Unit 1: Physical World and Measurement

Important Results and Formulae:

1. Fundamental Quantities:
Fundamental quantity Units Symbol
(a) Length Metre
(b) Mass Kilogram
(c) Time Second
(d Electric current Ampere A
e) Thermodynamic temperature Kelvin K
( Luminous intensityy Candela Cd
Amount ofSubstance Mole Mol

2
Dimensional Formulae (for topics related to class XI only)
Quantity Symbol Formula S.I. Unit D.F.
Displacement Metre or m M°LT
Area xb (Metre) or M°L?T°
Volume Ixbxh (Metre or M°L
MLT-
Velocity m/s

Momentum kgm/s MLT

M°LT?
Acceleration a m/s
At

Force Ma
Newton or N MLT
Impulse FXt N.sec MLT-1
Work W F.d N.m ML'T?

MLT-2
Energy KE or U K.E. = m o Joule or ]

ML'T-3
W
Power
P watt or W

Density d= mass/volume kg/m MLT

 Pressure P=F/A Pascalor Pa ML
Torque T=rxF N.m. ML'T2
radian or rad M°LOTO
Angular
displacement radius
rad/sec M°LT?
Angular velocity
Angular rad/sec ML T
a
acceleration At

Moment of Inertia | ML'T

I m
kg-m
kgm MLT1
Angular
momentum Jor L J mor
S

Frequency voff hertz of Hz M°LT

Stress F/A N/m ML-'T?
A. AA AV
Strain M°L°T°
TAV
Youngs modulus F/A
(Bulk modulus)
N/7 ML-IT2

Surface tension MLOT2

Force constant
F= km N/m MLOT2
(Spring)
Coefficient of kg/ms(poise in
C.G.S)
ML T
viscosity
Gm,n N-m

Gravitational
2
M'LT?
constant Fr
G=
m2
Gravitational Vg PE
Constant
kg M°L?T2

Temperature Kelvin or K_ M°L°T°9*1

Heat 2 Q m x Sx At
Joule or Calorie ML2T-2

Specific heat S Q=mxSx At Joule M°L?T2¢-1

kg. Kelvin

Latent heat Q= mL
Joule M°LT2
kg
Coefficient Joule
of thermal K
Q= KA(0-4 MLT9-1
m secK
conductivity
Universal gas PV nRT Oule

constant
R
mol.K MLPT9
 3. Four Fundamental Forces Relative Error:
i) Gravitational force Relative error = Aamean/mean

(ii) Electromagnetic force Percentage Error:

oa =(Aa mean/mean)x 100%
(ii) Nuclear force
5. Combination of Errors
(iv) Weak force
) Ifr = (a + b), then Ar = t [Aa + Ab]
Fg: Fw: Fe : Fs =1: 103 106 1038
4. Absolute, Relative and Percentage Error Ci) Ifx= (a -b), then Ax =+ [An - Ab]

suppose the values obtained in several

GHi) Ifx =ax b, then +
measurements are a1, @2 Bgr.
amean(@1 +02+03.-.+ a)/n
Absolute Error: (iv) Ifx=a/b), then =t|
M mean"1,
M2 = umean 2
(V) Ifr = 40,
***** *****

**** ****

M,=mean"n then -
Mean Absolute Error:
Amean=(|Aa,|+| Aa2| +|4,lt| Aa, |)/n

Unit 2: Kinematics
Important Results and Formulae: B b,i+j+ k are two vectors
1. Speed = Distance travelled / time taken

Velocity displacement /
= Time .a
( a)i +(.a)l (2a)k +

Acceleration = Change in velocity/ time taken 6. Vector Joining two points

2. Kinematic Equations If P, (z1, y, z,) and P2 (T V z) are any two
points, then
For accelerated For deceleration
motion PP = ( - z ) i + Va-vi) + (a-z)
motion
UU-at

s=ut+ a s=ut- a 7. Resolution of Vectors

|=+2as =u2-2as A = A cos e

|5,=u+(2n-1) |S,=u+(2-1)
A, A sin 8
A = A+A
3. The unit vector in the direction of
tan 6 Y
a
is givenbyandis represented by A
4. Addition of Vectors
If a a,i +ai +ak and b

are two vectors

a +b ( +b) í + (a,+ bi) +(a,+b,) k

5. Scalar Multiplication
If
ai+j+a,k and A?
8. Triangle Law of Vectors
tan B sin6
A+B cos8e
Let the vectors a andb be so positioned that
initial point of one coincides with terminal 11. Scalar or Dot Product
or dot product of two given vectors
point of the other, a = AB, b = BC. Then, The scalar
a+b having an angle 0 between them is
the vector is a + b is respresented by the
third side of AABC i.e, defined as
a.b =1aI cose
f a =ai +a,i +a, k and b = bi +b,j +

