12.6.5) are present in the active project directory, then they will also be shown in the report selection window.
Selection
This section allows the SCRA to show a brief summary of the options used to generate the short-circuit results for each selected output report or to show individual device duty evaluation
results for each device type.
General
The “General” radio box position configures the SCRA to show a list of the input options selected in each output report. The listed items are mostly options taken from the study case used
for each report, but details on the configuration, revision and study type are also provided. The image below shows the output results window for several reports showing the different
options selected to run each of the selected reports.
The following fields are displayed in the results window when the “General” radio box is checked and ANSI short-circuit results are selected.
 Study Case ID
 Study Type
 Data Revision
 Configuration
 Number of Buses
 Number of Branches
 Number of Generators
 Number of Power Grids (Utility Sources)
 Number of Loads
 Prefault Voltage used
 If Equipment Cable Impedance is Considered or Not for LV & MV
 If the machine X/R was taken as “Fixed” or “Variable”
 If the C37.010 1999 or 1979 is used for HVCB evaluation
 If the HVCB rating is adjusted based on Nominal kV or Nominal kV*Vf
 Options for establishing the Momentary Duty of HVCB’s
 Options for establishing the asymmetrical current for MCCB/ICCB MF
The following fields are displayed in the results window when the “General” radio box is checked and IEC short-circuit results are selected.
 Study Case ID
 Study Type
 Data Revision
 Configuration
 Number of Buses
 Number of Branches
 Number of Generators
 Number of Power Grids (Utility Sources)
 Number of Loads
 Short-circuit current (Max, Min, etc)
 C factor (<1001 V)
 C factor (1000 < V < 35000)
 C factor (> 35000 V)
 X/R for Peak kA ( Method A, B , C)
 Cmax for Z adj.
 Device Duty Check
 LVCB breaking capability (report or not)
 If Equipment Cable Impedance is Considered or Not for LV & MV
Please note that for details on each of the options above you can refer to the study case sections for both ANSI and IEC short-circuit.
Device Duty
This radio box selection allows the SCRA to show the device duty evaluation results for all the selected (3-phase and 1-phase) device duty results (depending on the Standard & Study
Type selections).
The following devices show results in the device evaluation section of the SCRA if the ANSI Standard is selected.
 Bus
 HVCB (High Voltage Circuit Breaker)
 LVCB (Lowe Voltage Circuit Breaker)
 Generator CB
 Fuse
 Switch
The following devices show results in the device evaluation section of the SCRA if the IEC Standard is selected.
 Bus
 HVCB (High Voltage Circuit Breaker)
 LVCB (Low Voltage Circuit Breaker)
 Fuse
 Switch
Details on each of these devices are provided in the next sections.
Device Duty Evaluation (ANSI/IEC)

This section talks about how the SCRA presents the device evaluation results. Note that this section talks about both ANSI and IEC Device Duty Evaluation. When more than one report is
checked from the input section, the result parameters are now displayed as radio toggle buttons, which means the analyzer will compare a single result parameter for multiple reports.
Bus Device Type
Info
The following info fields are available for bus device duty to be displayed in the analyzer. Please note that when multiple output reports are selected, the info fields are taken from the
reference report.
Nominal kV
Displays the nominal kV of the bus.
Type
Displays the equipment type of the bus.
Vf (%)
Displays the prefault voltage of the bus in percent (for ANSI Standard)
Cfactor
Displays the C-factor (correction factor) applied to the faulted location (for IEC Standard)
Bracing Symm. kA
Displays the bus rated bus bracing symmetrical rms current (kA or Amp). This rating is only displayed for low-voltage buses (<1000 Volts) and is compared with the “Symm. kA” result
field for ANSI Device Duty evaluation.
Bracing Asymm. kA
Displays the rated bus bracing asymmetrical rms current (kA or Amp). This field is compared with the “Asymm. kA” result field for ANSI Device Duty evaluation.
Bracing Peak kA
Displays the rated bus bracing peak value (kA or Amp). Note that this rating is only displayed for buses greater than 1000 V and is compared with the “Peak kA” result field for ANSI
Device Duty evaluation.
Results
The following results are available for bus device duty (ANSI) to be displayed in the analyzer. When multiple reports are selected the results become radio buttons showing the values for
each result from different reports.
Symm. kA
Displays momentary, (1/2 cycle), rms symmetrical value of bolted fault current in kA or Amp based on the units.
Asymm. kA
Displays the asymmetrical rms value of momentary short-circuit current in kA or Amp.
Peak kA
Displays the peak value of momentary short-circuit current. This value is the calculated peak or crest fault current.
M.F.
Displays the value of momentary multiplying factor calculated based on the X/R.
X/R Ratio
Display X/R ratio used to determine the MF.
NACD
Displays the “No AC Decay” ratio calculated at the fault location.
I”k
Displays the initial symmetrical rms value of the AC short-circuit current based on IEC standard in kA or Amp.
Ip
Displays maximum possible instantaneous value of the available short-circuit current in kA or Amp.
Ik
Displays the rms value of the steady-state short-circuit current in kA or Amp.
Standard
Displays the short circuit method (ANSI – IEEE C37.10 , IEC – IEC-60909/IEC-61363)
HVCB Device Type
Info
The following info fields are available for the high-voltage circuit breaker for display in the analyzer. Please note that when multiple output reports are selected, the info fields are taken
from the reference report.
kV
Displays the connected bus’s nominal kV.
Type
Displays the ANSI circuit breaker standard (Total/Symmetrical) and interrupting cycle rating.
CPT (Cycle)
Displays the ANSI circuit breaker contact parting time in cycles.
Bus
Displays the connected bus element ID.
Rated Mom. Asymm. kA

