Tren Kebakaran hutan global dan implikasinya pada

Indonesia

FAKULTAS KEHUTANAN
INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR
2020
• CAMS (The Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service)
can reveal that around the world approximately 6,735
megatons of CO2 have been released into the atmosphere
from wildfires between 1 January and 30 November
2019.
* Many have made headlines across the globe including
the Amazon fires, Indonesian fires, the Arctic wildfires
and the Australian bushfires.
* But some lesser known fires also had a significant
effect on the environment and air quality, including in
Colombia, Venezuela, Syria and Mexico.
• The CAMS Global Fire Assimilation System (GFAS) uses
satellite observations to estimate emissions from fires.
Using GFAS, CAMS calculated that fires in Amazonas
released approximately 25 megatonnes of carbon
dioxide during 1–26 August. Whilst this is the highest
estimated emission for August of all the Brazilian
states, it is, however, still relatively consistent with
previous August totals since GFAS records begin in
2003.
 City Palembang Musi River (South Sumatra)

elalawan (RIAU GREEN, JANUARI 2015)

Palangkaraya 26 September 2015, 04.00 PM
Palangkaraya, 27 September 2015, 04.34 AM
Press release: The Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service tracks
extent and pollution from fires across Indonesia
• Indonesian Wildfires
• Raging wildfires in Indonesia were one of the most intense incidents in nearly two
decades. It is estimated that the Indonesian fires which started in August, pumped
out at least 708 megatons of CO2 until the end of November 2019.
• The fires were mainly caused by the burning of carbon-rich peatlands and drier
than average conditions.
• What also stood out was hat the daily total fire intensity was higher than the
average of the last 16 years.
• Thousands of acres of ecologically significant land were burned, causing a toxic haze,
threatening the health of the local population as well as the natural forests and
wildlife.
• Fortunately, the fire intensity and the volume of emissions started to decline in
October and was down to 48 megatons of estimated CO2 in the first two weeks of
November.
• The reason for this was rain in southern Kalimantan through October although some
fires continued in southern Sumatra.
Press release: The Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service tracks
extent and pollution from fires across Indonesia

• As a very high number of forest fires rage across Indonesia, with thousands of
acres of ecologically important land being burned causing a toxic haze, the
Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) reveals how it has been
monitoring its effects.
• Using the CAMS Global Fire Assimilation System, data from the service shows
that the daily estimated equivalent CO2 emissions are reaching a similar level
to the devastating fires in the same period in 2015.
• The total so far for the area this year (1 August to 18 September) is
approximately 360 megatonnes of C02, compared to 400 megatonnes over the
same period in 2015.
• Data also shows that in recent days the activity in Indonesia, particularly in
Kalimantan, has been well above the 2003-2018 average.
• Air quality is thought to be equally as poor as the 2015 fires.
Daily total estimated CO2 equivalent emissions, comparing 2019 (in red) with 2015 (in
yellow) and the 2003-2018 mean (in grey), showing the comparability of recent emissions
to the same days in 2015. Credit: Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service/ECMWF
This graph shows the total estimated CO2 equivalent emissions calculated for
Indonesia between 1 August and 18 September for all years between 2003 and
2019. Credit: Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service/ECMWF
 Mark Parrington, ECMWF Senior Scientist at the Copernicus
Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS), comments:

• “We closely monitor the intensity of fires and the smoke they emit.
Approximately half of the local fire season having passed, it is clear
that these fires are unusual and are causing significant concern. In
Indonesia, burning peat, which can smoulder at low temperatures and
underground, is the most significant concern as it is releasing carbon
which has been stored for tens or thousands of years. Some of this
carbon will be taken up again by the biosphere, but this is difficult to
estimate in near-real-time. The very high and persistent levels of
pollution in Indonesia and the Maritime continent that CAMS forecasts
and monitors are undoubtedly a threat to human health, flora and
fauna.”
 Data Kebakaran Hutan Lahan 2019 (Sipongi, 2019)

