Second Unit

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The Bohr atom:
The Bohr atom is useful for visualizing atomic structure .
-The nucleus is positively charged and has the protons
and neutrons.
- Electrons are negatively charged.
- The atomic number is the number of protons and
determines the particular element.

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Particle Summary

The electron and proton are identical in the magnitude of their charge, but very
different in mass.
The proton and the neutron are similar in mass, but very different in charge.

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Types of condensed matter:
- Conductors : are those material which are having the free the
unpaired electrons in them. The free electrons carry the charge and
then they pass this charge to the next free electrons and this
phenomenon works behind all the ability of the materials. These
materials allow electricity to pass.
- -Semiconductors: has an electrical resistivity that is intermediate
between those of good conductors and of good insulators.

- Insulators: are have strong covalent bonding between their electrons,

due to the full of valence shell , and they are not able to pass electricity
and heat.

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The electric charge:
The electric charge, Q , is said to be quantized.
 Q is the total of the number fundamental unit of charge
 Electric charge exists as discrete packets.
 Q = Ne
 Q: the total charge.
 N : the number of charges ( is an integer)
 e : is the fundamental unit of charge
 |e| = 1.6 x 10-19 C
 Note : We use the symbol “-e” and “+e”
 Electron(e ): -e
for the electron and proton charge,
 Proton (p) : +e respectively. This is known as the
elementary charge
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Exercise 1 :
Convert these units of charges to coulomb (C)
a) 3C
b) 6nC
c) 9 pC
d)  2e
e) 3e

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 Q = Ne

Q: the total amount of charge (C)

N: the number of charges
e : is the fundamental unit of charge
|e| = 1.6 x 10-19 C

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Q#1
How many electrons are in 5 coulomb of negative charge?

Solution:

Q  5C
N ?
Q  Ne
Q 5
N  19
 3 . 125  10 19
electrons
e 1.6  10

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Q#1

Q#2

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The Electric Field

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Electric Potential

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