Displays the breaker rated asymmetrical rms value of momentary short-circuit current (kA or Amp). This Info field is compared with the “Mom. Asymm. kA” result field for ANSI Device
Duty evaluation.
Rated Mom. Peak kA

Displays the breaker rated peak momentary short-circuit current (kA or Amp). This Info field is compared with the “Mom. Peak kA” result field for ANSI Device Duty evaluation.
Rated Int. Adj. kA

Displays the breaker adjusted rated maximum interrupting short-circuit current (kA or Amp). This Info field is compared with the “Int. Adj. Symm kA” result field for ANSI Device Duty
evaluation.
Rated Int. Symm. kA

Displays the breaker’s rated rms symmetrical interrupting value of short-circuit current (kA or Amp).
Cfactor
Displays the C-factor voltage correction factor applied to the IEC rated bus.
Min. Delay (Sec)

Displays the IEC breaker minimum time delay in seconds.
Rated ip
Displays the rated peak short-circuit current (kA or Amp). This Info field is compared with the “ip” result field for IEC Device Duty evaluation.
Rated Ib Sym
Displays the breaker rated rms breaking current (kA or Amp). This Info field is compared with the “Ib Sym” result field for IEC Device Duty evaluation.
Rated Ib asym
Displays the breaker rated asymmetrical breaking current (kA or Amp). This Info field is compared with the “Ib asym” result field for IEC Device Duty evaluation.
Rated Idc
Displays the calculated DC short-circuit current rating of the protective device based on the DC time constant. This Info field is compared with the “Idc” result field for IEC Device Duty
evaluation.
Ithr
Displays the breaker’s rated short-time withstand current.
Rated Thermal Energy

Displays the rated thermal energy in MJ. This Info field is compared with the “Thermal Energy” Result field for IEC Device Duty evaluation.
Results
Mom. Asymm.kA
Displays the calculated asymmetrical rms value of momentary short-circuit current (kA or Amp).
Mom. Peak kA
Displays the calculated peak value of momentary short-circuit current (kA or Amp).
Mom. M.F
Displays the calculated momentary multiplying factor based on the X/R on the fault location.
Mom. X/R Ratio

Displays the X/R ratio value for momentary short-circuit calculation on the fault location.
Int. Adj.Symm kA
Displays the rms value of adjusted interrupting short-circuit current (kA or Amp).
Int. Symm.kA
Displays the calculated rms symmetrical interrupting value of short-circuit current (kA or Amp).
Int. M.F.
Displays the calculated interrupting multiplication factor based on the X/R ratio on the fault location.
Int. X/R Ratio

Displays the X/R ratio calculated on the fault location based on the 1.5-4cycle network.
I”k
Displays the calculated initial rms symmetrical value of short-circuit current (kA or Amp).
Ip
Displays the peak short-circuit current (kA or Amp).
Ib Sym
Displays the rms value of the symmetrical AC component of the available short-circuit current (kA or Amp).
Ib Asym
Displays the asymmetrical breaking current for HVCB (kA or Amp).
Idc
Displays the DC component of the short-circuit current for the minimum delay time of a protective device is calculated based on initial symmetrical short-circuit current and system X/R
ratio.
Ith
Displays the calculated thermal equivalent short-circuit current (kA or Amp).
Thermal Energy
Displays the calculated thermal energy in MJ.
Standard
**Please note that the current version of the short-circuit analyzer shows the results of Recloser only if it is selected as HVCB type from the rating page.
LVCB Device Type
Info
This section provides information for circuit breaker ratings related to short-circuit device duty evaluation.
kV
Displays the circuit breaker connected bus nominal kV.
Type
Displays the low-voltage circuit breaker type.
Bus
Displays the circuit breaker connected bus element ID.
Rated Int. Adj. kA

