Lecture 05 Steam Power Plants-I

Dr Waqas Khalid
waqaskhalid@smme.nust.edu.pk
Agenda
• Steam Fundamentals
• Vapor Cycles
• Carnot vapor cycle
• Rankine cycle
• Deviation of actual vapor power cycles from idealized ones
• Problems
Thermodynamics of water and
steam
Phases of water

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Phase change of water

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Two phase-Liquid Vapor Mixture
Const. P,T- Phase Change Process

Area under the Dome

Two phase region where Liquid and
Vapor co-exist

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Equilibrium diagram extended to solid phase

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Saturated Liquid-Vapour Mixture
Quality of
mixture

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Phase change of water
T & P are independent

T & P are dependent

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Vapor Cycles
The Carnot Vapor Cycle
 The Carnot Vapor Cycle
• The Carnot cycle is the most efficient cycle operating between
two specified temperature limits.
• Consider the cycle shown on T-s plane
• Why it is not a suitable model for vapor
power cycles
• Owing to the following reasons:
• Process 1-2: Limiting the heat transfer
processes to two-phase systems severely
limits the maximum temperature that can
be used in the cycle (374°C for water)
• Process 2-3: The turbine cannot handle
steam with a high moisture content because
of the impingement of liquid droplets on
1-2 isothermal heat addition in a boiler
the turbine blades causing erosion and
2-3 isentropic expansion in a turbine
wear.
3-4 isothermal heat rejection in a
• Process 4-1: It is not practical to design a condenser
compressor that handles two phases. 4-1 isentropic compression in a
compressor
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 The Carnot Vapor Cycle
• T-s diagrams of another possible Carnot cycle is shown:
• This cycle is also not suitable for vapor power cycle since it
requires:
• Isentropic compression to extremely high pressures and
• Isothermal heat transfer at variable pressures.

Here again:
• 1-2: isothermal heat addition in
a boiler
• 2-3: isentropic expansion in a
turbine
• 3-4: isothermal heat rejection in
a condenser
• 4-1: isentropic compression in a
compressor

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Vapor Cycles
Rankine Cycle
 Rankine Cycle: The Ideal Cycle
For Vapor Power Cycles
• Many of the impracticalities associated with
the Carnot cycle can be eliminated by:
• Superheating the steam in the boiler and
• Condensing it completely in the condenser.
• The cycle that results is the Rankine cycle
• This is the ideal cycle for vapor power plants.

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 Rankine Cycle: The Ideal Cycle
For Vapor Power Cycles
The ideal Rankine cycle does not involve any internal
irreversibilities.

Fig. 10-3 (Page 555) The simple ideal Rankine cycle.

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 Energy Analysis of the Ideal Rankine Cycle
Steady-flow energy equation
1-2 Pump 3-4 Turbine
2-3 Boiler 4-1 Condenser

The efficiency of power plants in the U.S.

is often expressed in terms of heat rate,
which is the amount of heat supplied, in
Btu’s, to generate 1 kWh of electricity.
(Note that 1 Btu = 1.0551 kJ)
The thermal efficiency can be interpreted as the ratio
of the area enclosed by the cycle on a T-s diagram to
the area under the heat-addition process.

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Both the
temperature
and the
pressure are
required

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Problem-1: Determine the entropy of water at a pressure of 8bar, when
the condition of water is a) Saturated Liquid b) Saturated Vapor c) Wet Steam
having a quality of 60%, and d) when it is at a temperature of 100°C and 300°C

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Problem-2: Steam at 10bar, 300°C expands isentropically to 0.5bar. Find the
value of enthalpy after expansion

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(Quiz)Problem-3: Saturated water at 0.5bar is pumped to a pressure of
10bar using a feed pump. Find the value of enthalpy after compression.
Hint:
s1 = sf = 1.091 kJ/kg-K
v1= vf = 0.0011273 m3/kg
h1 = hf = 340.5kJ/kg

h1= hf at 0.5bar = 340.5kJ/kg

H2=h1 +v1(p2-p1)
= 350.5 + 0.0011273 *100 *(10-0.5)
= 351.57kJ/kg
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Deviation of Actual Vapor Power
Cycles From Idealized Ones
DEVIATION OF ACTUAL VAPOR POWER CYCLES FROM
IDEALIZED ONES

• The actual vapor power

cycle differs from the ideal
Rankine cycle as a result of
irreversibilities in various
components.
• Two common sources of
irreversibilities are:
• Fluid friction and
• Heat loss to the surroundings 1-2 Pump 3-4 Turbine
2-3 Boiler 4-1 Condenser

Fig 1: Deviation of actual vapor power cycle from the ideal Rankine cycle.
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 DEVIATION OF ACTUAL VAPOR POWER CYCLES FROM
IDEALIZED ONES
• Fluid friction causes pressure drops in the boiler, the condenser, and the
piping between various components.
• As a result, steam leaves the boiler at a somewhat lower pressure.
• Also, the pressure (P3) at the turbine
inlet is somewhat lower than that at
the boiler exit due to the pressure
drop in the connecting pipes.
• The pressure drop in the condenser is
usually very small.
• To compensate for these pressure
drops, the water must be pumped to a
sufficiently higher pressure than the
ideal cycle calls for.
• This requires a larger pump and larger
work input to the pump.

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DEVIATION OF ACTUAL VAPOR POWER CYCLES FROM
IDEALIZED ONES
• Heat loss from the steam to the surroundings as the steam
flows through various components.
• To maintain the same level of
net work output, more heat
needs to be transferred to the
steam in the boiler to
compensate for these
undesired heat losses.
• As a result, cycle efficiency
decreases

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DEVIATION OF ACTUAL VAPOR POWER CYCLES FROM
IDEALIZED ONES
• Note that due to irreversibilities the
processes are non-isentropic and:
• Pump requires greater work input
• Turbine produces lower work output
• This deviation is accounted for by using
isentropic efficiencies, such that:

Note that 2a and 4a are the actual states and 2s 1-2 Pump 3-4 Turbine
and 4s are the corresponding states for the 2-3 Boiler 4-1 Condenser
isentropic case
Fig 2: The effect of pump and turbine
irreversibilities on the ideal Rankine
cycle.

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