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2015-2019 %

SUMSEL 646.298,80 8.784,91 3.625,66 16.226,60 328.457,00 1.003.392.97 18.8
KALTENG 583.833,44 6.148,42 1.743,82 47.432,57 303.881,00 943.039.25 17.67
KALBAR 93.515,80 9.174,19 7.467,33 68.422,03 151.070,00 329.669.35 6.18
KALSEL 196.516,77 2.331,96 8.290,34 98.637,99 136.428,00 442.205.06 8.29
NTT 85.430,86 8.968,09 38.326,09 57.428,79 136.431,00 326.584.93 6.12
PAPUA 350.005,30 186.571,60 28.767,38 88.626,84 104.981,00 758.952.12 14.22
RIAU 183.808,59 85.219,51 6.866,09 37.236,27 90.233,00 403.363.46 7.56
JAMBI 115.634,34 8.281,25 109,17 1.577,75 56.593,00 182.195.51 3.41
>>>> >>>>>>
>>>> >>>>>>
T0TAL 2.611.411,44 438.363,19 165.483,92 529.266,64 1.592.010,00 5.336.535,19
Luas kebakaran Hutan dan Lahan 2019 (Sipongi-KLHK, 2019),
Total= 1.592.010 ha
• 1. Sumatera Selatan : 328.457 ha ( Meningkat 20.24 kali d/p 2018)
• 2. Kalimatan Tengah : 303.882 ha
• 3. Kalimantan Barat : 151.070 ha
• 4.Kalimantan Selatan : 136.428 ha
• 5.Nusa Teggara Timur: 136.431 ha
• 6.Papua : 104.981 ha
• 7.Riau : 90.233 ha
• 8.Jambi : 56.593 ha ( Meningkat 36 kali d/p 2018)
 Luas kebakaran di lahan gambut
Propinsi 2018 2019 %
BRG
JAMBI 622 24.045 3870
SUMSEL 2.071 133.711 646
KAL-BAR 39.573 59.729 150
KAL-SEL 9.902 11.305 114
KAL-TENG 27.516 175.915 640
PAPUA 2.372 2.199 -7,3
7 PRV. 82.056 406.904 496
GAMBUT TTL 125.340 480.178 383
TTL KHL 510.562 1.592.010 312
% KEB.GAMBUT 24.55 30.16
FIRE REASONS (Saharjo, 2018)
• It has been scientifically demonstrated beyond reasonable doubt that fire
has been part of the natural ecosystem in Indonesia for many thousands of
years.
• The vulnerability of Indonesian forest is also linked to more fundamental
issues of forest management and the role of communities and local
governments.
• There is very little attention given to the existence of local communities living
close to the forests, including those that are vulnerable to fire (UNCHS,
1999).
• The vulnerability of Indonesian forest is also linked to more fundamental
issues of forest management and the role of communities and local
governments.
PREVENTION EFFORTS
• Mitigation option of GHG reduction through land management
>Agroforestry and Land Use Change, measures have the potential to sequester carbon
by 0.70– 3.04 tCO2/ha per year, reduce CH4 emission by 0.02 tCO2-eq/ha per year,
and to reduce N2O emissions by 0.02–2.30 tCO2-eq/ha per year (ADB, 2009)
>Peatland Management and Restoration of Organic Soils mitigation practices have the
potential to sequester carbon by 7.33– 139.33 tCO2/ha per year and reduce N2O
emission by 0.05–0.28 tCO2-eq/ ha per year (ADB, 2009).
>Indonesia (BAPPENAS, 2009) has the potential to make significant reductions in its
peat land emissions through:
(a) compliance and better management practices in plantations and other land uses
on peat (24 percent of potential emission reductions),
(b) peat land rehabilitation and uncontrolled fire prevention in degraded peat areas
(31 percent of potential emissions reductions) and,
(c) revision of spatial plans to conserve existing forest and unlicensed peat land
combined with relocation of existing licenses that are not operational to mineral soils
(37 percent of potential emission reductions).
Mitigation option through communities involvement

> Minimizing forest fire threatens efforts through fuel reduction can
be done by utilization of fuel left.
ØLocal community is the most important stakeholders in this case
because without their participation and understanding the chance
to have better life condition through fire reduction will never
realize
ØOur research finding in two site in West Kalimantan and Riau
Province shown that, actually the communities would like to
change their habit from land preparation with fire to become
without fire
>>>The challenge is the market share of the product is so small....
Apa yang harus dilakukan

1. Pencegahan bukan lagi jargon belaka

2. Lakukan audit kepatuhan pengendalian karhutla kepada
pelaku usaha
3. Lakukan audit kanal bloking yang sdh dinyatakan telah
direstorasi
4. Pastikan alat bantu pengendalian karhutla bekerja
5. PLTB difasilitasi
6. Gakkum tanpa pandang bulu