Displays the breaker rated adjusted interrupting short-circuit current (kA or Amp). This Info field is compared with the “Int. Adj. Symm kA” result field for ANSI Device Duty evaluation.
Rated Int. Symm. kA

Displays the breaker rated rms symmetrical interrupting value of short-circuit current (kA or Amp).
Test PF
Displays the LVCB’s rated test power factor.
Circuit Number
Displays the circuit number based on the protective device’s panel connections for single-phase duty results.
Cfactor
Displays the voltage correction factor applied to the IEC rated bus.
Min. Delay (Sec)

Displays the breaker minimum time delay in seconds for IEC SC.
Rated ip
Displays the rated peak short-circuit current (kA or Amp). This Info field is compared with the “ip” result field for IEC Device Duty evaluation.
Rated Ib Sym
Displays the breaker rated rms breaking current (kA or Amp). This Info field is compared with the “Ib Sym” result field for IEC Device Duty evaluation.
Rated Ib asym
Displays the breaker rated asymmetrical breaking current (kA or Amp). This Info field is compared with the “Ib asym” result field for IEC Device Duty evaluation.
Ithr
Displays the breaker rated short-time withstand current.

Displays the rated thermal energy in MJ. This Info field is compared with the “Thermal Energy” Result field for IEC Device Duty evaluation.
Results
Int. Adj.Symm. kA
Displays the adjusted asymmetrical rms value of the interrupting short-circuit current in kA or Amp.
Int. Symm. kA
Displays the calculated symmetrical rms value of the interrupting short-circuit current in kA or Amp.
Int. M.F
Displays the multiplying factor, considering the system X/R ratio and the low voltage circuit breaker testing power factors.
Int. X/R ratio

Displays the X/R ratio calculated at the fault location for interrupting short-circuit duty results.
I”k
Displays the calculated initial rms symmetrical value of short-circuit current in kA or Amp.
Ip
Displays the peak short-circuit current in kA or Amp.
Ib Sym
Displays the rms value of the breaking current in kA or Amp.
Ib Asym
Displays the asymmetrical breaking current for HVCB in kA or Amp.
Idc
Displays the DC component of the short-circuit current for the minimum delay time of the protective device.
Ith
Displays the calculated thermal equivalent short-circuit current in kA or Amp.
Thermal Energy
Displays the calculated thermal energy in MJ.
Standard
Generator Circuit Breaker

Info
This section shows the information of the voltage, type, contact parting time (CPT in cycles) of the HVCB associated as generator circuit breaker. The generator pre-fault loading
conditions at lagging, leading and no load power factor can also be selected for both generator and system side faults. Please note that when multiple reports are selected, the info fields are
taken from the reference report.
Results
Mom. Symm kA
Displays the momentary rms symmetrical value of bolted fault current in kA or Amp.
Mom. Asymm.kA
Displays the calculated asymmetrical rms value of momentary short-circuit current in kA or Amp.
Mom. Peak kA
Displays the calculated peak value of momentary short-circuit current in kA or Amp.
Int. Symm kA
Displays the rms value of interrupting short-circuit current in kA or Amp.
Int. Asymm.kA
Displays the calculated rms asymmetrical interrupting value of short-circuit current in kA or Amp.
Int. Symm Peak kA.

Displays the calculated interrupting symmetrical peak value of short-circuit current in kA or Amp.
Int. DC kA
Displays the DC component of the asymmetrical short-circuit current in kA or Amp.
Int.Deg. of Asymm
Displays the degree of asymmetry at the contact parting time.
Standard
Displays the short circuit method (ANSI - IEEE C37.10)
Please note that the short-circuit analyzer shows only one set of results for the generator circuit breaker (either the generator or system side) depending on the highest value of symmetrical
rms short-circuit current.
Fuse
Info
This section shows the information for ANSI rated fuses related to short-circuit calculations. Please note that when multiple reports are selected, the info fields are taken from the reference
report.
kV
Displays the fuse connected bus’s nominal kV.
Type
Displays the fuse type.
Bus
Displays the fuse connected bus element ID.
Rated Int. Adj. kA

Displays the fuse rated adjusted interrupting short-circuit current (kA or Amp). This Info field is compared with the “Int. Adj. Symm kA” result field for ANSI Device Duty evaluation.
Rated Int. Symm. kA

Displays the fuse rated rms symmetrical interrupting value of short-circuit current (kA or Amp).
Test PF
Displays the fuse rated test power factor.
Circuit Number
Displays the circuit number based on the protective device’s panel connections for single-phase duty results.
Results
Int. Adj.Symm. kA
Displays the adjusted symmetrical rms value of the interrupting short-circuit current (kA or Amp) for ANSI SC.
Int. Symm. kA
Displays the calculated symmetrical rms value of the interrupting short-circuit current (kA or Amp) for ANSI SC
Int. M.F
Displays the multiplying factor, determined based on the system X/R ratio for ANSI SC.
Int. X/R ratio