7- b are two vectors

a.b = , b, + a2 b, + a b
Properties of Scalar Product:
(a) a.b is a scalar quantity.
a
(b) When 8=0, a - b =| all b
AB+BC = AC

(c)When0= * a.b =| a|| b |cos=0

or AC-AB = BC
W h e n a L b, a . b = 0
and AC-BC = AB
(d) When either a = 0 or b= 0 a b =0.
This is known as triangle law of a addition,
9.Parallelogram law of addition: If the two te ii-ij=kk =1
vectors a and b are represented by the two
adjacent sides OA and OB of a parallelogram
12. Vector or Cross Product
OACB, then their sum a +b is represented
The cross product of two vectors a and b
in magnitude and direction by the diagonal AC
of parallelogram through their common point having angle 6 between them is given as
O.
axb =| al| b
Isin 0 i,
Where is a unit vector perpendicular to the
plane containing a and b

fi a i +a +ak and b =b,i +, i +bs

k are two vectors

a xb =

ie, OA +OB = OC
10. Magnitude and Direction of Resultant in (ba-bc) i +(a -c,e)I +(a,h,-ab,k
Triangle Law and Parallelogram Law
Properties of Vector Product:
(a)a x b = | a || b |sin . i
(1) If a =0 or b = 0,a x b =0.

i) a llb, a x b =0(or@=0)
(b) ax b is a vector ie,, a x b =- bxa
axb # b xa

R= VA+B+2ABcose axb is not commutative.

 positive a

(c) When = , a x b = |a|| b]xh

orl a x bl= | a|| b1.

(d) ixi =ixi =hxk =0 positive acceleration
at rest
=i
and i i= , i xk =i,kxi
x

Exi =-i, i xk =-i. negative a a0

ixi--k,
(e) Sin e= axb

( If a and b represent adjacent sides of a negative acceleration Zero acceleration

parallelogram, then its area| a x b|.

Velocity time Graph
(g) If a, b represent the adjacent sides of a

triangle,thenits area= |axb|

13. Angle Between Two Vectors

If
a =a,i +42} +ay k and b =b, i +bi
b3 k are two vectors
Motion in positive direction Motion in positive direction
a.b with positive acceleration with negative acceleration
cos =

14. Projectile Motion

Path followed by the projectile is parabola.
Velocity of projectile at any instant t,
V= [(u*-24gtsin 8 +g"]/2
Horizontal range
R Sin20 Motion of an object with
Motion in negative direction
negative acceleration that
with negative acceleration
For maximum range e= 45, changes direction at time
Rnax 4"/g Relative Velocity
Flight time T = 2usin / s

Height IfvVVa=V0
H=sin'e

48 r (m 3

For maximum height 6 = 90° 40

max =u"/2g
Important Graphs:
Position time Graph

T245 6

with positive velocity with negative velocity

 120
Ifva Vg=V4 is negative 100
140
x (mg0
120
x (m100 0
+0 If V=V is positive
50
201

40 3 () B
20
20
40

Unit 3: Laws of Motion

> Important Results and Formulae: 4. Lami's Theorem

1. Newton's Laws:

(1) First Law: It gives the concept of inertia.

That is mass is the measure of the inertia
of the body.
(ii) Second Law:

Fa p
dt

F mdo
dt
2

F ma

(ii) Third Law:

Pa
-Fa
2. Linear Momentum
F3
p mv

Conservation of momentum Sina Sinß Sin y

5. Types of Frictional Forces
p Constant
1. Static frictional force
Kinetic frictional force

p initial= p final Rolling frictional force

6. Angle of friction (0) and angle of repose (4)
3. Impulse tan 6 = H

I =FvgX tan 4
ie.,
I =p2-P1
7. Circular Motion
rc

Angular Displacement radius Centripetal Acceleration

a= rw
Angular Velocity Centripetal Force
Relation Between Angular Velocity and Linear
Velocity F. = miw

W=
8. Condition for Banking of Road
Without friction
= rw

Time Period of Uniform Circular motion tane

With Friction

T47

W
=RgH+ tan8
Dmax
1-H, tan® )
Different Cases for Application of Second and Third Law (Without Friction)

Case Equation
N

N= mg

mg

N 7mg
F ma

ng

N mg
F F-F= ma
 1 sine

Fi

N+F, sin 6 = mg
F2
Fi sos -F2= ma

N= mg cos 6
gsine
mg sin 6 ma

ngcose

*************

N=mg cos
mgsin
F-F2-mgsin
ma

mgcos
mg

N, N

N = m,8

N, m
F-T= m14
T r

m28

N m8
mi8 T = m,a

m2g-T= ma

Im28
Different Cases for Application of Second and Third Law (Without Friction):