Displays the X/R ratio calculated at the fault location for interrupting short-circuit duty results.
I”k
Displays the calculated initial rms symmetrical value of short-circuit current (kA or Amp) for IEC SC.
Ip
Displays the peak value of the available short-circuit current (kA or Amp) for IEC SC.
Ib Sym
Displays the rms value of the breaking current (kA or Amp) for IEC SC
Ib Asym
Displays the asymmetrical breaking current (kA or Amp) for IEC SC.
Idc
Displays the DC component of the short-circuit current for IEC SC
Standard
Switch
Info
This section shows the information of the voltage; type and connected bus ID of the fuse for ANSI short-circuit calculation. Please note that when multiple reports are selected, the info
fields are taken from the reference report. For IEC short-circuit calculation the analyzer also shows the Cfactor.
kV
Displays the connected bus’s nominal kV.
Type
Displays the switch type. Only single pole single throw (SPST) switch elements are evaluated in SC Device Duty.
Bus
Displays the connected bus element ID.
Rated Mom. Asymm. kA

Displays the switch’s rated asymmetrical rms value of momentary short-circuit current in kA or Amp. This Info field is compared with the “Mom. Asymm. kA” Result field for ANSI
Device Duty evaluation.
Cfactor
Displays the voltage correction factor applied to the IEC rated bus.
Rated ip
Displays the rated peak short-circuit current in kA or Amp. This Info field is compared with the “ip” Result field for IEC Device Duty evaluation.
Results
Mom. Asymm.kA
Displays the calculated asymmetrical rms value of momentary short-circuit current in kA or Amp.
Mom. M.F.
Displays the momentary multiplying factor calculated from the X/R ratio at the fault location.
Mom. X/R Ratio

Displays the X/R ratio value for momentary short-circuit calculation on the fault location.
I”k
Displays the calculated initial rms symmetrical value of short-circuit current in kA or Amp.
Ip
Displays the maximum possible instantaneous value of the available short-circuit current in kA or Amp.
Standard
Alerts
This section explains the “Alert” section of the short-circuit result analyzer. The alerts point out devices considered to be over duty. This section also contains an option to show the worst-
case device duty results when multiple reports are selected.
Critical
This option allows flagging the device duty results when the calculated value is greater or equal to the percentage value specified in the critical field. The respective results are also
displayed based on the selected color code.
Marginal
This option allows flagging the device duty results when the calculated value is greater or equal to the percentage value specified in the marginal field. The respective results are also
displayed based on the selected color code.
Worst Case
This option is available only when more than one report is selected. The analyzer displays the worst-case (maximum) duty results among the various reports selected, and provides the
corresponding configuration, output report name, and revision details of the individual output report.
Skip Non-Alerted Devices

This option filters out the Non-Alerted devices. The combination of this option along with Worst-Case selection, gives a more effective way to quickly find and isolate device duty
problems.
Note: The short-circuit result analyzer settings, (checked boxes and toggle radio box selections), are saved automatically after closing the SCRA. This has been implemented starting with
Version 14.1.0.
Also, the SCRA saves column repositioning and re-arrangement. This has been implemented starting with Version 20.0.0.
Export
Export Data to MS Excel from the SC Result Analyzer. With this tool you can perform your filtering of the results and then proceed to export the results to MS Excel by simply clicking on
the Export button starting from Version ETAP 16.0. The process is described below:
First click on the export button. The SC Result Analyzer export function editor will come up:
Second enter the name of the MS Excel Spreadsheet that you want to create.
Last, click on the OK button and the analyzer will take care of the rest.
Please note that you must have installed MS Excel 2003 or higher for this feature to work properly.
Update Datablock
Starting in ETAP 20.0.0, the ‘Update Datablock’ feature allows the update of Datablocks with worst-case results obtained from the SC Analyzer. This is a powerful feature for printing
deliverables of short-circuit studies.
This ‘Update Datablock’ feature provides the flexibility to map SC Analyzer results to Datablocks based on two different methods (which will be explained later in this section):
1. Update SC Datablock based on single output report

2. Update SC Datablock based on worst-case output report
There are two new and important fields added to the SC Datablock. They let you know whether the Datablock results are coming from either the last executed SC study or from the SC
Analyzer. These two (2) fields are located in the Short-Circuit Results sections of the following devices; 1) AC Bus, 2) Circuit Breaker, HV, 3) Circuit Breaker, LV, 4) AC Fuse, and 5)
AC Switch, Single-throw.
Result Data Source – SC

This new Datablock field indicates whether Datablock results are taken from the SC Result Analyzer OR from the SC Output report. The table below indicates what the Datablock field
displays.
Datablock Results From Result Data Source - SC

Engine Results Results
SC Analyzer Analyzer
SC Result Analyzer with Worst Case Analyzer (Worst Case)
Study Name (Output Report – SC)

The purpose of this field is to display the name of the SC Analyzer output report from where the Datablock results are coming from. The table below indicates what the Datablock field
displays.
Datablock Results From Result Data Source - SC

Last ran SC study Report name
SC Analyzer (Single report) Report name
Report name (If all the worst case evaluated
SC Result Analyzer with Worst Case
currents are coming from the same report)
Blank (If each evaluated current is coming
SC Result Analyzer with Worst Case
from different reports)
The following tables show all the available SC Analyzer ‘Info’ & ‘Results’ fields that are mappable to their respective Datablock ‘Properties’ & ‘Results’ fields. The mapping applies to
both 3-phase and 1-phase Device Types.
Note that you can always change the Datablock field name through the “Alias” to make the naming convention more concise.
* The “Rated Ib Sym” Analyzer Info field will map to either Ultimate Service or Ultimate Breaking rating based on the study case settings.
Update SC Datablock from Single Output Report

To update Datablock results from SC Analyzer, you must first select the desired elements in the Analyzer grid and then click the ‘Update Datablock’ button.
This will bring up another dialog window for you to choose what other Device Types you would also like to be updated to the SC Datablock as shown below.
Note that regardless of what Device Type you select in the dialog window; the “Bus” Device Type will always be updated to Datablock (As shown greyed out and enabled in dialog
window). The HVCB, LVCB, Fuse, Switch Device Types are updated to Datablock based on their connected Bus IDs.
An example is shown below. Select bus ‘Main Bus’ in the Analyzer and then click ‘Update Datablock’. Select the ‘Bus’ & ‘HVCB’ Device Type checkboxes. Click OK.
The Bus ‘Main Bus’ and HVCB’s connected to ‘Main Bus’ – ‘CB1’ , ‘CB2’ & ‘CB10’ – Datablock results are updated from the SC Analyzer ‘ANSI-Duty’ output report as shown below.
Update Datablock from worst-case output report

This feature allows you to see all of the Device’s worst-case SC results with it’s corresponding output report name fitted into one Datablock.
To do this, you must simply enable the SCRA worst case option when multiple output reports are selected. Then, you select the desired elements inside the Analyzer grid and click ‘Update
Datablock’. Select the Device Types you will also want to update results for. An example is shown below for updating the worst-case results for “Bus” & “HVCB” Device types for Bus
“Main Bus”.
The Bus ‘Main Bus’ and HVCB’s connected to ‘Main Bus’ – ‘CB1’ , ‘CB2’ & ‘CB10’ – Datablock results are updated from the SC Analyzer worst case ‘ANSI-Duty1’ output report as
shown below. Note that all Bus SC currents (Symm. kA , Asymm. kA, Peak kA) as well as HVCB (Mom. Asymm kA, Mom. Peak kA, etc…) are updated to the Datablock.
ANSI Toolbar
IEC Toolbar
GOST Toolbar
Study Case Editor
Display Options
Required Data
Output Reports
Alert View
Short-Circuit Required Data

Bus Data
Required data for short-circuit calculation for buses include:
 Nominal kV (when the prefault voltage option is set to use nominal kV)
 %V (when the prefault voltage option is set to use bus voltage)
 Type (such as MCC, switchgear, etc.) and continuous and bracing ratings
Branch Data
Branch Data is entered into the Branch Editors (i.e., 3-Winding Transformer, 2-Winding Transformer, Transmission Line, Cable, Reactor, and Impedance). Required data for short-circuit
calculations for branches include:
 Branch Z, R, X, Y, or X/R values and units, tolerance, and temperatures, if applicable

 Cable and transmission line length and unit
 Transformer rated kV and MVA
 Base kV and MVA of impedance branches
For unbalanced short-circuit calculations you will also need:
 Zero sequence impedances

 Transformer winding connections, grounding types, and grounding parameters
Power Grid Data

Required data for short-circuit calculations for utilities include:
 Nominal kV
 %V and Angle
 3-Phase MVAsc and X/R
For unbalanced short-circuit calculations, you will also need:
 Grounding types and parameters

 Single-Phase MVAsc and X/R
Synchronous Generator Data

Required data for short-circuit calculations for synchronous generators include:
 Rated MW, kV, and power factor