Case Equations
N

N mg
F=f=4N

N Fsine

N+Fsin = mg
Fcos 0 - = ma
Fcost
Fcos -HN= ma
HaN
mg

max)H

N= mg cos 8
mgsine
A mgsin =f.=4, N
mg C o s g

N= mg Cos
mgsine

mg cos 6-= ma
mg sin 6-HN= ma
mgcos
68

N= mg cos
ngsine F - f mg sin 8 = ma

mgcose F-HN-mg sin 6 = ma

* * * *
 Unit 4: Work, Energy and Power
Important Results and Formulae: 6. Work Energy theorem:
1. Different Formulae for Work Done:
W- mo- mo
W (Fcos6)
W = Fscos
xs
W =K-K,
W = Fs
W :AK
dW F.ds 7. Power

Total work done AW

w-F. avg Total time taken
Pinst Lim Pavg
W JF.Ddt
Pinst Lim AW

2. Different cases of Work Done At

Positive Work Done:
PnstF.v
= 0
8. Coefficient of Restitution:
W = Fs cos
e=1 for perfectly elastic collision
V = Fs cos 0
e=0 for perfectly inelastic collision
W=Fs ec1 for perfectly elastic and inelastic collision
Zero Work Done:
9. Elastic Collision in 1-D
0
Velocities of both bodies after collision
W = Fs cos 0
W = Fs cos 90 2m,42
(m1 + ma)
W =0 (7 +ma)
Negative Work Done: 2m,4
0 (m +ma) (7 +ma)
W =
Fs cos 10. Inelastic Collision on 1-D
W= Fs cos 180
W=-Fs
(m +m2)
3. Kinetic Energy:
Important Graphs and Figures:
K.E. =mv
2
Parabolic plots of the potential energy V and
kinetic energy K of block attached to a spring.
a
K Zm

4. Potential Energy:
-E -K+V
P.E. = mgh
5. Restoring Force and Elastic Potential energy
FR kx

E.P.E. kx? m

Unit 5 Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body

Important Results and Formulae
1. Centre of Mass:
m +2+ ma t.+
 (vi)M.L. of a solid sphere about its diameter,

M
IMR
2. Torque (vii) M.I. of spherical shell about its diameter,

-TxF 1-MR
3. Angular Momentum: Comparison between Linear and Rotational
Motion:

L XPy-YP Linear Motion Rotational Motion

Na
L=TpSn o
4. Relation between Torque and Angular Distance/ Angular
Momentum
displacement (s)displacement(6)_
2. Linear velocity, Angular velocity,
dt as d6
5. Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum dt dt
Linear Angular
12 =a constant acceleration, acceleration =
6. Moment of Inertia:
I=
m,+ m +m, "+.+m, a dr a dt
t
dr
Mass (m) Moment of inertia
7. Radius of
gyravation
+ Linear Angular
K= momentum, momentum,
8. Theorem of perpendicular axes: P mv L=I
=+1y b. Forece, Torque, t= la
9. Theorem of parallel axes:
F ma
+Mh
Also, force, Also, torque,
10. K.E. of rotation= l o
iL
F T
11. Moment of inertia and torque dt 1t

T Translational KE, Rotational KE,

12. MOI of some bodies
) MIL of a rod about an axis through its C.m.
and perpendicular to rod, Kale
IML Work done, Work done,
W Fs W t
(ii) M.I of a circular ring about an axis through
its centre and perpendicular to its plane, 10. Power, Power,
I=MR? P=Fo P=t
(ii)M.. of a circular disc about an axis through Equation of Equations of
its centre and perpendicular to its plane,
translator rotational motion
IMR motion
|11. (i) =u + at )0 + at
iv)M.I. of a right circular solid cylinder about
its symmetry axis,

I=MR
Gi) s=ut+at)=ot+ar
Cii) - u = 2as
(ii) o -

a =2a0
(v) M.I. ofa right circular hollow cylinder about
its axis = MRE
 Unit 6: Gravitation
>Important Results and Formulae
1. Kepler's Law
6. Gravitational potential energy
1. Law of orbitsAll planets move in U =
- GM Xm
eliptical orbits with the Sun situated at
one of the foci of the ellipse. 7. Escape speed
Law of areas: The line that joins any
planet to the sun sweeps equal areas in
V. 2GM
R 2gR
equal intervals of time.
3. of periods :The square of the 8. Satellite:
Law
time period of revolution of a planet is Orbital Velocity
proportional to the cube of the semi-major
axis of the
elipse traced out by the planet. V =RR+h
T =
2. Coulomb's Law
Time Period
F Gh
T 2 CR+h
GM
Where G= 667 x
10-11Nm2kg?
3. Acceleration due to gravity (g):
T-2Rh
G GM
R2 8

4. Variation of acceleration due to Height of Satellite

gravity:
21/3
(a) Effect ofaltitude, g' =g(1-2h/R)
(b) Effect of depth g' 8(1-d/R)
=

(c) Effect of rotation of earth: cos Total energy of satellite

8 g- Rat
5. Gravitational potential -GMm
E =
P.E. + KE =

2(R+h)
V W_GM
r