 Xd”, Xd’, Xd”/Ra, X2/R2, X0/R0, Ra, R2, R0.
 Generator type
 IEC exciter type
 GOST exciter type
 Rdc for GOST short-circuit calculation

 X0 (Zero Sequence Impedance)
 X2 (Negative Sequence Impedance)
Synchronous Motor Data

Required data for short-circuit calculations for synchronous motor includes:
 Rated kW/hp and kV and the number of poles

 Xd”, Xd”/Ra, X2/R2, X0/R0, Ra, R2, R0.
 % LRC, Xd, and Tdo’ for IEC short-circuit calculation
 GOST exciter type
 Rdc for GOST short-circuit calculation

 X0 (Zero Sequence Impedance)
Induction Motor Data

Required data for short-circuit calculations for induction motors include:
 Rated kW/hp and kV

 X/R plus one of the following for ANSI Short-Circuit calculation:
Xsc at ½ cycle and 1.5-4 cycle if ANSI Short-Circuit Z option is set to Xsc, or
%LRC if ANSI Short-Circuit Z option is set to Std MF
 % LRC, Locked Rotor PF and Td’ (IEC 61363) for IEC & GOST short-circuit calculations

 X0
Lumped Load Data

Required data for short-circuit calculations for lumped load includes:
 Rated MVA and kV

 % motor load
 % LRC, X/R, and Xsc for ½ cycle and 1.5-4 cycle for ANSI Short-Circuit calculation
 % LRC, X’’, m and Td’(IEC 61363) for IEC & GOST short-circuit calculation
Additional data for unbalanced short-circuit calculations include:
Inverter Data
Required data for short-circuit calculations for inverters include:
 Rated kW, kV, and power factor

 K factor in the Rating page
 AC grounding status
UPS Data
Required data for short-circuit calculations for UPS include:
 Rated kW, kV, and power factor

 Kac factor in the SC Impedance page
 AC secondary grounding status
VFD Data
Required data for short-circuit calculations for VFDs connected to a bus on output side include:
 Rated HP, kV, and power factor

 K factor in the Rating page
 Output grounding status
High Voltage Circuit Breaker Data

Required data for short-circuit calculations for high voltage circuit breakers include:
ANSI Standard Circuit Breaker:
 Max kV
 Rated Int. (rated interrupting capability)
 Max Int. (maximum interrupting capability)
 C & L rms (rms value of closing and latching capability)
 C & L Crest (crest value of closing and latching capability)
 Standard
 Cycle
IEC Standard Circuit Breaker:
 Rated kV
 Min. Delay (minimum delay time in second)
 Making (peak current)
 AC Breaking (rms AC breaking capability)
 Ithr (short-circuit withstand current)
 Tk (user-defined duration of short-circuit withstand current)
 Tkr (rated duration of short-circuit withstand current)
ETAP calculates the interrupting capabilities of the circuit breaker from the rated and maximum interrupting capabilities. This value is calculated at the nominal kV of the bus that the
circuit breaker is connected to.
Low Voltage Circuit Breaker Data

Required data for short-circuit calculations for low voltage circuit breakers include:
ANSI Standard Circuit Breaker:
 Type (power, molded case, or insulated case)

 Rated kV
 Interrupting (interrupting capability)
 Test PF
IEC Standard Circuit Breaker:
 Type (power, molded case, or insulated case)

 Rated kV
 Min. Delay (minimum delay time in second)
 Making (peak current)
 Breaking (rms AC breaking capability)
 Ithr (short-circuit withstand current)
 Tk (user-defined duration of short-circuit withstand current)
 Tkr (rated duration of short-circuit withstand current)
Fuse Data
Required data for short-circuit calculations for fuses include:
Fuse ID
ANSI Standard Fuse:
 Fuse rated kV
 Interrupting (interrupting capability)

 Test PF
IEC Standard Fuse:
 Fuse rated kV
 Breaking (rms AC breaking capability)
 Test PF
Other Data
There are some Study Case-related data, which must also be provided, and you can enter this data into the Short-Circuit Study Case Editor. The data includes:
 Standard (ANSI/IEC/GOST)
 XFMR tap option (transformer tap modeling method)
 Prefault voltage
 Report (report format)
 Machine X/R (machine X/R modeling method)
 Faulted buses
 Cable/OL Heater (select this option to include cable and overload heater elements)
 Ta,eq (specify the method of equivalent time constant Ta,eq to be used for GOST only)
 Lump Load Model (specify the lump load modeling to be used for GOST only)
 Cable R adjustment (specify the method of cable resistance adjustment to be used for GOST only)
Bus Duct
The Bus Duct element does not have any impedance and it will not limit any fault currents. Currently it is just a symbol which illustrates the presence of the element in the actual system.
In reality, bus duct elements have impedance and its effect will be considered using BusWay from ETAP.
Bus Way
 BusWay ID
 Length
 Tolerance
 Number of BusWay per phase
 Symm. RMS Bus bracing rating
 Impedance (Positive and Zero sequence impedance
 Temperature
Open Delta Transformers

The current version of ETAP does not perform any short-circuit calculations below open-delta transformers. This will be offered in a future release of the program.
ANSI Toolbar
IEC Toolbar
GOST Toolbar
Study Case Editor
Display Options
Required Data
Output Reports
Alert View
Output Reports
ETAP provides Short-Circuit Study Output Reports with different levels of detail, depending on your requirements. The following are just some examples that show this flexibility. ETAP
5.0.0 reports show total and individual fault current contributions for all the different types of faults (3-phase, LG, LL & LLG).
View Output Reports From Study Case Toolbar

This is a shortcut for the Report Manager. When you click on the View Output Report button, ETAP automatically opens the output report that is listed in the Study Case toolbar with the
selected format. In the picture shown below, the output report name is short-circuit-Duty and the selected format is Complete.

To open the Short-Circuit Report Manager, simply click on the Report Manager button on the Short-Circuit Study toolbar. The editor includes four pages (Complete, Input, Result, and
Summary) representing different sections of the output report. The Report Manager allows you to select formats available for different portions of the report and view it via Crystal
Reports. There are several fields and buttons common to every page, as described below.
Output Report Name

This field displays the name of the output report you want to view.
Project File Name

This field displays the name of the project file based on which report was generated, along with the directory where the project file is located.
Help
Click on this button to access Help.
OK/Cancel
Click on the OK button to close the editor and open the Crystal Reports view to show the selected portion of the output report. If no selection is made, it will simply close the editor. Click
on the Cancel button to close the editor without viewing the report.
Input Data Page

This page allows you to select different formats for viewing input data, grouped according to type, including Bus, Cable, Cover, Adjustments, Generator, Loads, Reactor, Transformer,
UPS, and Utility.
Result Page
This page allows you to select formats to view the Short-Circuit Result portion of the Output Report. If you run a 3-phase fault, there is only one Short-Circuit Report format shown in the
Report Manager. If you run an unbalanced fault calculation, the results section will include short-circuit reports that include individual contributions for LG, LL, & LLG faults. The same
applies for IEC 3-phase or unbalanced faults.
Short-Circuit Report
Load Terminal Fault Report
Summary Page
This page allows you to select formats to view summary reports of the Output Report.
Complete Page
In this page you can select the complete crystal report format, which brings up a comprehensive report for the Short-circuit study. The report includes input data, results, and summary
reports.
You can open and save the report in PDF, MS Word, Rich Text format, or Excel format. If you wish this selection to be the default for reports, click the “Set As Default” checkbox.
ANSI Toolbar
IEC Toolbar
GOST Toolbar
Study Case Editor
Display Options
Required Data
Output Reports
Alert View
Alert View - Short Circuit Analysis

To make it easier for you to check the device ratings after a device duty calculation, ETAP provides a Short-Circuit Analysis Alert View that lists all devices that have a critical or
marginal rating violation. Open this view by clicking on the Alert View button. If the Auto Display box is checked in the Study Case, the Alert View will be automatically open once the
device duty short-circuit calculation is completed.
Alert View Entries

Device ID
The Device Identification group of the Alert View window lists the names of the components that qualified as alerts after the short-circuit calculation.
Type
The Type group of the Alert View window displays information about the type of the device having the displayed alert.
Rating
The Rating group of the Alert View window provides the rating information being used to determine whether an alert should be reported and of what kind of alert was found.
Calculated
The Calculated group of the Alert View window displays the results (duty) from the short-circuit calculation. The results listed here are used in combination with those displayed in the
ratings section to determine the operating percent values. These values are then compared to those entered in the Short-Circuit Study Case Editor Alarm page.
%Value
This group displays the percent operating values calculated based on the short-circuit results and the different device ratings. The values displayed here are directly compared to the percent
of monitored parameters entered directly into the Study Case Editor Alarm page. Based on the element type, system topology and given conditions, ETAP uses these percent values to
determine if and what kind of alert should be displayed.
Condition
The Conditions group of the Alert View Window provides a brief comment about the type of alert being reported. In the case of short-circuit alarms, the different conditions reported are
the same as those listed in the bus and protective device monitored parameters tables.
Phase
In future releases of ETAP, alerts for unbalanced fault conditions will be provided. Currently ETAP provides only alerts for 3-phase faults (ANSI & IEC Duty).
Parameters Monitored and Conditions Reported

Bus Alert
Short-circuit simulation alerts for buses are designed to monitor crest, symmetrical, and asymmetrical bracing conditions. These conditions are determined from bus rating values and
Short-Circuit Analysis results. The conditions reported for buses are the same for ANSI and IEC Project Standards. The following table contains a list of monitored parameters and the
conditions that their corresponding alerts report:
Bus Alerts Monitored Parameters and Condition Reported

Type of Device Monitored Parameter Condition Reported
Momentary Asymmetrical. rms kA Bracing Asymmetrical
HV Bus (> 1000 Volts)
Momentary Asymmetrical. crest kA Bracing Crest
Momentary Symmetrical. rms kA Bracing Symmetrical
LV Bus (<1000Volts)
Momentary Asymmetrical. rms kA Bracing Asymmetrical
Protective Device Alert

Short-circuit alerts monitor certain conditions of interest for both ANSI and IEC Project Standards. The conditions reported by the alerts depend on whether you run ANSI or IEC Short-
Circuit Analysis. ANSI and IEC Standards have different sets of monitored parameters. The following table contains a list of monitored parameters used for both standards:
Protective Alerts Monitored Parameters

Device Type ANSI Monitored Parameters IEC Monitored Parameters
Interrupting Adjusted Symmetrical. rms kA Breaking
LVCB
Momentary C&L Making
Momentary C&L Crest kA N/A
HVCB
Interrupting Adjusted Symmetrical. rms kA Breaking
FUSE Interrupting Adjusted Symmetrical. rms kA Breaking
SPDT Momentary Asymmetrical. rms kA Making
SPST Switches Momentary Asymmetrical. rms kA Making
Short-circuit alerts for protective devices report different conditions depending on the monitored parameters. The following table contains a list of the corresponding conditions reported in
the Alert View window:
Protective Device Reported Condition

Device Type ANSI Reported Condition IEC Reported Condition
LVCB Interrupting Breaking
Interrupting Breaking
C&L Making
HVCB
C&L Crest N/A
Fuse Interrupting Breaking
SPDT C&L Making
SPST Switches C&L Making
ANSI Toolbar
IEC Toolbar
GOST Toolbar
Study Case Editor
Display Options
Required Data
Output Reports
Alert View

Short-Circuit Analysis

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Short-Circuit Analysis Page 1 of 88

ANSI Short-Circuit Toolbar

3-Phase Faults - Device Duty

Panel/1-Ph UPS/ 1-Ph System Device Duty

LG, LL, LLG, & 3-Phase Faults - 1.5 to 4 Cycle

Short-Circuit Display Options

Short-Circuit Report Manager

Short-Circuit Result Analyzer

Halt Current Calculation

Get Online Data

Get Archived Data

IEC Short-Circuit Toolbar

3-Phase Faults - Device Duty (IEC 60909)

Panel/1-Ph UPS/1-Ph System Device Duty (IEC 60909)

LG, LL, LLG, & 3-Phase Faults (IEC 60909)

3-Phase Faults - Transient Study (IEC 61363)

Short-Circuit Display Options

Short-Circuit Report Manager

Short Circuit Plots

Total Fault Current (i)

AC Component of Fault Currents (Iac, rms)

DC Component of Fault Current (Idc)

Percent DC Component of Fault Current (Idc %)

Top Envelope of Fault Current (ienv)

Plot All Three-Phases

Phase “a” instantaneous current (ia)

Phase “b” instantaneous current (ib)

Phase “c” instantaneous current (ic)

Total Fault Currents (i)

AC Component of Fault Currents (Iac, rms)

DC Component of Fault Currents (Idc)

Percent DC Component of Fault Currents (Idc %)

Top Envelop of Fault Currents (ienv)

Close All Plots

Options (Preferences) for Plot All Three-Phases

Short-Circuit Result Analyzer

Halt Current Calculation

Get Online Data

Get Archived Data

GOST Short-Circuit Toolbar

3-Phase Faults - Device Duty

Maximum LG, LL LLG and 3-Phase Faults

Minimum LG, LL LLG and 3-Phase Faults

Short-Circuit Display Options

Unit Display Options

Fault Current Type Display Option

Short-Circuit Report Manager

Halt Current Calculation

Get Online Data

Get Archived Data

Short-Circuit Study Case Editor Overview

Info Page - Short-Circuit Study Case Editor

Use Nominal Tap

Calc. Load Term. SC

1-Ph/Panel/1-Ph UPS Subsystem

Displayed results: whole system

Motor Contribution Based on

Standard Page - Short-Circuit Study Case Editor

Prefault Voltage - ANSI Standard

Fixed Prefault Voltage

Variable Prefault Voltage

HVCB Interrupting Capability- ANSI Standard

Machine X/R - ANSI Standard